In the Lublin area of the East European Platform (southeast Poland) sedimentation of the Vendian–Cambrian marine sequence began in Late Vendian times. Vendian and Cambrian strata occur in sedimentary continuity and their features indicate sedimentation in the tidal zone of a shallow epicontinental sea. The Vendian–Cambrian boundary, drawn on the basis of mainly palaeontological data, passes between the Vendotaenia and Sabellidites zones.

From a study of 24 outcrops in Neogene and Quaternary deposits of the central Ebro Basin, a number of diapiric deformations have been recognized, two principal types being differentiated: domal or pillow structures, and piercement or intrusive structures. The former are incipient diapirs of gypsum. Piercing structures have reverse faulted contacts not caused by halokinesis; here Neogene marls are the active plastic material, contrasting with the competent behaviour of gypsum. These intrusive structures are viscous diapirs which easily pierce the non-consolidated, low strength Quaternary gravel overburden and submit it to a horizontal compressive stress. As a consequence, reverse faults and flexures develop in it. Generally normal faults and tension cracks do not appear. Underlying gypsum beds are frequently pulled up into diapirs and they constitute the structural core.

Density contrast and conditions for plastic flow exist at the marl–gravel boundary. It seems to have been specially common at the time of Quaternary fluvial sedimentation, so that much deformation is synsedimentary. Diapiric phenomena have been very active during early to middle Pleistocene time, becoming weaker afterwards.

Astiericeras astierianum (d'orbigny, 1842) is redescribed, the type material illustrated for the first time and the range of intraspecific variation and striking sexualdimorphism documented. Previous suggestions that the early ontogeny of Astiericeras supports derivation from Douvilleiceras de Grossouvre, 1894 of the Douvilleiceratinae are in error: the genus and species are distinctive at the earliest diameters seen and ornament gives no clue to affinities. The sutural formula is that characteristic of some Douvilleicerataceae, however, to which superfamily the species is assigned, as the only member of the family Astiericeratidae Breistroffer, 1953. It is thus a scaphitoid heteromorph, derived from normally coiled immediate ancestors that are themselves recoiled derivatives of an original heteromorphic stock.

Basaltic, andesitic and rhyodacitic/rhyolitic volcanism was widespread during Ordovician time in the Welsh Basin. New chemical data are presented for Llanvirn to Caradoc lavas and tuffs from the Welsh Borderland which, during Ordovician time, formed the southeastern margin of the Welsh Basin. In view of the observed chemical alteration, immobile elements are used in the interpretation of the original geochemical character. The data indicate that the Llanvirn Stapeley volcanic group of the Shelve inlier was a bimodal basalt/basaltic andesite – rhyodacite/rhyolite association. The basalts have trace element contents of tholeiitic associations with a subduction-related character. The Caradoc Whittery and Hagley volcanic groups of the Shelve inlier comprise lavas and tuffs of calc-alkaline andesite. Blocks sampled from the Breidden Hills show that these were also derived from a calc-alkaline volcano. Associated Caradoc pumice- and ash-flow deposits from the Breidden Hills are probably of altered calc-alkaline rhyodacite/rhyolite composition. The Sibdon Carwood basalt flow, the only known example of Ordovician volcanism east of the Pontesford–Linley and Church Stretton lineaments, has transitional tholeiitic to alkaline character, with trace element contents influenced by subduction-related processes. The overall tholeiitic to calc-alkaline nature of the magmatism is consistent with the view that, during Llanvirn to Caradoc time, the Welsh Basin was an ensialic marginal basin.

Infaunal communities in marine environments typically are tiered; that is, different taxa live at different depths within the sediment. Tiered suites of biogenic structures yield complex biogenic sedimentary fabrics (ichnofabrics), with the traces of deep-burrowing organisms overprinted on those of shallow-burrowing organisms. Careful analysis of crosscutting relationships of burrows in such composite ichnofabrics allows reconstruction of the tiered nature of fossil endobenthic communities. It is important to recognize that the best preserved and most prominently displayed trace fossils in most assemblages usually represent the deepest tier. Thus, they were farther removed from the sea floor and therefore less indicative of actual sea floor conditions than the more poorly preserved traces of the shallower tiers, on which the deeper traces are juxtaposed.

The principal characters of the biota from Upper Precambrian–Lower Cambrian rocks in the northwest of Argentina are described. It is possible to observe two groups: the trace fossils and the medusoid impressions. At the same time, a regional palaeogeographical analysis is attempted as well as a comparison with outcrops of similar age from the Gondwanaland area and from North America.

Small shelly fossils, especially conoidal microfossils, have potential for biostratigraphic correlation of Precambrian–Cambrian boundary rocks where evolutionary successions of taxa can be recognized. A succession of hyoliths, brachiopods and species of Sunnaginia, Torellella, Eccentrotheca and Rhombocorniculum can be recognized in the Home Farm Member of Nuneaton and/or the Comley Limestone of Shropshire, England. Revised ranges of taxa are given and Sunnaginia neoimbricata n.sp., S. parva n.sp., S. angulata n.sp., Eccentrotheca grandis n.sp. and several new records are described from Nuneaton and Comley. The similarity in the sequence of small shelly fossils in England and Siberia indicates that a correlation can be achieved between the two areas. It is suggested that the lower Tommotian to lower Atdabanian correlates with the Hartshill Formation of Nuneaton, of which the condensed Home Farm Member spans the mid Tommotian to lowest Atdabanian, while the upper Atdabanian to lower Botomian correlates with the condensed Comley Limestone of Shropshire.

The Precambrian–Cambrian boundary candidate section at Meishucun, China, has yielded trace fossils which are abundant at some horizons. The earliest occur in Unit 3 of the Zhongyicun Member approximately 8 m above the lower selected stratotype reference point for the boundary and include Arenicolites sp., Asteriacites sp., Neonereites biserialis, N. uniserialis and Sellaulichnus meishacunensis. The next trace-fossil-bearing horizon is in Unit 6 of the Zhongyicun Member where Cochlichnus sp., Monomorphichnus sp., Neonereites biserialis and N. uniserialis occur. Immediately above, in Unit 7, are Cruziana sp., Didymaulichnus miettensis, Monomorphichnus sp. and Rusophycus sp. In the Badaowan Member at the top of the section there are Didymaulichnus sp. and Taphrhelminthopsis circularis in Unit 9, Arenicolites sp., Diplocraterion sp., Gordia molassica, Skolithos sp. and T. circularis in Unit 11, and Gordia meandria, ? Plagiogmus sp., Skolithos sp. and T. circularis in Unit 12.

Comparison of this trace-fossil distribution with that in key Precambrian–Cambrian boundary sections in other countries indicates that the ranges of a few trace fossils cross the boundary (e.g. Didymaulichnus, Neonereites, Planolites) but most appear only in the Cambrian. Different ichnogenera seem to appear at various levels above the boundary. Arenicolites and Asteriacites are among the first, while Taphrhelminthopsis circularis is only encountered higher in all sequences. Some have only been recorded at much higher levels and relatively close to the first appearance of trilobites (e.g. Cruziana, Diplocraterion, Rusophycus). This suggests that the first appearance of specific trace fossils or groups of trace fossils may be valuable for locating the boundary in some sections and for correlating late Precambrian and early Cambrian strata.

The noble element (Os, Ir, Ru, Rh, Pt, Pd, Au) patterns from sulphides associated with the komatiites at the Alexo mine show variable degrees of fractionation. Massive sulphides at the contact between underlying intermediate volcanics and overlying komatiites have the least fractionated patterns (Pd/Ir = 44). Net-textured sulphides which immediately overlie the massive sulphides have extremely fractionated noble element patterns (Pd/Ir = 171). The disseminated sulphides in the overlying komatiite exhibit an intermediate degree of fractionation (Pd/Ir = 110). The variations in noble element patterns are complemented by variations in the Ni, Cu and Co concentrations. The massive sulphides are depleted in all three of these elements relative to the net-textured sulphide ore. The disseminated sulphides have intermediate values of Ni and Co, but are enriched in Cu relative to the other two sulphides.

Processes that could have affected the composition of the sulphides include: (a) fractionation of monosulphide solid solution (Mss) from a sulphide liquid during initial cooling of the komatiite, and (b) mobilization of Pt, Pd, Au, Cu, Ni and Co from the massive sulphide into footwall veins. A mass balance calculation indicates that the sum of the massive and net-textured sulphide agrees with the disseminated sulphide for all elements except Au. Thus the massive sulphide cannot have lost significant amounts of Pt, Pd, Ni and Co to footwall veins and significant mobilization of these elements does not appear to have occurred. The crystallization of Mss from a sulphide liquid will account for the enrichment of Ir, Os, Ru and Rh in the massive sulphide relative to the net-textured sulphide, and enrichment of Pd, Pt, Au, Co and Ni in the net-textured sulphide relative to the disseminated sulphide.

Gold-bearing sandstone and conglomerate near the base of the Proterozoic Mporokoso Group were deposited in a braided river system. The detrital sand grade material is mainly of quartz, sericite and haematite, and the pebbles are of vein-quartz, chert, silicic volcanics, quartzose metasediment and jaspilite. The basement rocks presently exposed in the basement are silicic igneous rocks and quartzose metasediments.

The petrography of the fluvial sediments suggests that silica and, to a lesser extent, iron oxide were mobile both in the source-area and in the braided river system. Evidence for silica-mobility includes jaspilite pebbles with spherulites and glaebules of chalcedony, abundant vein-quartz pebbles, intra-basinal sandstone pebbles, and the silicification of volcanic pebbles. The detrital haematite in the fluvial sandstone forms pseudomorphs after magmatic magnetite. Authigenic iron oxide occurs in several forms which suggest that iron oxide was mobile in the source-area and in the fluvial sediments. Uranium is locally abundant in basement and sedimentary rocks, cassiterite is a common heavy mineral in the fluvial sediments, and fluorite has been found in the basement.

These features may be explained by intense weathering which mobilized both silica and iron. The silica was concentrated near the surface to form silcretes in the basement and later in the overlying fluvial sediments. Hydrothermal convection cells driven by the granites may have carried silica, iron, tin, fluorine and uranium towards the surface before and during the erosion of the igneous basement.

In the Early Cambrian, there were two peaks of the increase in number of new archaeocyathan genera. These diversification bursts are, perhaps, related to significant changes in Early Cambrian palaeogeography. The first burst at the beginning of the Atdabanian was, perhaps, connected with the initiation of archaeocyathan expansion beyond the Siberian Platform. During the second half of the Atdabanian, closely related archaeocyathan assemblages were established from North Africa to Australia because neither climate, nor geographic isolation could have affected their differentiation in that time. At the end of the Atdabanian and the beginning of the Botomian the number of archaeocyathan genera again increased sharply, and isolated provinces were established. The American–Koryakiyan province was formed in western North America (from Alaska to Sonora) and included the Koryakiya, while the Afro–Siberian–Antarctic province probably extended from North Africa and Western Europe to Siberia, Australia, and Antarctica. The main difference between the regular archaeocyathan assemblages lies in what skeletal elements filled the intervallum. There was a certain stability in the distribution of skeletal elements of high taxonomic rank and an interchangeability of elements of low taxonomic rank.

Alluvial fan sediments of the Lower Cretaceous Coloso Formation of northern Chile were deposited during the evolution of a half-graben, arid, intra-arc basin. The sediments were derived from an andesitic volcanic arc and show compositional variation which can be interpreted as an unroofing sequence. Copper mineralization is stratigraphically restricted to the upper 150 m of the sequence in conglomerates of predominantly granodioritic composition. The presence of mineralized clasts at this level indicates the erosion of bedrock mineralization. Lead isotopic signatures of ore sulphide support the sedimentological evidence for derivation of the sediments and metals from an island arc volcano-plutonic complex to the west of the basin.

A genetic model is proposed in which uneconomic metal concentrations were transported into the basin as detrital phases and released by diagenetic reactions. The precipitation of copper minerals followed authigenic formation of quartz, feldspar, analcime and calcite and also some secondary parosity generation. Copper minerals include the oxychloride atacamite, and the suphides bornite, digenite, djurleite and covellite. Sulphur isotope values for the sulphides are relatively heavy isotope-enriched (δ34S = −3.6 to −12.8‰). Although these results could be interpreted in terms of closed-system bacterial sulphide reduction there is no known occurrence of organic material within the Coloso basin. An alternative explanation involving the mixing of diagenetically derived copper-rich brines and sulphur-rich hydrothermal fluids is proposed to account for the Coloso mineralization.

Based on structural, geochemical, sedimentological and geochronological studies, we have formulated a model for the evolution of the late Archaean Abitibi greenstone belt of the Superior Province of Canada. The southern volcanic zone (SVZ) of the belt is dominated by komatiitic to tholeiitic volcanic plateaux and large, bimodal, mafic-felsic volcanic centres. These volcanic rocks were erupted between approximately 2710 Ma and 2700 Ma in a series of rift basins formed as a result of wrench-fault tectonics.

The SVZ superimposes an older volcanic terrane which is characterized in the northern volcanic zone (NVZ) of the Abitibi belt and is approximately 2720 Ma or older. The NVZ comprises basaltic to andesitic and dacitic subaqueous massive volcanics which are cored by comagmatic sill complexes and layered mafic-anorthositic plutonic complexes. These volcanics are overlain by felsic pyroclastic rocks that were comagmatic with the emplacement of tonalitic plutons at 2717 ±2 Ma.

The tectonic model envisages the SVZ to have formed in a series of rift basins which dissected an earlier formed volcanic arc (the NVZ). Analogous rift environments have been postulated for the Hokuroko basin of Japan, the Taupo volcanic zone of New Zealand and the Sumatra and Nicaragua arcs. The difference between rift related ‘submergent’ volcanism in the SVZ and ‘emergent’ volcanism in the NVZ resulted in the contrasting metallogenic styles, the former being characterized by syngenetic massive sulphide deposits, whilst the latter was dominated by epigenetic ‘porphyry-type’ Cu(Au) deposits.

Segregation vesicles have been recognized in two plagiophyric dolerite dykes in northwestern Ireland. The vesicles are each outlined by a rim of tangentially arranged plagioclase, and filled to a variable extent by a fine-grained, crescent-shaped lining of fractionated residual melt. They closely resemble segregation vesicles reported from Atlantic ocean-floor basalts.

It is suggested (1) that the vesicles began as CO2-rich bubbles released during decompression; (2) that these bubbles grew very little during crystallization, while H2O became concentrated in the residual melt; and (3) that exsolution and expansion of H2O-rich vapour forced interstitial residual melt through the rigid but permeable framework of crystals and into the existing CO2-rich bubble cavities.

The Forland Complex of Prins Karls Forland has been subjected to mid-Palaeozoic greenschist facies metamorphism and polyphase deformation. Metamorphism was initiated prior to D1 deformation and gave rise to a parallelism of stratigraphic and metamorphic reaction surfaces. D1 gave rise to imbricately thrust, southwest-directed fold nappes which have not noticeably disturbed the isograd surfaces. D2, interpreted as belonging to the mid-Cenozoic West Spitsbergen Orogeny (WSO) which was coaxial but not coplanar with D1, produced crenulation folds and pressure solution cleavages and some thrusting. D3 structures are related to the formation of the Prins Karls Forland–Forlandsundet–Oscar II horst and graben system which is a late expression of the WSO. The rejuvenation of the Prins Karls Forland horst along NNW–SSE faults, the large scale E–W flexures and ENE–WSW faults in the Forland Complex and Tertiary graben deposits are assigned to D3.

The Coombadjha Volcanic Complex is the remnant of a Late Permian cauldron. It is part of an extensive sequence of silicic calc-alkaline volcanics that covers the southeastern portion of the New England Orogen in NSW. The Complex is elliptical, measuring 15 × 24 km, and is outlined by a ring pluton and an arcuate fault. Bedding in the volcanic units of the Complex defines a structural basin, with steep inward dips at the monoclinal rim and gentle to horizontal orientations near the centre. An older group of outflow ignimbrites, lavas, breccias and volcaniclastic rocks at least 1500 m thick, is conformably overlain by more than 500 m of texturally homogeneous, crystal-rich, dacitic ignimbrite. Ignimbrites of the older group are the products of several discrete eruptions from separate vents, all of which were situated outside the Coombadjha area. Silicic lava domes with volcaniclastic aprons, and a tuff ring, mark the positions of local vents active on a small scale during intervals between the emplacement of the outflow ignimbrites. No significant subsidence occurred, nor did a caldera exist at this stage. Cauldron subsidence occurred in response to the large magnitude eruption that produced the crystal-rich ignimbrite. The central cauldron block was lowered at least 2000 m by downwarping and fault displacement, and remained largely intact. There is no evidence for resurgent doming of the cauldron after subsidence, although igneous activity continued with intrusion of an adamellite ring pluton along much of the cauldron margin. The crystal-rich ignimbrite and the ring pluton are similar in composition and may have been successive products of a common magma source that sustained this simple, single cauldron cycle.

A suite of late-tectonic minor intrusive rocks in the Inner Hebrides of Scotland show a well developed internal tectonic fabric. This fabric has a similar orientation in adjacent intrusions and it is usually not seen in the wall rock. It is suggested that the intrusions' tectonic fabric records the effects of palaeostress over the cooling period of the intrusions and thus provides palaeostress trajectories over a geologically short period of time over the area occupied by the swarm of intrusions.

A stage subdivision of the Cambrian System is proposed. In the lower series four stages are distinguished (the Tommotian, Atdabanian, Botomian, Tojohnian); in the middle series, two (the Amga and Maya stages); in the upper series, three (the Ayusakkanian, Sakian, and Aksayan stages). The stratotypes of the stages of the lower and middle series are located on the Siberian Platform, while the stratotypes of the stages of the upper series are found in Kazakhstan (the Maly Karatau). The lower boundary of the Cambrian is drawn along the bottom of the Al. sunnaginicus Zone, the lower boundary of the middle series along the Schistocephalus Zone, and that of the upper series along the Cormagnostus simplex Zone. The Cambrian–Ordovician boundary is not quite clear yet, but it is most likely to be drawn along the bottom of the C. proavus Zone.

The Eocene Monllobat Formation of the southern Pyrenees accumulated under continental (non-marine) conditions. The total thickness of 180 m consists of seven cycles, defined by coarse member concentrations (often sheets) at the bases. The lateral extent of the sheets defines the fixed positions of eight parallel-trending alluvial systems, separated by narrow zones of fine sediment.

Sheetflooding dominated the sedimentation of these eight contemporaneous alluvial systems. The sediment was supplied from the rising axial zone of the Pyrenees. The cycles were caused by variations in tectonic activity. The positions and forms of coarse members were locally determined by contemporaneous faulting and folding of the alluvium.

The graptolites recovered from the Carnedd Iago Formation of Arenig Fawr, Gwynedd, North Wales are described. They originate from the type section of the Arenig Series and comprise the species Didymograptus aff. simulans Elles & Wood, D. aff. deflexus Elles & Wood, D. cf. praenuntius Törnquist, Azygograptus cf. eivionicus Elles and Tetragraptus reclinatus Elles & Wood.