¹ See e.g. Krisch, N, ‘Who Is Afraid of Radical Pluralism? Legal Order and Political Stability in the Postnational Space’ (2001) 24 Ratio Juris 386.Google Scholar

² See generally Dupuy, P-M, ‘International Law: Torn between Coexistence, Cooperation, and Globalization: General Conclusions’ (1998) 9 European Journal of International Law 278.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

³ See Koskenniemi, M, ‘The Fate of Public International Law: Between Technique and Politics’ (2007) 70 Modern Law Review 1, 4–9Google Scholar. See also Teubner, G, Constitutional Fragments: Societal Constitutionalism and Globalization (trans Norbury, G, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2012).Google Scholar

⁴ See generally Dunoff, JL and Trachtman, JP (eds), Ruling the World? Constitutionalism, International Law, and Global Governance (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2009).Google Scholar

⁵ Constitutionalization here is understood as the phenomenon of examining global governance-related issues in constitutional terms or in light of values associated with constitutionalism. See Kuo, M-S, ‘Taming Governance with Legality? Critical Reflections upon Global Administrative Law as Small-c Global Constitutionalism’ (2011) 44 New York University Journal of International Law and Politics 55Google Scholar. Cf Weiler, JHH, The Constitution of Europe: ‘Do the New Clothes Have an Emperor?’ and Other Essays on European Integration (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1999) 19–25Google Scholar. For different conceptions of constitutionalization, see Cass, DZ, The Constitutionalization of the World Trade Organization: Legitimacy, Democracy, and Community in the International Trading System (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2005) 15–18Google Scholar. For a sceptical view of the notion of constitutionalization, see Loughlin, M, ‘What Is Constitutionalisation?’ in Dobner, P and Loughlin, M (eds), The Twilight of Constitutionalism? (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2010) 47.Google Scholar

⁶ See JL Dunoff and JP Trachtman, ‘A Functional Approach to Global Constitutionalism’ in Dunoff and Trachtman (n 4) 3, 6–9; AL Paulus, ‘The International Legal System as a Constitution’ in Dunoff and Trachtman (n 4) 69, 69–70.

⁷ See Kuo, M-S, ‘Between Law and Language: When Constitutionalism Goes Plural in a Globalising World’ (2010) 73 Modern Law Review 858, 865–9.Google Scholar

⁸ See Krisch, N, Beyond Constitutionalism: The Pluralist Structure of Postnational Law (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2010).Google Scholar

⁹ See Kuo (n 7) 872–8. Cf Schwöbel, CEJ, ‘Situating the Debate on Global Constitutionalism’ (2010) 8 International Journal of Constitutional Law 611.Google Scholar

¹⁰ Jeffrey Dunoff and Joel Trachtman identify three main strains of academic literature on this topic: international constitutionalization, global administrative law, and legal pluralism. See Dunoff and Trachtman (n 6) 33–5. In addition, some scholars, led by Armin von Bogdandy, a co-director of the Max Planck Institute for Comparative Public Law and International Law at Heidelberg in Germany, centre the legal response to global governance on the issue of international public authority. See von Bogdandy, A, ‘General Principles of International Public Authority: Sketching a Research Field’ (2008) 9 German Law Journal 1909, 1918–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

¹¹ The idea of global administrative law originates in a project based in New York University School of Law, which has brought together scholars from both sides of the North Atlantic and beyond. See Kingsbury, Bet al., ‘Foreword: Global Governance as Administration: National and Transnational Approaches to Global Administrative Law’ (2005) 68 Law and Contemporary Problems 1Google Scholar. A terminological clarification is due in order. I use GAL to refer to the aforementioned theoretical stance towards global governance. With respect to the actual regulations and other normative underpinnings of global governance that inspire GAL’s theorizing effort, I call them GAL norms.

¹² The conflicts-law approach can be regarded as the brainchild of Christian Joerges at the University of Bremen in Germany, who has published numerous articles, research papers, and books on this topic over the past two decades. See e.g. Joerges, C, ‘A New Type of Conflicts Law as the Legal Paradigm of the Postnational Constellation’ in Joerges, C and Falke, J (eds), Karl Polanyi, Globalisation and the Potential of Law in Transnational Markets (Hart, Oxford, 2011) 465Google Scholar; Joerges, C, Kjaer, PF and Ralli, T, ‘A New Type of Conflicts Law as Constitutional Form in the Postnational Constellation’ (2011) 2 Transnational Legal Theory 153.Google Scholar

¹³ See Kingsbury, B, Krisch, N, and Stewart, RB, ‘The Emergence of Global Administrative Law’ (2005) 68 Law and Contemporary Problems 15, 37Google Scholar; Krisch, N, ‘The Pluralism of Global Administrative Law’ (2006) 17 European Journal of International Law 247CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Kingsbury, B, ‘International Law as Inter-Public Law’ in Richardson, HS and Williams, MS (eds), Moral Universalism and Pluralism (NOMOS XLIX) (New York University Press, New York, 2008) 167, 171Google Scholar; Joerges, C, ‘The Idea of a Three-dimensional Conflicts Law as Constitutional Form’ in Joerges, C and Petersmann, E-U (eds), Constitutionalism, Multilevel Trade Governance and International Economic Law (Hart, Oxford, 2011) 413Google Scholar. See also Kuo, M-S, ‘The Concept of “Law” in Global Administrative Law: A Reply to Benedict Kingsbury’ (2009) 20 European Journal of International Law 997, 998.Google Scholar

¹⁴ See e.g. H Brunkhorst, ‘Constitutionalism and Democracy in the World Society’ in Dobner and Loughlin (eds) (n 5) 179.

¹⁵ Cf Michelman, FI, Brennan and Democracy (Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1999) 54–60.Google Scholar

¹⁶ See e.g. JL Dunoff, ‘The Politics of International Constitutions: The Curious Case of the World Trade Organization’ in Dunoff and Trachtman (eds) (n 4) 178–205.

¹⁷ Although originating in New York, GAL has attracted scholarly attention from around the globe. See e.g. Krisch, N and Kingsbury, B, ‘Introduction: Global Governance and Global Administrative Law in the International Legal Order’ (2006) 17 European Journal of International Law 1Google Scholar; Anthony, Get al. (eds), Values in Global Administrative Law (Hart, Oxford, 2011).Google Scholar

¹⁸ See Kingsbury et al. (n 11) 16.

¹⁹ Ibid.

²⁰ Ibid.

²¹ Ibid.

²² See e.g. Breton, A and Salmon, P, ‘External Effects of Domestic Regulations: Comparing Internal and International Barriers to Trade’ (2001) 21 International Review of Law and Economics 135.Google Scholar

²³ See Kingsbury, Krisch and Stewart (n 13) 16. See also Esty, DC, ‘Good Governance at the Supranational Scale: Globalizing Administrative Law’ (2006) 115 Yale Law Journal 1490.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

²⁴ See Kingsbury, Krisch and Stewart (n 13) 16–17.

²⁵ Ibid 17.

²⁶ Ibid 20–7.

²⁷ The underlying values of the notion of publicness include the principles of ‘legality’ in its power-limiting sense, rationality, proportionality, rule of law, and human rights. See Kingsbury, B, ‘The Concept of “Law” in Global Administrative Law’ (2009) 20 European Journal of International Law 23, 31–3.Google Scholar

²⁸ See ibid 30–2.

²⁹ See Kuo (n 5) 71–80.

³⁰ See N Krisch, ‘Global Administrative Law and the Constitutional Ambition’ in Dobner and Loughlin (eds) (n 5) 245.

³¹ See Krisch (n 13).

³² See Kingsbury (n 27) 56.

³³ See e.g. Koskenniemi (n 3); Fisher-Lescano, A and Teubner, G, ‘Regime-Collisions: The Vain Search for Legal Unity in the Fragmentation of Global Law’ (2004) 25 Michigan Journal of International Law 999Google Scholar. See also Teubner (n 3).

³⁴ See also Kuo (n 13) 1000–1.

³⁵ See Kingsbury (n 13) 197; Kingsbury (n 27) 56.

³⁶ Cf Krisch (n 8) 277–8.

³⁷ See Krisch (n 13) 269–74. Cf Cassese, S, ‘Administrative Law without the State? The Challenge of Global Regulation’ (2005) 37 New York University Journal of International Law and Politics 663, 680.Google Scholar

³⁸ See Joerges (n 13). See also Joerges, C, ‘Reconceptualizing the Supremacy of European Law: A Plea for a Supranational Conflict of Laws’ in Kohler-Koch, B and Rittberger, B (eds), Debating the Democratic Legitimacy of the European Union (Rowman & Littlefield, Lanham, 2007) 311, 316.Google Scholar

³⁹ Joerges argues that the characteristics of global governance such as the inclination towards informal administrative measures and the rise of private regulation are the extension of administrative reforms in response to the regulatory state. See Joerges, C, ‘Constitutionalism and Transnational Governance: Exploring a Magic Triangle’ in Joerges, C, Sand, I-J and Teubner, G (eds), Transnational Governance and Constitutionalism (Hart, Oxford, 2004) 339, 340–50.Google Scholar

⁴⁰ It should be noted that there are two strains under the rubric of the conflicts-law (Kollisionenrecht) approach. In addition to the Joerges School discussed here, another strain of the conflicts-law approach is attributed to Gunther Teubner, whose theoretical underpinning is systems theory. While both strains of the conflicts-law approach concern the issue of conflict in global governance, the Teubner School is focused on the functional differentiation of (sub)social systems in what he terms ‘world society’ and the resulting decoupling of the legal system from other social systems. Under Teubner’s view, how to restore the status of the legal system, especially in terms of its mediating role among (sub)social systems, constitutes the main theme. My discussion here centres on Joerges’s variety of the conflicts-law approach as his theory puts the choice over conflicting regulatory regimes front and centre in the discussion on global constitutionalism. See Joerges (n 39) 370. Outside the Bremen nucleus, the Joerges School also attracts Joost Paweleyn (Geneva) and Ralf Michaels (Duke) among others. See Michaels, R and Pauwelyn, J, ‘Conflict of Norms or Conflict of Laws? Different Techniques in the Fragmentation of International Law’ in Broude, T and Shany, Y (eds), Multi-Sourced Equivalent Norms in International Law (Hart, Oxford, 2011) 19Google Scholar. For a representative publication centring on the Joerges School, see generally Nickel, R (ed), Conflict of Laws and Laws of Conflict in Europe and Beyond: Patterns of Supranational and Transnational Juridification (Intersentia, Antwerp, 2011)Google Scholar. For further discussion on the Teubner School of the conflicts-law approach, see Teubner (n 3) 150–73; Fisher-Lescano and Teubner (n 33).

⁴¹ See Joerges (n 39) 370–2.

⁴² See Joerges (n 12) 467–9. See also Joerges, Kjaer and Ralli (n 12) 154. Cf Howse, R and Nicolaïdis, K, ‘Democracy without Sovereignty: The Global Vocation of Political Ethics’ in Broude, T and Shany, Y (eds), The Shifting Allocation of Authority in International Law: Considering Sovereignty, Supremacy and Subsidiarity: Essays in Honour of Professor Ruth Lapidoth (Hart, Oxford, 2008) 163, 167.Google Scholar

⁴³ See text at notes 21–24 above.

⁴⁴ See Joerges, Kjaer and Ralli (n 12) 154; Joerges, C and Neyer, J, ‘From Intergovernmental Bargaining to Deliberative Political Processes: The Constitutionalisation of Comitology’ (1998) 3 European Law Journal 273, 293–5.Google Scholar

⁴⁵ Joerges imputes the gap between ‘political decision-making powers’ and ‘affectedness by political decisions’ to the ‘“democracy failure” of constitutional nation states’. See Joerges (n 12) 468.

⁴⁶ See ibid 481.

⁴⁷ See Slaughter Burley, A-M, ‘International Law and International Relations Theory: A Dual Agenda’ (1993) 87 American Journal of International Law 205, 230–1Google Scholar. Despite the analytical distinction between private international law and conflicts of law, I use them interchangeably.

⁴⁸ See ibid 214–15.

⁴⁹ See ibid 230–2.

⁵⁰ Cf Joerges (n 12) 455–6.

⁵¹ See ibid. See also Joerges, Kjaer and Ralli (n 12) 154–5.

⁵² See Joerges and Neyer (n 44).

⁵³ See Joerges (n 38) 318.

⁵⁴ Joerges, Kjaer and Ralli (n 12) 155 (quoting R Mayntz, ‘The Architecture of Multi-Level Governance of Economic Sectors’, MPIfG Discussion Paper 13/2007, 23–4).

⁵⁵ See Joerges (n 38) 315–16.

⁵⁶ See Teubner (n 3).

⁵⁷ See Joerges (n 38) 312–15. See also Joerges (n 12).

⁵⁸ See Joerges (n 39) 347–8.

⁵⁹ See Joerges (n 12); Joerges, Kjaer and Ralli (n 12); Joerges (n 13). See also J Pauwelyn, ‘Public International Law and the Conflicts-Law Approach’ (13 October, 2011), available at <SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=2017542> accessed 27 January, 2013.

⁶⁰ Notably, the correspondence between the three types of conflicts and the three-dimensional conflicts law is not clear. Cf Joerges (n 12); Joerges, Kjaer and Ralli (n 12).

⁶¹ See Joerges (n 12) 477–80, 488–95; Joerges, Kjaer and Ralli (n 12) 158–9. Joost Pauwelyn, another important contributor to the Joerges School of the three-dimensional conflicts-law approach, recently labels this first dimension of conflicts law as ‘law as system’, which concerns ‘how to open up a specific treaty regime to other legal orders’. See Pauwelyn (n 59). Even so, when a treaty regime is opened to an international organization, which must be treaty-based, the core issue is how to tackle the conflicts between two treaty regimes.

⁶² See Joerges and Neyer (n 44) 293–4.

⁶³ See Joerges, Kjaer and Ralli (n 12) 158–9; Joerges (n 38) 316–18. Understood in this way, Pauwelyn’s first dimension of conflicts law, law as system, is not so much about opening up a treaty regime to the legal orders of its member states as about tackling the conflicts of laws between its member states.

⁶⁴ Joerges (n 38).

⁶⁵ See Joerges, Kjaer and Ralli (n 12) 159.

⁶⁶ See Joerges (n 12) 480–2, 495–8; Joerges, Kjaer and Ralli (n 12) 159–60. Pauwelyn terms this second dimension of conflicts law ‘law as regulation’, which concerns ‘how to open up law to non-legal expertise’. See Pauwelyn (n 59).

⁶⁷ Joerges, Kjaer and Ralli (n 12) 159.

⁶⁸ Ibid 160. See also Joerges (n 12) 483–5, 498–500.

⁶⁹ This is what Pauwelyn calls ‘law as governance’. See Pauwelyn (n 59).

⁷⁰ See Joerges (n 12) 483–4.

⁷¹ Joerges suggests that GAL falls within the second dimension of conflicts law. See ibid 495–8. Yet, taking account of the types of global administration identified in GAL, i.e., ‘international administration’, ‘distributed administration’, ‘transnational networks and coordination arrangements’, ‘hybrid intergovernmental-private administration’ and ‘private bodies’, GAL’s concern extends to all the three dimensions of conflicts law. See Kingsbury, Krisch and Stewart (n 13) 19–23. See also Cassese, S, ‘Global Standards for National Administrative Procedure’ (2005) 68 Law and Contemporary Problems 109, 113–15.Google Scholar

⁷² Compare Stewart, RB, ‘The Reformation of American Administrative Law’ (1988) 88 Harvard Law Review 1667CrossRefGoogle Scholar, with Kingsbury, Krisch and Stewart (n 13).

⁷³ See Somek, A, ‘The Concept of “Law” in Global Administrative Law: A Reply to Benedict Kingsbury’ (2009) 20 European Journal of International Law 985, 985.Google Scholar See also Harlow, C, ‘Global Administrative Law: The Quest for Principles and Values’ (2006) 17 European Journal of International Law 187Google Scholar. Cf Stewart, RB, ‘U.S. Administrative Law: A Model for Global Administrative Law?’ (2005) 68 Law and Contemporary Problems 63.Google Scholar

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⁷⁵ Joerges, Kjaer and Ralli (n 12) 158.

⁷⁶ For the epistemic function of democratic institutions, see Michelman (n 15) 54–60. For a philosophical justification of the epistemic value of democracy, see Estlund, DM, Democratic Authority: A Philosophical Framework (Princeton University Press, Princeton, 2009).CrossRefGoogle Scholar

⁷⁷ See D Chalmers, ‘A Comment on Joerges’ in Kohler-Koch and Rittberger (eds) (n 38) 329.

⁷⁸ Joerges, Kjaer and Ralli (n 12) 158.

⁷⁹ See Joerges (n 38) 318–22.

⁸⁰ Krisch and Kingsbury (n 12) 10. See also Shapiro, M, ‘Administrative Law Unbounded: Reflections on Government and Governance’ (2001) 8 Indiana Journal of Global Legal Studies 369, 377.Google Scholar

⁸¹ See Krisch (n 30).

⁸² See Kuo (n 5) 71–7.

⁸³ See Cohen, JL, ‘Whose Sovereignty? Empire versus International Law’ (2004) 18 Ethics and International Affairs 1, 2.Google Scholar

⁸⁴ See Kuo (n 5) 72.

⁸⁵ See Preuss, UK, ‘The Concept of Rights and the Welfare State’ in Teubner, G (ed), Dilemmas of Law in the Welfare State (Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, 1986) 151Google Scholar; Trägårdh, L and Delli Carpini, MX, ‘The Juridification of Politics in the United States and Europe: Historical Roots, Contemporary Debates and Future Prospects’ in Trägårdh, L (ed), After National Democracy: Rights, Law and Power in America and the New Europe (Hart, Oxford, 2004) 41.Google Scholar

⁸⁶ See Kuo (n 5) 72–3.

⁸⁷ See ibid 73. See also Kuo, M-S, ‘The End of Constitutionalism as We Know It? Boundaries and the State of Global Constitutional (Dis)Ordering’ (2010) 1 Transnational Legal Theory 329, 358–64.Google Scholar

⁸⁸ As Joseph Raz emphasizes, the rule of recognition in HLA Hart’s legal theory exists as ‘a practice of the legal officials’ and stands apart from constitutions. See Raz, J, ‘On the Authority and Interpretation of Constitutions: Some Preliminaries’ in Alexander, L (ed), Constitutionalism: Philosophical Foundations (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1998) 152, 160–2Google Scholar. My usage of the notion of rule of recognition is in a broader sense. Cf Adler, M and Himma, KE (eds), The Rule of Recognition and the U.S. Constitution (Oxford University Press, New York, 2009)CrossRefGoogle Scholar. When it comes to international law, traditionally state consent is the legal basis for the authority of international legal regimes. The national constitution provides the framework within which controversies regarding state consent are resolved. In this sense, the constitution also functions as the ultimate rule of recognition in deciding whether international law is binding on a particular constitutional system.

⁸⁹ See ‘Introduction’ in MacDonald, RStJ and Johnston, DM (eds), Towards World Constitutionalism: Issues in the Legal Ordering of the World Community (Martinus Nijhoff, Leiden, 2005)Google Scholar xiii, xv. Cf Walter, Christian, ‘Constitutionalizing (Inter)national Governance: Possibilities for and Limits to the Development of an International Constitutional Law’ (2001) 44 German Yearbook of International Law 170Google Scholar. This ‘conceptual shift’ is related to the globalist epistemological shift to an external sociological perspective of the law. See Cohen (n 83) 7.

⁹⁰ See Kuo (n 5) 74.

⁹¹ See ibid 71–7.

⁹² See Krisch and Kingsbury (n 12) 10.

⁹³ See Kingsbury, Krisch and Stewart (n 13) 28.

⁹⁴ See e.g. Cass (n 5); S Gardbaum, ‘Human Rights and International Constitutionalism’ in Dunoff and Trachtman (eds) (n 4) 233; Everson, M and Eisner, J, The Making of the European Constitution: Judges and Lawyers beyond Constitutive Power (Routledge-Cavendish, Abingdon, 2007).Google Scholar

⁹⁵ See Kuo (n 5) 74–5.

⁹⁶ See Krisch (n 8) 35–8; Maduro, MP, ‘From Constitutions to Constitutionalism: A Constitutional Approach for Global Governance’ in Lewis, D (ed), Global Governance and the Quest for Justice, vol I: International and Regional Organizations (Hart, Oxford, 2006) 227, 238–41.Google Scholar

⁹⁷ See Kuo (n 7) 874–8.

⁹⁸ See Kuo, M-S, ‘Reconciling Constitutionalism with Power: Towards a Constitutional Nomos of Political Ordering’ (2010) 23 Ratio Juris 390, 394.Google Scholar

⁹⁹ See Kahn, PW, Putting Liberalism in Its Place (Princeton University Press, Princeton, 2004) 270. See also Kuo (n 5) 392–3.Google Scholar

¹⁰⁰ See Möller, K, The Global Model of Constitutional Rights (Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2012) 3–15.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

¹⁰¹ See Kuo (n 98) 393–4.

¹⁰² See Kuo (n 5) 75–7.

¹⁰³ See ibid 77–80.

¹⁰⁴ See Krisch (n 30).

¹⁰⁵ See ibid 256–8.

¹⁰⁶ See generally M Shapiro, ‘APA: Past, Present, Future’ (1986) 72 Virginia Law Review 447. See also Stewart (n 73) 73.

¹⁰⁷ See Krisch (n 8) 55–7.

¹⁰⁸ See ibid 41–4. See also Krisch (n 30) 252.

¹⁰⁹ See Krisch (n 8) 41–2.

¹¹⁰ It is empirically questionable that most national constitutions can be attributed to a historical process of revolutionary constitution-making. Nevertheless, the conceptual dualism of constitution-making and normal law-making underlies constitutional theories. See Krisch (n 30) 252. See also Kuo (n 87) 345.

¹¹¹ See e.g. Joerges (n 12); Fisher-Lescano and Teubner (n 33).

¹¹² See Joerges (n 38) 312–13; Joerges (n 39) 346.

¹¹³ See Joerges (n 39) 346.

¹¹⁴ See ibid 346–7.

¹¹⁵ See ibid 347–8.

¹¹⁶ See Joerges (n 38) 312–15.

¹¹⁷ See Joerges (n 13) 474–6.

¹¹⁸ See Joerges (n 38) 314, 322.

¹¹⁹ See ibid 318–22; Joerges, Kjaer and Ralli (n 12) 158.

¹²⁰ See Joerges (n 38) 314, 322.

¹²¹ See Joerges (n 12) 467–76.

¹²² See Joerges, Kjaer and Ralli (n 12) 158.

¹²³ See Joerges (n 12) 482.

¹²⁴ See Joerges (n 39) 374.

¹²⁵ See Joerges (n 38) 320–1.

¹²⁶ See Joerges (n 12) 467–76; Joerges (n 39) 373.

¹²⁷ See Joerges (n 12) 481–2; Joerges (n 39) 372–3.

¹²⁸ See Joerges (n 12) 481–2.

¹²⁹ See ibid 486–8; Joerges, Kjaer and Ralli (n 12).

¹³⁰ Cf Kjaer, PF, ‘The Metamorphosis of the Functional Synthesis: A Continental European Perspective on Governance, Law, and the Political in the Transnational Space’ (2010) Wisconsin Law Review 489, 527–8.Google Scholar

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¹³² Joerges implicitly acknowledges the roles of weighing and balancing in the conflicts-law approach. See Joerges (n 39) 370.

¹³³ See Joerges (n 12) 481, 496.

¹³⁴ See Koskenniemi, M, The Gentle Civilizer of Nations: The Rise and Fall of International Law 1870–1960 (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2001) 12–67.Google Scholar

¹³⁵ Ibid 43.

¹³⁶ See ibid 43–5

¹³⁷ Ibid 43.

¹³⁸ Ibid.

¹³⁹ Ibid 44.

¹⁴⁰ Ibid.

¹⁴¹ Ibid.

¹⁴² Ibid 45.

¹⁴³ See ibid 77, 183.

¹⁴⁴ Cf Joerges (n 12) 496.

¹⁴⁵ This position seems to echo the legalistic conception of constitutionalism that regards a constitution as serving ‘towards the legalization or juridification of the already existing [political order]’ as the cases of England and Germany suggest. See Möllers, C, ‘Pouvoir Constituant—Constitution—Constitutionalisation’ in von Bogdandy, A and Bast, J (eds), Principles of European Constitutional Law (2nd rev. edn, Hart, Oxford, 2010) 169, 173.Google Scholar

¹⁴⁶ See Joerges, Kjaer and Ralli (n 12) 158.

¹⁴⁷ Cf C Möllers, ‘Transnational Governance without a Public Law’ in Joerges, Sand and Teubner (eds) (n 39) 329.

¹⁴⁸ In the nation state context, statutory law-making can also be regarded as the legislative interpretation of the constitution. See also Eskridge, WN Jr and Ferejohn, J, ‘Super-Statutes’ (2001) 50 Duke Law Journal 1215Google Scholar. Cf Fisher, L, Constitutional Dialogues: Interpretation as Political Process (Princeton University Press, Princeton, 1988).Google Scholar

¹⁴⁹ See Krisch (n 8) 58–61.

¹⁵⁰ See ibid 57–66.

¹⁵¹ Cf Amstutz, M, ‘In-Between Worlds: Marleasing and the Emergence of Interlegality in Legal Reasoning’ (2005) 11 European Law Journal 766.Google Scholar

¹⁵² Cf Teubner, G, ‘A Constitutional Moment? The Logics of “Hitting the Bottom”’ in Kjaer, PF, Teubner, G and Febbrajo, Al (eds), The Financial Crisis in Constitutional Perspective: The Dark Side of Functional Differentiation (Hart, Oxford, 2011) 3.Google Scholar

¹⁵³ Cf Picciotto, S, ‘Constitutionalizing Multilevel Governance?’ (2008) 6 International Journal of Constitutional Law 457, 461.Google Scholar