1 Osborne, Ken “Education Is the Best National Insurance: Citizenship Education in Canadian Schools, Past and Present.“ Canadian and International Education, 25 (December 1996): 31.Google Scholar

2 Grosvenor, Ian “There's No Place Like Home: Education and the Making of National Identity.“ History of Education, 28 (September 1999), 246.Google Scholar

3 Granatstein, J.L. Yankee Go Home? Canadians and Anti-Americanism (Toronto: HarperCollins Publishers Ltd., 1996), 4.Google Scholar

4 Curtis, Bruce True Government by Choice Men? Inspection, Education, and State Formation in Canada West (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1992).Google Scholar

5 Granatstein, J.L. and Hillmer, Norman, For Better or For Worse: Canada and the United States to the 1990s (Toronto: Copp Clark Pitman Ltd., 1991), 36.Google Scholar

6 Herd Thompson, John and Randall, Stephen J. Canada and the United States: Ambivalent Allies, 3rd ed. (Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press, 2002), 81.Google Scholar

7 Ibid., Canada and the United States: Ambivalent Allies, 89–91.Google Scholar

8 Granatstein, Yankee Go Home, 64.Google Scholar

9 Tomkins, George S. A Common Countenance: Stability and Change in the Canadian Curriculum (Scarborough, ON: Prentice-Hall Canada Inc., 1986), 144–45.Google Scholar

10 Report of the Committee on School Curriculum, 1911–12, File 26, Box 1, Legislative Papers, Provincial Archives of Alberta.Google Scholar

11 New Canadian Readers, 20th Century Edition, Fifth Reader (Toronto: WJ. Gage & Company, Limited, 1901), 360.Google Scholar

12 Ibid, 387–391.Google Scholar

13 New Canadian Geography, North-west Territories (Toronto: W.J. Gage & Company Limited, 1899), 195.Google Scholar

14 Granatstein, Yankee Go Home, 66.Google Scholar

15 McIntyre, Alexander World Relations and the Continents: An Elementary Geography for the Junior and Middle Grades of the Public Schools (Toronto: The Educational Book Co., Limited, 1911), 75–76.Google Scholar

16 Ibid., 76.Google Scholar

17 Wrong, George M. The British Nation (New York: D. Appleton and Company, 1908), 590–93.Google Scholar

18 Symes, E.S. An English History, Adapted for Use in Canadian Elementary Schools (Toronto: The Copp Clark Company, Limited, 1905), 229. See also Ontario Public School History of Canada (Toronto: Macmillan Company of Canada Limited, 1912), 111.Google Scholar

19 Duncan, D.M. The Story of the Canadian People (Toronto: Morang, 1904), 213.Google Scholar

20 Clement, W.H.P. The History of the Dominion of Canada (Toronto: W. Briggs, 1897) 122.Google Scholar

21 See for example Ontario Public School History of Canada, 115.Google Scholar

22 Buckley, Arabella B. and Robertson, W.J. High School History of England and Canada (Toronto: The Copp, Clark Company, Limited;, 1891), 259.Google Scholar

23 Duncan, The Story of the Canadian People, 219.Google Scholar

24 Ibid., 260–61.Google Scholar

25 Lawson, Maria History of Canada for Use in Public Schools (Toronto: WJ. Gage & Company, 1908), 171.Google Scholar

26 Duncan, See Story of the Canadian People, 277–78; Lawson, History of Canada for Use in Public Schools, 173; Buckley and Robertson, High School History of England and Canada, 363.Google Scholar

27 Clement, History of the Dominion of Canada, 243; Duncan, Story of the Canadian People, 300.Google Scholar

28 Duncan, Story of the Canadian People, 300.Google Scholar

29 Clement, History of the Dominion of Canada, 311; Buckley and Robertson, High School History of England and Canada, 390.Google Scholar

30 Grant, W.L. Ontario High School History of Canada (Toronto: T. Eaton Co. Limited, 1912), 226. See also Duncan, The Story of the Canadian People, 396.Google Scholar

31 Duncan, Story of the Canadian People, 397.Google Scholar

32 See for example Lawson, History of Canada for Use in Public Schools, Chapters XXXI and XLIII.Google Scholar

33 Robertson, W.J. Public School History of England and Canada (Toronto: The Copp, Clark Company Limited, 1902), 195.Google Scholar

34 New Canadian Geography, North-west Territories ed., 199.Google Scholar

35 Thompson and Randall, Canada and the United States, 93.Google Scholar

36 Quoted in Thompson and Randall, Canada and the United States, 98.Google Scholar

37 Granatstein and Hillmer, For Better or For Worse, 87–91.Google Scholar

38 Thompson and Randall, Canada and the United States, 125.Google Scholar

39 Tomkins, A Common Countenance, 171–72.Google Scholar

40 Montgomery, Lucy Maud (1874–1942) was a native of Prince Edward Island. She published twenty-two novels and many short stories and poems. Her first novel, Anne of Green Gables, published in 1908, brought her international fame. Ralph Connor was the pen name of Gordon, Charles William (1860–1937), a Presbyterian minister who wrote several best-selling novels, including Black Rock (1898) and Sky Pilot (1899), based on his experiences as a missionary in western Canada. Duncan Campbell Scott (1862–1947) was a writer of short prose and poetry. He appeared in American magazines such as Scribner's beginning in the late 1880s, and published several collections of poetry in the first decades of the twentieth century.Google Scholar

41 See for example the Canadian Readers (Toronto: WJ. Gage, 1922) that were used in all four western Canadian provinces, and the 1920s edition of the Ontario Readers (Toronto: T. Eaton Co. Limited, 1923).Google Scholar

42 See for example Chapter 34 on “Literature and Art” in Grant, W.L. History of Canada, rev. ed. (London: Heinemann, 1923).Google Scholar

43 Wallace, W. Stewart A New History of Great Britain and Canada, rev. ed. (Toronto: Macmillan, 1934), 178.Google Scholar

44 See Duncan, D.M. The Story of the Canadian People, rev. ed. (Toronto: Macmillan, 1923), Gammell, I. History of Canada (Toronto: WJ. Gage, 1921), Edith Marsh, The Story of Canada, rev. ed. (Toronto: Nelson, 1927), and Grant, History of Canada, rev. ed.Google Scholar

45 Wrong, G.M. Ontario Public School History of England, rev. ed. (Toronto: Ryerson, 1921), 370.Google Scholar

46 Moore, H. Napier “Why United States Textbooks in Canadian Schools?“ Maclean's, July 1, 1929, 61.Google Scholar

47 Maclean's, August 1, 1929, 48.Google Scholar

48 This interesting turn of phrase was included in both of historian G.M. Wrong's school texts: Ontario Public School History of England, 293, and Ontario Public School History of Canada, rev. ed. (Toronto: The Ryerson Press, 1921), 141.Google Scholar

49 Wallace, A New History of Great Britain and Canada, 66; Wrong, Ontario Public School History of Canada, 156–57.Google Scholar

50 Grant, History of Canada, rev. ed., 319.Google Scholar

51 Wrong, Ontario Public School History of Canada, 344.Google Scholar

52 Ibid.,331.Google Scholar

53 Grant, History of Canada, rev. ed., 314.Google Scholar

54 Granatstein, Yankee Go Home, 68.Google Scholar

55 Thompson and Randall, Canada and the United States: Ambivalent Allies, 143.Google Scholar

56 Granatstein and Hillmer, For Better or For Worse, 123.Google Scholar

57 Thompson and Randall, Canada and the United States: Ambivalent Allies, 142.Google Scholar

58 Tomkins, A Common Countenance, 106–07.Google Scholar

59 Ibid., 158.Google Scholar

60 Kliebard, Herbert M. The Struggle for the American Curriculum, 1893–1958, 2nd ed. (New York: Routledge, 1995).Google Scholar

61 A University of British Columbia (UBC) historian, Frederic Soward adapted Civilisation in Europe and the World by Americans Schapiro, J.S. and Morris, R.B. (Toronto: Copp Clark, 1938) for use in western Canadian schools. Another UBC historian, Mack Eastman, wrote a Canadian edition of W.M. West's Story of World Progress (Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1936). A University of Toronto historian, Ernest Daniher revised Hutton Webster and Edgar Wesley's World Civilizations (Toronto: Copp Clark, 1944) for use in Ontario high schools. The Canadian editions of these texts are interesting insofar as they actually contain more American content than the American originals. Presumably because American students were familiar with their own nation's development, American authors generally limited their examination of American history in these texts to twentieth century issues. The Canadian editions included additional chapters that outlined American expansion and political developments in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries for Canadian students.Google Scholar

62 West, W.M. and Mack Eastman, S., Story of World Progress (Boston: Allyn and Bacon, 1936), 833–35. See also Schapiro, J.S. and Morris, R.B. Civilisation in Europe and the World (Toronto: Copp Clark, 1938), 751.Google Scholar

63 Seary, V.P. and Paterson, G. The Story of Civilization (Toronto: Ryerson Press, 1934), 404.Google Scholar

64 Ibid., 408–89.Google Scholar

65 West and Eastman, Story of World Progress, 735–36.Google Scholar

66 See for example ibid., 837.Google Scholar

67 Sears, P.B. Quillen, LJ. and Hanna, RR. This Useful World (Chicago: Scott, Foresman and Co., 1941), J.I. Arnold and D.J. Banks, Building Our Life Together (Evanston, IL: Row, Peterson, 1941), and Quinn, J.A. and Repke, A. Living in the Social World, rev. ed. (Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott Co., 1948) were all approved for use in western Canadian schools.Google Scholar

68 Cornish, G.A. Canadian Geography for Juniors (London: Dent, 1930), Chapter 12.Google Scholar

69 Wallace, W.S. History of the Canadian People (Toronto: Copp Clark, 1930), 340. See also McArthur, Duncan A. History of Canada for High Schools, rev. ed. (Toronto: WJ. Gage, 1944), 392.Google Scholar

70 See for example Wallace, History of the Canadian People, 186 and 305.Google Scholar

71 McDougall, W.D. and Paterson, G. Our Empire and Its Neighbors (Toronto: The Ryerson Press, 1937), 200–01.Google Scholar

72 McDougall, W.D. and Paterson, G. The World of Today (Toronto: The Ryerson Press, 1937), 198 and 153–56.Google Scholar

73 Ibid, 21–23.Google Scholar

74 See for example McDougall, W.D. and Paterson, G. Our Country and Its People (Toronto: The Ryerson Press, 1938), 134–35.Google Scholar

75 Wallace, W.S. A First Book of Canadian History (Toronto: Macmillan, 1928), 172. This textbook, although published in 1928, was authorized for use in Ontario schools from 1929 to 1951 and still widely used in the period under discussion here.Google Scholar

76 Ibid., 171.Google Scholar

77 Ibid, 142.Google Scholar

78 Paterson, G. The Story of Our People (Toronto: Ryerson Press, 1933), 85.Google Scholar

79 Cornish, Canadian Geography for Juniors, 142.Google Scholar

80 Seary and Paterson, Story of Civilization, 689.Google Scholar

81 McArthur, History of Canada for High Schools, 400.Google Scholar

82 Ibid., 398.Google Scholar

83 Wallace, First Book of Canadian History, 206.Google Scholar

84 Amoss, Harry Canadian Neighbourhood (Toronto: The Ryerson Press, 1933), 3.Google Scholar

85 Granatstein, Yankee Go Home, 87.Google Scholar

86 Granatstein and Hillmer, For Better or For Worse, 162.Google Scholar

87 Ibid., 175.Google Scholar

88 Thompson and Randall, Canada and the United States: Ambivalent Allies, 184–85.Google Scholar

89 McInnis, Edgar North America and the Modern World (Toronto: J. M. Dent, 1954).Google Scholar

90 Brown, George W. Harman, Eleanor and Jeanneret, Marsh, The Story of Canada (Toronto: Copp Clark, 1950), vii–viii.Google Scholar

91 Ibid., 165.Google Scholar

92 See for example George Brown's high school history text, Building the Canadian Nation, rev. ed. (Toronto: J.M. Dent, 1950), 142–43; and, New, Chester W. and Trotter, Reginald G. Modern History, rev. ed. (Toronto: Clarke, Irwin & Co., 1952), 145.Google Scholar

93 Brown, Harman and Jeanneret, Story of Canada, 209–210.Google Scholar

94 Bagnall, Lucy and Norton, Douglas, Contemporary Problems, National, Imperial and International, rev. ed. (Calgary: Western Canada Institute, 1946), 169.Google Scholar

95 McDougall, W.D. and Finn, T.G. Canada in the Western World (Toronto: Gage, 1955), 428–29.Google Scholar

96 Dickie, Donalda The Great Adventure (Toronto: J.M. Dent, 1950), 443.Google Scholar

97 McDougall and Finn, Canada in the Western World, 413.Google Scholar

98 See for example Brown, Harman and Jeanneret, The Story of Canada, 270–71.Google Scholar

99 See Dickie, Donalda My First History of Canada (Toronto; J.M. Dent, 1958), 133–35.Google Scholar

100 Griffith Taylor, T. Severeight, Dorothy J. and Lloyd, Trevor, Canada and Her Neighbours (Toronto: Ginn, 1947), 187.Google Scholar

101 McDougall and Finn, Canada in the Western World, 292–93.Google Scholar

102 Dickie, Great Adventure, 173.Google Scholar

103 Brown, Harman and Jeanneret, Story of Canada, 259.Google Scholar

104 McInnis, North America and the Modern World, 168.Google Scholar

105 Rogers, Lester B. et al., Story of Nations (Toronto: Clarke, Irwin & Company Limited, 1947,), 310.Google Scholar

106 See for example McDougall and Finn, Canada in the Western World, 434; Dickie, The Great Adventure, 420–21; and, Brown, Building the Canadian Nation, 460–63.Google Scholar

107 New and Trotter, Modern History, 486.Google Scholar

108 Dickie, Great Adventure, 439.Google Scholar

109 Brown, Building the Canadian Nation, 399; and, Chafe, J.W. and Lower, A.R.M. Canada—A Nation and How It Came To Be (Toronto: Longman, Green & Company, 1948), xi.Google Scholar

110 McInnis, North America and the Modern World, 463.Google Scholar

111 Lambert, Richard S. The Twentieth Century: Canada, Britain, USA (Toronto: The House of Grant Ltd., 1960), 397.Google Scholar

112 Lindaman, Dana and Ward, Kyle, History Lessons: How Textbooks from Around the World Portray U.S. History (New York: The New Press, 2004), xviii.Google Scholar