Hostname: page-component-7c8c6479df-27gpq Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-03-19T05:54:06.967Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

The Permian–Triassic boundary Lung Cam expanded section, Vietnam, as a high-resolution proxy for the GSSP at Meishan, China

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  14 June 2019

Brooks B. Ellwood*
Affiliation:
Department of Geology and Geophysics, Louisiana State University, E235 Howe-Russell Geoscience Complex, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
Galina P. Nestell
Affiliation:
Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, USA
Luu Thi Phuong Lan
Affiliation:
Institute of Geophysics, Vietnamese Academy for Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
Merlynd K. Nestell
Affiliation:
Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Texas at Arlington, Arlington, Texas 76019, USA
Jonathan H. Tomkin
Affiliation:
School of Earth, Society, and Environment, University of Illinois, 428 Natural History Building, 1301 W. Green Street, Urbana, Illinois 61801, USA
Kenneth T. Ratcliffe
Affiliation:
Chemostrat Inc., 3760 Westchase Drive, Houston, Texas 77042, USA
Wei-Hsung Wang
Affiliation:
Center for Energy Studies, Louisiana State University, 112 Nuclear Science Building, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, USA
Harry Rowe
Affiliation:
Premier Oilfield Laboratories, 11335 Clay Road, Suite #180, Houston, Texas 77041, USA
Thanh Dung Nguyen
Affiliation:
Institute of Geophysics, Vietnamese Academy for Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
Chien Thang Nguyen
Affiliation:
Institute of Geophysics, Vietnamese Academy for Science and Technology, Hanoi, Vietnam
Tran Huyen Dang
Affiliation:
Vietnam Union of Geological Sciences, Hanoi, Vietnam
*
*Author for correspondence: Brooks B. Ellwood, Email: ellwood@lsu.edu

Abstract

The Lung Cam expanded stratigraphic succession in Vietnam is correlated herein to the Meishan D section in China, the GSSP for the Permian–Triassic boundary. The first appearance datum of the conodont Hindeodus parvus at Meishan defines the Permian–Triassic boundary, and using published graphic correlation, the Permian–Triassic boundary level has been projected into the Lung Cam section. Using time-series analysis of magnetic susceptibility (χ) data, it is determined that H. parvus arrived at Lung Cam ∼18 kyr before the Permian–Triassic boundary. Data indicate that the Lung Cam section is expanded by ∼90 % relative to the GSSP section at Meishan. Given the expanded Lung Cam section, it is possible to resolve the timing of significant events during the Permian–Triassic transition with high precision. These events include major stepped extinctions, beginning at ∼135 kyr and ending at ∼110 kyr below the Permian–Triassic boundary, with a duration of ∼25 kyr, followed by deposition of Lung Cam ash Bed + 13, which is equivalent to Siberian Traps volcanism is graphically correlated to a precession Time-series model, placing onset of this major volcanic event at ~242 kyr before the PTB. The Meishan Beds 25 and 26, at ∼100 kyr before the Permian–Triassic boundary. In addition, the elemental geochemical, carbon and oxygen isotope stratigraphy, and magnetostratigraphy susceptibility datasets from Lung Cam allow good correlation to other Permian–Triassic boundary succession. These datasets are helpful when the conodont biostratigraphy is poorly known in sections with problems such as lithofacies variability, or is undefined, owing possibly to lithofacies exclusions, anoxia or for other reasons. The Lung Pu Permian–Triassic boundary section, ∼45 km from Lung Cam, is used to test these problems.

Type
Original Article
Copyright
© Cambridge University Press 2019 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Algeo, TJ, Ellwood, BB, Thoa, NTK, Rowe, H and Maynard, JB (2007) The Permo–Triassic boundary at Nhi Tao, Vietnam: evidence for recurrent influx of sulfidic watermasses to a shallow-marine carbonate platform. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 252, 304–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Angiolini, L, Cheeconi, A, Gaetani, M and Rettori, R (2010) The latest Permian mass extinction in the Alborz Mountains (North Iran). Geological Journal 45, 216–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Balsam, W, Arimoto, R, Ji, J and Shen, Z (2007) Aeolian dust in sediment: a re-examination of methods for identification and dispersal assessed by diffuse reflectance spectrophotometry. International Journal of Environment and Health 1, 374402.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Balsam, W, Otto-Bliesner, BL and Deaton, BC (1995) Modern and last glacial maximum eolian sedimentation patterns in the Atlantic Ocean interpreted from sediment iron oxide content. Paleoceanography 10, 493507.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berggren, WA, Kent, DV, Aubry, M-P and Hardenbol, J (1995) Geochronology, Time Scales and Global Stratigraphic Correlation. SEPM Special Publication no. 54. Tulsa, OK: Society for Sedimentary Geology, 386 pp.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bloemendal, J and de Menocal, P (1989) Evidence for a change in the periodicity of tropical climate cycles at 2.4 Myr from whole-core magnetic susceptibility measurements. Nature 342, 897900.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burgess, SD and Bowring, SA (2015) High-precision geochronology confirms voluminous magmatism before, during, and after Earth’s most severe extinction. Scientific Advances 1, e1500470.Google ScholarPubMed
Chen, J, Shen, S-J, Li, X-H, Xu, Y-G, Joachimski, MM, Bowring, SA, Erwin, DH, Yuan, D-X, Chen, B, Zhang, H, Wang, Y, Cao, C-Q, Zheng, Q-F and Mu, L (2016) High-resolution SIMS oxygen isotope analysis on conodont apatite from South China and implications for the end-Permian mass extinction. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 448, 2638.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cowie, JW (1986) Guidelines for boundary stratotypes. Episodes 9, 7882.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crick, RE, Ellwood, BB, El Hassani, A and Feist, R (2000) Proposed magnetostratigraphy susceptibility magnetostratotype for the Eifelian–Givetian GSSP (Anti-Atlas Morocco). Episodes 23, 93101.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crick, RE, Ellwood, BB, El Hassani, A, Feist, R and Hladil, J (1997) Magnetosusceptibility event and cyclostratigraphy (MSEC) of the Eifelian–Givetian GSSP and associated boundary sequences in North Africa and Europe. Episodes 20, 167–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crick, RE, Ellwood, BB, El Hassani, A, Hladil, J, Hrouda, F and Chlupac, I (2001) Magnetostratigraphy susceptibility of the Pridoli–Lochkovian (Silurian–Devonian) GSSP (Klonk, Czech Republic) and a coeval sequence in Anti-Atlas Morocco. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 167, 73100.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
da Silva, A-C and Boulvain, F (2002) Sedimentology, magnetic susceptibility and isotopes of a Middle Frasnian carbonate platform: Tailfer section, Belgium. Facies 46, 89102.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
da Silva, A-C and Boulvain, F (2005) Upper Devonian carbonate platform correlations and sea level variations recorded in magnetic susceptibility. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 240, 373–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Davidson, T (1869) Notes on continental geology and palaeontology. Geological Magazine 61, 300–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dinarès-Turell, J, Baceta, JI, Bernaola, G, Orue-Etxebarria, X and Pujalte, V (2007) Closing the mid-Palaeocene gap: toward a complete astronomically tuned Palaeocene Epoch and Selandian and Thanetian GSSPs at Zumaia (Basque Basin, W Pyrenees). Earth and Planetary Science Letters 262, 450–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ellwood, BB, Brett, CE and Macdonald, WD (2007) Magnetosusceptibility stratigraphy of the Upper Ordovician Kope Formation, Northern Kentucky. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 243, 4254.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ellwood, BB, Crick, RE, El Hassani, A, Benoist, SL and Young, RH (2000) The magnetosusceptibility event and cyclostratigraphy (MSEC) method applied to marine rocks: detrital input versus carbonate productivity. Geology 28, 1134–8.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ellwood, BB, Garcia-Alcalde, JL, El Hassani, A, Hladil, J, Soto, FM, Truyóls-Massoni, M, Weddige, K and Koptikova, L (2006) Stratigraphy of the Middle Devonian boundary: formal definition of the susceptibility magnetostratotype in Germany with comparisons to sections in the Czech Republic, Morocco and Spain. Tectonophysics 418, 3149.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ellwood, BB, Tomkin, JH, Febo, LA and Stuart, CN Jr (2008) Time series analysis of magnetic susceptibility variations in deep marine sediments: a test using upper Danian–Lower Selandian proposed GSSP, Spain. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 261, 270–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ellwood, BB, Wang, W-H, Tomkin, JH, Ratcliffe, KT, El Hassani, A and Wright, AM (2013) Testing high resolution magnetic susceptibility and gamma radiation methods in the Cenomanian–Turonian (Upper Cretaceous) GSSP and near-by coeval section. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 378, 7590.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ellwood, BB, Wardlaw, BR, Nestell, MK, Nesrell, GP and Lan, LTP (2017) Identifying globally synchronous Permian–Triassic boundary levels in successions in China and Vietnam using Graphic Correlation. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 485, 561–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gradstein, FM, Ogg, JG, Schmitz, M and Ogg, G (eds) (2012) The Geologic Time Scale 2012. Boston: Elsevier, 1144 pp.Google Scholar
Hansen, HJ, Lojen, S, Toft, P, Dolenec, T, Tong, J, Michaelsen, P and Sarkar, A (1999) Magnetic susceptibility of sediments across some marine and terrestrial Permo-Triassic boundaries. Proceedings of the International Conference on Pangea and the Paleozoic–Mesozoic Transition. 9–11 March 1999, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, Hubei, China, pp. 114–5.Google Scholar
Hansen, HJ, Lojen, S, Toft, P, Dolenec, T, Tong, J, Michaelsen, P and Sarker, A (2000) Magnetic susceptibility and organic carbon isotopes of sediments across some marine and terrestrial Permo-Triassic boundaries. In Permian–Triassic Evolution of Tethys and Western Circum-Pacific (eds Yin, H, Dickins, JM, Shi, GR and Tong, J), pp. 271–89. Amsterdam: Elsevier.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hartl, P, Tauxe, L and Herbert, T (1995) Earliest Oligocene increase in South Atlantic productivity as interpreted from “rock magnetics” at Deep Sea drilling Site 522. Paleoceanography 10, 311–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Imbrie, J, Hays, JD, Martinson, DG, Mc Intyre, A, Mix, AC, Morley, JJ, Pisias, NG, Prell, WL and Shackleton, NJ (1984) The orbital theory of Pleistocene climate: support from a revised chronology of the marine delta 18O record. In Milankovitch and Climate, Part I (eds Berger, AL, Imbrie, J, Hays, J, Kukla, G and Saltzman, B), pp. 269305. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publishers.Google Scholar
Jarvis, I and Jarvis, KE (1995) Plasma spectrometry in earth sciences: techniques, applications and future trends. In Plasma Spectrometry in Earth Sciences (eds Jarvis, I and Jarvis, KE). Chemical Geology 95, 133. Chemical Geology is published by Elsevier.Google Scholar
Jin, YG, Wang, Y, Wang, W, Shang, QH, Cao, CQ and Erwin, DH (2000) Pattern of marine mass extinction near the Permian–Triassic Boundary in South China. Science 289, 432–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kolar-Jurkovšek, T, Jurkovšek, B, Aljinović, D and Nestell, GP (2011) Stratigraphy of Upper Permian and Lower Triassic strata of the Žiri area (Slovenia). Geologija 54, 193204.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kolar-Jurkovšek, T, Jurkovšek, B, Nestell, GP and Aljinović, D (2018) Biostratigraphy and sedimentology of Upper Permian and Lower Triassic strata at Masore, western Slovenia. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 490, 3854.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krainer, K and Vachard, D (2011) The Lower Triassic Werfen Formation of the Karawanken Mountains (southern Austria) and its disaster survivor microfossils, with emphasis on Postcladella n. gen. (Foraminifera, Miliolata, Cornuspirida). Revue de Micropaléontology 54, 5985.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lan, LTP, Ellwood, BB, Tomkin, JH, Nestell, GP, Nestell, MK, Ratcliffe, KT, Rowe, H, Huyen, DT, Nguyen, TD, Nguyen, CT, Nguyen, HT and Dao, VQ (2018) Correlation and high-resolution timing for Paleo-Tethys Permian–Triassic boundary exposures in Vietnam and Slovenia using geochemical, geophysical and biostratigraphic data sets, Vietnam. Journal of Earth Sciences 40, 253–70, doi: 10.15625/0866-7187/40/3/12617.Google Scholar
Lobley, JL (1868) The range and distribution of British fossil Brachiopoda. Geological Magazine 53, 497503.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mead, GA, Tauxe, L and Labrecquel, JL (1986) Oligocene paleoceanography of the South Atlantic: paleoclimate implications of sediment accumulation rates and magnetic susceptibility. Paleoceanography 1, 273–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Murphy, MA and Salvador, A (1999) International stratigraphic guide – an abridged version. Episodes 22, 255–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nestell, GP, Kolar-Jurkovšek, T, Jurovšek, B and Aljinovic, D (2011) Foraminifera from the Permian–Triassic transition in western Slovenia. Micropaleontology 57, 197222.Google Scholar
Nestell, GP, Nestell, MK, Ellwood, BB, Wardlaw, BR, Basu, AR, Ghosh, N, Lan, LTP, Rowe, HD, Hunt, A, Tomkin, JH and Ratcliffe, KT (2015) High influx of carbon in walls of agglutinated foraminifers during the Permian–Triassic transition in global oceans. International Geology Review 57, 411–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pearce, TJ, Besly, BM, Wray, DS and Wright, DK (1999) Chemostratigraphy: a method to improve interwell correlation in barren sequences — a case study using onshore Duckmantian/Stephanian sequences (West Midlands, U.K.). Sedimentary Geology 124, 197220.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pearce, TJ, Wray, DS, Ratcliffe, KT, Wright, DK and Moscariello, A (2005) Chemostratigraphy of the Upper Carboniferous Schooner Formation, southern North Sea. In Carboniferous Hydrocarbon Geology: The Southern North Sea and Surrounding Onshore Areas (eds Collinson, JD, Evans, DJ, Holliday, DW and Jones, NS), pp. 147–64. Yorkshire Geological Society, Occasional Publications Series 7. UK.Google Scholar
Ratcliffe, KT, Morton, A, Ritcey, D and Evenchick, CE (2008) Whole-rock geochemistry and heavy mineral analysis as exploration tools in the Bowser and Sustut Basins, British Colombia, Canada. Journal of Canadian Petroleum Geology 55, 320–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ratcliffe, KT, Wilson, A, Payenberg, T, Rittersbacher, A, Hildred, GV and Flint, SS (2015) Ground truthing chemostratigraphic correlations in fluvial systems. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin 99, 155–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ratcliffe, KT, Wright, AM, Hallsworth, C, Morton, A, Zaitlin, BA, Potocki, D and Wray, DS (2004) Alternative correlation techniques in the petroleum industry: an example from the (Lower Cretaceous) Basal Quartz, Southern Alberta. American Association of Petroleum Geologists Bulletin 88, 1419–32.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ratcliffe, KT, Wright, AM, Montgomery, P, Palfrey, A, Vonk, A, Vermeulen, J and Barrett, M (2010) Application of chemostratigraphy to the Mungaroo Formation, the Gorgon Field, offshore Northwest Australia. APPEA Journal 50, 371–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Remane, J, Bassett, MG, Cowie, JW, Gohrbandt, KH, Lane, HR, Michelsen, O, Naiven, W with ICS Member Cooperation (1996) Revised guidelines for the establishment of global chronostratigraphic standards by the International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS). Episodes 19, 7781.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Salvador, A (ed.) (1994) International Stratigraphic Guide. 2nd Edition. Trondheim: The International Union of Geological Sciences and Boulder, Colorado: The Geological Society of America, Inc., 214 pp.Google Scholar
Shackleton, NJ, Crowhurst, SJ, Weedon, GP and Laskar, J (1999) Astronomical calibration of Oligocene–Miocene time. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society London, A 357, 1907–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shaw, AB (1964) Time in Stratigraphy. New York: McGraw Hill, 365 pp.Google Scholar
Shen, S-Z, Crowley, JL, Wank, Y, Bowring, SS, Erwin, DH, Henderson, CM, Ramezani, J, Zhang, H, Shen, Y, Wang, X-D, Wang, W, Mu, I, Li, W-Z, Tang, Y-G, Liu, X-L, Zeng, Y, Jiang, Y-F and Jin, Y-G (2011) High-precision geochronologic dating constrains probable causes of Earth’s largest mass extinction. Science 334, 1367–72. doi: 10.1126/science.1213454 CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Song, HA, Tong, J, Wignall, PB, Luo, M, Tian, T, Song, HU, Huang, Y and Chu, D (2016) Early Triassic disaster and opportunistic foraminifers in South China. Geological Magazine 153, 298315.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sudar, MN, Kolar-Jurkovsek, T, Nestell, GP, Jovanovic, D, Jurkovsek, B, Williams, J, Brookfield, M and Stebbins, A (2018) New results of microfaunal and geochemical investigations in the Permian–Triassic boundary interval from the Jadar Block (NW Serbia). Geologica Carpathica 69, 169–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Svendsen, J, Henrik, F, Stollhofen, H and Hartley, N (2007) Facies discrimination in a mixed fluvio-eolian setting using elemental whole-rock geochemistry – applications for reservoir characterisation. Journal of Sedimentary Research 77, 2333.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Swartzendruber, LJ (1992) Properties, units and constants in magnetism. Journal of Magnetic Materials 100, 573–5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wardlaw, BR, Nestell, MK, Nestell, GP, Ellwood, BB and Lan, TP (2015) Conodont biostratigraphy of the Permian–Triassic boundary sequence at Lung Cam, Vietnam. Micropaleontology 61, 313–34.Google Scholar
Weedon, GP, Jenkyns, HC, Coe, AL and Hesselbo, SP (1999) Astronomical calibration of the Jurassic time-scale from cyclostratigraphy in British mudrock formations. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society London, A 357, 1787–813.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Weedon, GP, Shackleton, NJ and Pearson, PN (1997) The Oligocene time scale and cyclostratigraphy on the Ceara Rise, western equatorial Atlantic. In Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, vol. 154 (eds Shackleton, NJ, Curry, WB, Richter, C and Bralower, TJ), pp. 101–14. College Station, Texas is the town where headquartered.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Whalen, MT and Day, JE (2008) Magnetic susceptibility, biostratigraphy, and sequence stratigraphy: insights into Devonian carbonate platform development and basin infilling, Western Alberta, Canada. In Controls on Carbonate Platform and Reef Development (eds Lukasik, J and Simo, JA), pp. 291314. SEPM (Society for Sedimentary Geology), Special Publication no. 89.Google Scholar
Xie, SC, Pancost, RD, Huang, JH, Wignall, PB, Yu, JX, Tang, JX, Chen, L, Huang, XY and Lai, XL (2007) Changes in the global carbon cycle occurred as two episodes during the Permian–Triassic crisis. Geology 35, 1083–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Xu, D and Yan, Z (1993) Carbon isotope and iridium event markers near the Permian/Triassic boundary in the Meishan section, Zhejiang Province, China. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 104, 171–6.Google Scholar
Yin, H, Zhang, K, Tong, J, Yang, Z and Wu, S (2001) The global stratotype section and point (GSSP) of the Permian–Triassic boundary. Episodes 24, 102–14.Google Scholar