Hostname: page-component-7479d7b7d-68ccn Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-10T16:21:14.873Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Local Government Schools in Sung China: A Reassessment

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  24 February 2017

Yuan Zheng*
Affiliation:
Guangdong Provincial Academy of Social Sciences

Extract

Inscriptions on excavated oracle bones and tortoise shells confirm that formal education existed in China as early as the Shang dynasty (roughly 1480–1066 B.C.). Historical data show that Emperor P'ing-ti of the Han dynasty established a countrywide government school system in 3 A.D., consisting of a central school in the capital and local schools in prefectures and counties. Over the next nineteen centuries, the school system developed gradually, sometimes damaged by war but soon restored, until the introduction of the modern Western system in the early twentieth century.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © 1994 by the History of Education Society 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1 Ku, Pan Han-shu (Peking, 1962), 12.355.Google Scholar

2 Zheng, Yuan Sung-tai chiao-yüChung-kuo ku-tai chiao-yü te li-shih-hsing chuancbe (Kuang-chou, 1991), 235–36, 308.Google Scholar

3 Sung hui-yao chi-kao: Ch'ung-ju ([hereafter SHY: CJ] Peking, 1987), 2.27.Google Scholar

4 For a discussion on finance of central schools in the Sung dynasty, see Hung-ch'i, Li Sung-tai chiao-yü san-lun (Taipei, 1980), 7395.Google Scholar

5 Hsüan, Hsü Hsü-kung wen-chi (Ssu-pu ts'ung-k'an [hereafter SPTK ed.] Peking, 1922), 28.2a–3a.Google Scholar

6 Ch'ang, Wang Chin-shih ts'ui-pien (Peking, 1985), 126.8a.Google Scholar

7 Chung-yen, Fan Fan Wen-cheng-kung chi (SPTK ed.), 14.7a.Google Scholar

8 For a discussion on curricula in schools of the Sung dynasty, see Zheng, Yuan Sung-tai chiao-yü, ch. 1.Google Scholar

9 Hsiu, Ou-yang Ou-yang Wen-chung-kung chi (SPTK ed.), 39.12a. Kuan was a monetary unit in imperial China. One kuan was usually a string of 1,000 copper coins.Google Scholar

10 Ibid., 116.8b–9a; An-shih, Wang Wang Wen-kung wen-chi (Shanghai, 1974), 34.403.Google Scholar

11 SHY: CJ, 2.28b.Google Scholar

12 Ibid., 2.34a.Google Scholar

13 Hsiao-hsiang, Chang Yü-hu chü-shih wen-chi (SPTK ed.), 13.10a; Kuang, Li Chuang-chien chi (Ssu-k'u cb'üan-shu [hereafter SKCS ed.] Taipei, 1983), 16.610.Google Scholar

14 Chu, Yin Ho-nan hsien-sheng wen-chi (SPTK ed.), 4.3a.Google Scholar

15 SHY: CJ, 2.4a.Google Scholar

16 An-shih, Wang Wang Wen-kung wen-chi, 34.406; Kung, Tseng Tsung Kung chi (Peking, 1984), 17.282.Google Scholar

17 SHY: CJ, 2.8a–b.Google Scholar

18 Ibid., 2.37b–38a.Google Scholar

19 Hsi, Chu Hui-an hsien-sheng Chu Wen-kung wen-chi (SPTK ed.), 78.9b.Google Scholar

20 Ying-lin, Wang Yü-hai (SKCS ed.), 167.352; Chung-yen, Fan Fan Wen-cheng-kung chi, 7.1b.Google Scholar

21 Hsi, Chu Hui-an hsien-sheng Chu Wen-kung wen-chi, 20.10a; Tsu-ch'ien, Tung-lai chi (SKCS ed.), 6.54. For studies of the reconstruction, see Chaffee, John W.Chu Hsi and the Revival of the White Deer Grotto Academy, 1179–81,T'oung Pao 71 (1985): 4062; and Chaffee, “Chu Hsi in Nan-K'ang: Tao-hsüeh and the Politics of Education,” in Neo-Confucian Education: The Formative Stage, ed. Theodore de Bary, William and Chaffee, John W. (Berkeley, Calif., 1989), 414–31.Google Scholar

22 Chüeh, Yüan Yen-yu Ssu-ming chih (Sung Yuan Ssn-ming liu-chih ed.), 14.36a.Google Scholar

23 Lei, Chang Chang Yu-shih wen-chi (SPTK ed.), 50.4a; K'o-chia, Liang Ch'un-hsi San-shan chih (SKCS ed.), 9.201.Google Scholar

24 Shih, Yang Yang Kui-shan chi (Cheng-yi-t'ang chüan-shu ed.), 2.20b. Sheng is a unit of dry measure for grain. One sheng in the Sung dynasty is equal to 0.6641 liter today.Google Scholar

25 SHY: CJ, 2.15a, 2.22a, 2.30a–b.Google Scholar

26 Hsi, Chu Hui-an hsien-sheng Chu Wen-kung wen-chi, 100.14b.Google Scholar

27 K'o-chia, Liang Ch'un-hsi San-shan chih, 8.187; Lu Chiu-yüan, Lu Chiu-yüan chi (Peking, 1980), 19.230.Google Scholar

28 SHY: CJ, 2.20a, 2.22a.Google Scholar

29 Hsi, Chu Hui-an hsien-sheng Chu-wen-kung wen-chi, 79.14a.Google Scholar

30 For example, see Lee, Thomas H. C. Government Education and Examinations in Sung China (New York, 1985), 130; and Pao-lin, Kuo “Pei-Sung te chou-hsien-hsüeh,” Li-shih yen-chiu 2 (Apr. 1988): 85.Google Scholar

31 Shao-yü, Chiang Sung-ch'ao shih-shih lei-yüan (Peking, 1981), 61.816. Ch'ing is a unit of area. One ch'ing during the Sung dynasty is approximately equal to 36,864 square meters today.Google Scholar

32 See Hsia, Ch'iSung-tai hsüeh-t'ien-chih chung feng-chien tsu-tien kuan-hsi te fa-chan” and “Sung-tai huo-pi ti-tsu chi ch'i fa-chan,“ in his Ch'iu-shih chi (T'ien-chin, 1982), 160–93.Google Scholar

33 T'ao, Li Hsü tzu-chih tung-chien ch'ang pien (Peking, 1985), 99.2303.Google Scholar

34 K'o-chia, Liang Ch'un-hsi San-shan chih, 8.184.Google Scholar

35 Kou, Li Li Kou chi (Peking, 1981), 23.252.Google Scholar

36 SHY: CJ, 2.5a.Google Scholar

37 K'o-chia, Liang Ch'un-hsi San-shan chih, 8.185.Google Scholar

38 SHY: CJ, 2.7b, 2.31b.Google Scholar

39 Yao-yü, Lu Chin-shih hsü-pien (Peking, 1985), 19.2b.Google Scholar

40 Lei, Chang Chang Yu-shih wen-chi, 50.9b.Google Scholar

41 Yao, Lou Kung-k'ui chi (SPTK ed.), 91.23a.Google Scholar

42 Yü-ch'eng, Wang Hsiao-hsü chi (SPTK ed.), 17.11a; Lao Hsing-chih, Hsing-chai chi (SKCS ed.), 4.323–24. Tan is a unit of dry measure for grain. One tan is equal to 100 sheng.Google Scholar

43 K'o-chuang, Liu Hou-ts'un hsien-sheng ta-ch'üan-chi (SPTK ed.), 143.9b.Google Scholar

44 For example, see Pao-chu, Chou et al., Chien-ming Sung-shih (Peking, 1985), 476; and Lee, Government Education and Examinations in Sung China, 16, 27.Google Scholar

45 Chieh, Shih Ts'u-lai hsien-sheng wen-chi (Peking, 1984), 19.224.Google Scholar

46 Ssu-te, Kao Ch'ih-t'ang ts'un-kao (Ts'ung-shu chi-ch'eng ch'u-pien ed.), 4.72.Google Scholar

47 Hsiu-nien, T'angPa,“ attached to Meng-hsi pi-t'an (Peking, 1974).Google Scholar

48 Tseng-hsiang, Fu Ts'ang-yüan ch'ün-shu ching-yen lu (Peking, 1983), 14.1206.Google Scholar

49 Sung Hui-yao chi-kao: Shih-huo, 7.32b-33a; Kao Ssu-te, Ch'ih-t'ang ts'un-kao, 4.72.Google Scholar

50 Hsi, Chu Hui-an hsien-sheng Chu Wen-kung wen-chi, 80.16a; Yao, Cheng Ching-ting Yen-chou hsü-chih (Chien-hsi ts'un-she ed.) 3.3b.Google Scholar

51 Tuan-lin, Ma Wen-hsien t'ung-kao (Peking, 1986), 17.171, 17.170; Sung hui-yao chi-kao: Shih-huo, 7.23b.Google Scholar

52 Sung hui-yao chi-kao: Shih-huo, 70.135a-b; Tuan-lin, Ma Wen-hsien t'ung-kao, 19.187.Google Scholar

53 chü, Chiang-su t'ung-chih Chiang-su chin-shih chih (Chiang-su t'ung-chih ed. 1927), 8.40a.Google Scholar

54 SHY: CJ, 2.25a-b, 2.13a.Google Scholar

55 Hsi-lu, Chih-shun Cheng-chiang chih (Wan-wei pieh-ts'ang ed.), 11.20b; Yao-yü, Lu Chin-shih hsu-pien, 19.2b.Google Scholar

56 Chung-liang, Yang Tzu-chih tung-chien ch'ang-pien chi-shih pen-mo (Taipei, 1957), 126.6b; Sheng-chung, Ko Tang-yang chi (SKCS ed.), 1.400.Google Scholar

57 SHY: CJ, 2.21b-22a; Chih, Li Huang-Sung shih-ch'ao kang-yao (Tung-fang hsüeh-hui, 1928), 18.9b.Google Scholar

58 T'o, T'o Sung shih (Peking, 1977), 167.3971; Tuan-lin, Ma Wen-hsien t'ung-k'ao, 62.563; Kuang-ming, Teng et al., Chung-kuo li-shih ta-ts'u-tien: Sung-shih chüan (Shanghai, 1984), 458.Google Scholar

59 Hsin-ch'uan, Li Jian-yen yi-lai hsi-nien yao-lu (Peking, 1988), 149.2403; SHY: CJ, 2.37b.Google Scholar

60 SHY: CJ, 2.38b; Hsin-ch'uan, Li Jian-yen yi-lai hsi-nien yao-lu, 180.2978; Hsi, Chu Hui-an hsien-sheng Chu Wen-kung wen-chi, 24.3b.Google Scholar

61 Li-chi: Hsüeh-chi (Peking, 1980), 36.1521.Google Scholar

62 See Zheng, Yuan Sung-tai chiao-yü, chs. 1, 2, and 3; and idem, “The Grade System of Schools in Eleventh-to-Thirteenth Century China,” Chinese Studies in History 25 (Winter 1991–92): 1752.Google Scholar

63 chü, Chiang-su t'ung-chih Chiang-su chin-shih chih, 8.40a; Sung-shih ch'uan-wen (SKCS ed.), 27 (shang). 457.Google Scholar