Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-9pm4c Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-27T03:35:31.832Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Origin and tectonic significance of the metavolcanic rocks and mafic enclaves from the Palaeoproterozoic Birimian Terrane, SE West African Craton, Ghana

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  12 March 2020

Patrick Asamoah Sakyi Open the ORCID record for Patrick Asamoah Sakyi [Opens in a new window] ,
Ben-Xun Su ,
Johnson Manu ,
Daniel Kwayisi ,
Chris Y. Anani ,
Melesse Alemayehu ,
Sanjeewa P.K. Malaviarachchi ,
Prosper M. Nude  and
Ben-Can Su
Patrick Asamoah Sakyi*
Affiliation:
Department of Earth Science, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, University of Ghana, PO Box LG 58, Legon-Accra, Ghana Key Laboratory of Mineral Resources, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, PO Box 9825, Beijing100029, China
Ben-Xun Su
Affiliation:
Key Laboratory of Mineral Resources, Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, PO Box 9825, Beijing100029, China
Johnson Manu
Affiliation:
Department of Earth Science, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, University of Ghana, PO Box LG 58, Legon-Accra, Ghana
Daniel Kwayisi
Affiliation:
Department of Earth Science, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, University of Ghana, PO Box LG 58, Legon-Accra, Ghana Department of Geology, University of Johannesburg, Johannesburg, South Africa
Chris Y. Anani
Affiliation:
Department of Earth Science, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, University of Ghana, PO Box LG 58, Legon-Accra, Ghana
Melesse Alemayehu
Affiliation:
School of Applied Natural Science, Department of Applied Geology, Adama Science and Technology University, PO Box 1888, Adama, Ethiopia State Key Laboratory of Isotope Geochemistry, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou510640, China
Sanjeewa P.K. Malaviarachchi
Affiliation:
Department of Geology, Faculty of Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya20400, Sri Lanka
Prosper M. Nude
Affiliation:
Department of Earth Science, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, University of Ghana, PO Box LG 58, Legon-Accra, Ghana
Ben-Can Su
Affiliation:
PetroChina Co Ltd of Changqing Oilfield Company Eighth Oil Production Plant, Xi’an710000, China
*
Author for correspondence: Patrick Asamoah Sakyi, Email: pasakyi@ug.edu.gh
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The Palaeoproterozoic Birimian Supergroup of the West African Craton (WAC) consists of volcanic belts composed predominantly of basaltic and andesitic rocks and intervening sedimentary basins composed predominantly of wackes and argillites. Mafic metavolcanic rocks and granitoid-hosted enclaves from the Palaeoproterozoic Lawra Belt of Ghana were analysed for geochemical and Sr–Nd isotopic data to constrain the geological evolution of the southeastern part of the WAC. The metavolcanic rocks display mainly tholeiitic signatures, whereas the enclaves show calc-alkaline signatures. The high SiO2 contents (48.6–68.9 wt%) of the enclaves are suggestive of their evolved character. The high Th/Yb values of the samples relative to that of the mantle array may indicate derivation of their respective magmas from subduction-modified source(s). The rocks show positive εNd values of +0.79 to +2.86 (metavolcanic rocks) and +0.79 to +1.82 (enclaves). These signatures and their Nd model ages (TDM2) of 2.31–2.47 Ga (metavolcanic rocks) and 2.39–2.47 Ga (enclaves) suggest they were probably derived from juvenile mantle-derived protoliths, with possible input of subducted pre-Birimian (Archean?) rocks in their source(s). Their positive Ba–Th and negative Nb–Ta, Zr–Hf and Ti anomalies may indicate their formation through subduction-related magmatism consistent with an arc setting. We propose that the metavolcanic rocks and enclaves from the Lawra Belt formed in a similar island-arc setting. We infer that the granitoids developed through variable degrees of mixing/mingling between basic magma and granitic melt during subduction, when blobs of basic to intermediate parental magma became trapped in the granitic magma to form the enclaves.

Keywords

West African CratonBirimian TerraneLawra BeltSr–Nd isotopessubductionarc setting
Type
Original Article
Information
Geological Magazine , Volume 157 , Issue 8 , August 2020 , pp. 1349 - 1366
Copyright
© Cambridge University Press 2020

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abitty, EK, Dampare, SB, Nude, PM and Asiedu, DK (2016) Geochemistry and petrogenesis of the K-rich ‘Bongo-type’ granitoids in the Paleoproterozoic Bole-Nangodi greenstone belt of Ghana. Journal of African Earth Sciences 122, 47–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Abouchami, W, Boher, M, Michard, A and Albarede, F (1990) A major 2.1 Ga old event of mafic magmatism in West Africa: an early stage of crustal accretion. Journal of Geophysical Research 95, 17605–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Agyei Duodu, J, Loh, GK, Boamah, KO, Baba, M, Hirdes, W, Toloczyki, M and Davis, DW (2009) Geological Map of Ghana 1:1 000 000. Accra: Geological Survey Department of Ghana (GSD).Google Scholar
Albarède, F and Brouxel, M (1987) The Sm–Nd secular evolution of the continental crust and the depleted mantle. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 82, 25–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Amponsah, PA, Salvi, S, Béziat, D, Baratoux, L, Siebenaller, L, Jessell, M, Nude, PM and Gyawu, EA (2016a) Multistage gold mineralization in the Wa-Lawra greenstone belt, NW Ghana: the Bepkong deposit. Journal of African Earth Sciences 120, 220–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Amponsah, PA, Salvi, S, Béziat, D, Baratoux, L, Siebenaller, L, Nude, PM, Nyarko, RS and Jessell, MW (2016b). The Bepkong gold deposit, Northwestern Ghana. Ore Geology Reviews 78, 718–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Amponsah, PA, Salvi, S, Béziat, D, Siebenaller, L and Jessell, MW (2015). Geology and geochemistry of the shear-hosted Julie gold deposit, NW Ghana. Journal of African Earth Sciences 112, 505–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anum, S, Sakyi, PA, Su, BX, Nude, PM, Nyame, F, Asiedu, D and Kwayisi, D (2015) Geochemistry and geochronology of granitoids in the Kibi-Asamankese area of the Kibi-Winneba volcanic belt, southern Ghana. Journal of African Earth Sciences 102, 166–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Asiedu, DK, Asong, S, Atta-Peters, D, Sakyi, PA, Su, BX, Dampare, SB and Anani, CY (2017) Geochemical and Nd-isotopic compositions of juvenile-type Paleoproterozoic Birimian sedimentary rocks from southeastern West African Craton (Ghana): constraints on provenance and tectonic setting. Precambrian Research 300, 40–52.10.1016/j.precamres.2017.07.035CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Asiedu, DK, Dampare, SB, Sakyi, PA, Banoeng-Yakubo, B, Osae, S, Nyarko, BJB and Manu, J (2004) Geochemistry of Paleoproterozoic metasedimentary rocks from the Birim diamondiferous field, southern Ghana: implications for provenance and crustal evolution at the Archean-Proterozoic boundary. Geochemical Journal 38, 215–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Attoh, K, Evans, MJ and Bickford, ME (2006) Geochemistry of an ultramafic rodingite rock association in the paleoproterozoic dixcove greenstone belt, southwestern Ghana. Journal of African Earth Sciences 45, 333–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baratoux, L, Metelka, V, Naba, S, Jessell, MW, Gregoire, M and Ganne, J (2011) Juvenile Paleoproterozoic crust evolution during the Eburnean orogeny (~2.2–2.0 Ga), Western Burkina Faso. Precambrian Research 191, 18–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Béziat, D, Bourges, F, Debat, P, Lompo, M, Martin, F and Tollon, F (2000) A Paleoproterozoic ultramafic-mafic assemblage and associated volcanic rocks of the Boromo greenstone belt: fractionates originating from island-arc volcanic activity in the West African craton. Precambrian Research 101, 25–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blichert-Toft, J and Albarède, F (1997) The Lu–Hf geochemistry of chondrites and the evolution of the mantle-crust system. Earth and Planet Science Letters 148, 243–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Block, S, Baratoux, L, Zeh, A, Laurent, O, Bruguier, O, Jessell, M, Aillères, L, Sagna, R, Parra-Avila, LA and Bosch, D (2016a) Paleoproterozoic juvenile crust formation and stabilisation in the south-eastern West African Craton (Ghana); new insights from U-Pb-Hf zircon data and geochemistry. Precambrian Research 287, 1–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Block, S, Ganne, J, Baratoux, L, Zeh, A, Parra-Avila, LA, Jessell, M, Aillères, L and Siebenaller, L (2015) Petrological and geochronological constraints on lower crust exhumation during Paleoproterozoic (Eburnean) orogeny, NW Ghana, West African Craton. Petrological and geochronological constraints on lower crust exhumation during Paleoproterozoic (Eburnean) orogeny, NW Ghana, West African Craton. Journal of Metamorphic Geology 33, 463–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Block, S, Jessell, M, Aillères, L, Baratoux, L, Bruguier, O, Zeh, A, Bosch, D, Caby, R and Mensah, E (2016b) Lower crust exhumation during Paleoproterozoic (Eburnean) orogeny, NW Ghana, West African Craton: interplay of coeval contractional deformation and extensional gravitational collapse. Precambrian Research 274, 82–109.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boher, M, Abouchami, W, Michard, A, Albarède, F and Arndt, NT (1992) Crustal growth in West Africa at 2.1 Ga. Journal of Geophysical Research 95, 345–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Boynton, WV (1984) Geochemistry of rare earth elements: meteorite studies. In Rare Earth Element Geochemistry (ed. Henderson, P), pp. 63–114. New York: Elsevier.10.1016/B978-0-444-42148-7.50008-3CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chu, ZY, Wu, FY, Walker, RJ, Rudnick, RL, Pitcher, L, Puchtel, IS, Yang, YH and Wilde, SA (2009) Temporal evolution of the lithospheric mantle beneath the eastern North China Craton. Journal of Petrology 50, 1857–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dampare, S, Shibata, T, Asiedu, D and Osae, H (2005) Major-element geochemistry of Proterozoic Prince’s Town granitoid from the southern Ashanti volcanic belt, Ghana. Okayama University Earth Science Report 12, 15–30.Google Scholar
Dampare, SB, Shibata, T, Asiedu, DK, Osae, S and Banoeng-Yakubo, B (2008) Geochemistry of Paleoproterozoic metavolcanic rocks from the southern Ashanti volcanic belt, Ghana: petrogenetic and tectonic setting implications. Precambrian Research 162, 403–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dampare, S, Shibata, T, Asiedu, D, Osamu, O, Manu, J and Sakyi, P (2009) Sr-Nd isotopic compositions of paleoproterozoic metavolcanic rocks from the southern Ashanti volcanic belt, Ghana. Okayama University Earth Science Report 16, 9–28.Google Scholar
Davis, DW, Hirdes, W, Schaltergger, U and Nunoo, EA (1994) U-Pb age constraints on deposition and provenance of Birimian and gold-bearing Tarkwaian sediments in Ghana, West Africa. Precambrian Research 67, 89–107.10.1016/0301-9268(94)90006-XCrossRefGoogle Scholar
de Kock, GS, Armstrong, RA, Siegfried, HP and Thomas, E (2011) Geochronology of the Birim Supergroup of the West African Craton in the Wa-Bolé region of west-central Ghana: implications for the stratigraphic framework. Journal of African Earth Sciences 59, 1–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
de Kock, GS, Theveniaut, H, Botha, PW and Gyapong, W (2009) Geological map explanation, map sheet 0803B (1:100,000). CGS/BRGM/Geoman. Accra, Ghana: Ghana Geological Survey Department.Google Scholar
DePaolo, DJ (1981) Neodymium isotopes in the Colorado front range and crust-mantle evolution in the proterozoic. Nature 291, 193–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
DePaolo, DJ (1988) Neodymium Isotope Geochemistry: An Introduction. Berlin: Springer, 187 p.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Doumbia, S, Pouclet, A, Kouamelan, A, Peucat, JJ, Vidal, M and Delor, C (1998) Petrogenesis of juvenile-type Birimian (Paleoproterozoic) granitoids in Central Côte d’Ivoire, West Africa: geochemistry and geochronology. Precambrian Research 87, 33–63.10.1016/S0301-9268(97)00201-5CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Egal, E, Thiéblemont, D, Lahondére, D, Guerrot, C, Costea, CA, Iliescu, D, Delor, C, Goujou, J-C, Lafon, JM, Tegyey, M, Diaby, S and Kolie, O (2002) Late Eburnean granitization and tectonics along the western and northwestern margin of the Archean Kénéma–Man domain (Guinea, West African Craton). Precambrian Research 117, 57–84.10.1016/S0301-9268(02)00060-8CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Eisenlohr, B and Hirdes, W (1992) The structural development of the early Proterozoic Birimian and Tarkwaian rocks of southwest Ghana, West Africa. Journal of African Earth Sciences 14, 313–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Feybesse, JL, Billa, M, Guerrot, C, Duguey, E, Lescuyer, JL, Milési, JP and Bouchot, V (2006) The Paleoproterozoic Ghanaian province: geodynamic model and ore controls, including regional stress modeling. Precambrian Research 149, 149–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Feybesse, JL and Milési, JP (1994) The Archaean/Proterozoic contact zone in West Africa: a mountain belt of decollement thrusting and folding on a continental margin related to 2.1 Ga convergence of Archaean cratons? Precambrian Research 69, 199–227.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fitton, JG, James, D, Kempton, PD, Ormerod, DS and Leeman, WP (1988) The role of lithospheric mantle in the generation of Late Cenozoic basic magmas in the Western United States. Journal of Petrology Special Volume, 331–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gale, A, Dalton, CA, Langmuir, CH, Su, YJ and Schilling, J-G (2013) The mean composition of ocean basalts. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems 14, 489–518.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ganne, J, de Andrade, V, Weinberg, RF, Vidal, O, Dubacq, B, Kagambega, N, Naba, S, Baratoux, L, Jessell, M and Allibon, J (2012) Modern-style plate subduction preserved in the Palaeoproterozoic West African Craton. Nature Geoscience 5, 60–5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gasquet, D, Barbey, P, Adou, M and Paquette, JL (2003) Structure, Sr–Nd isotope geochemistry and zircon U-Pb geochronology of the granitoids of the Dabakala area (Côte d’Ivoire): evidence for a 2.3 Ga crustal growth event in the Paleoproterozoic of West Africa. Precambrian Research 127, 329–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Girty, MS, Thomson, C, Girty, GH, Bracchi, KA and Miller, J (1994) U-Pb zircon geochronology, CLMSZ (Cuyamacañ Laguna Mountains shear zone), Peninsular Ranges, southern California. Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs 26, 54.Google Scholar
Giustina, MESD, de Oliveira, CG, Pimentel, MM, de Melo, LV, Fuck, RA, Dantas, EL and Buhn, B (2009) U-Pb and Sm-Nd constraints on the nature of the Campinorte sequence and related Palaeoproterozoic juvenile orthogneisses, Tocantins Province, central Brazil. In Palaeoproterozoic Supercontinents and Global Evolution (eds SM Reddy, R Mazumder, DAD Evans and AS Collins), pp. 255–69. Geological Society of London, Special Publication no. 323.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grenholm, M, Jessell, M and Thebaud, N (2019) A geodynamic model for the Paleoproterozoic (2.27-1.96 Ga) Birimian Orogen of the southern West African Craton – insights into an evolving accretionary-collisional orogenic system. Earth Science Reviews 192, 138–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hassen, IS, Rasmy El-Gharbawy, I, El-Masry, NN and Buda, G (2008) Geochemistry of the magmatic microgranular enclaves of Wadi Rahaba area, southern Sinai, Egypt. Acta Mineralogica-Petrographica 48, 1–15.Google Scholar
Hastie, AR, Kerr, AC, Pearce, JA and Mitchell, SF (2007) Classification of altered volcanic island arc rocks using immobile trace elements: development of the Th-Co discrimination diagram. Journal of Petrology 48, 2341–57.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Heaman, LM (1997) Global mafic magmatism at 2.45 Ga: remnants of an ancient large igneous province? Geology 25, 299–302.10.1130/0091-7613(1997)025<0299:GMMAGR>2.3.CO;22.3.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hirdes, W and Davis, DW (2002) U-Pb geochronology of paleoproterozoic rocks in the southern part of the Kedougou-Kenieba Inlier, Senegal, West Africa: evidence of diachronous accretionnary development of the eburnean province. Precambrian Research 118, 83–99.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hirdes, W, Davis, DW and Eisenlohr, BN (1992) Reassessment of Proterozoic granitoid ages in Ghana on the basis of U/Pb zircon and monazite dating. Precambrian Research 56, 89–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hirdes, W, Davis, DW, Ludtke, G and Konan, G (1996) Two generations of Birimian (Paleoproterozoic) volcanic belts in northeastern Cote d’Ivoire (West Africa), as demonstrated by precise U–Pb mineral dating: consequences for ‘Birimian controversy’. Precambrian Research 80, 173–99.10.1016/S0301-9268(96)00011-3CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Irvine, TN and Baragar, WR (1971) A guide to the chemical classification of the common igneous rocks. Canadian Journal of Earth Science 8, 523–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Isley, AE and Abbott, DH (1999) Plume-related mafic volcanism and the deposition of banded iron formation. Journal of Geophysical Research Solid Earth 104, 15461–77.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jessell, MW, Amponsah, PO, Baratoux, L, Asiedu, DK, Loh, GK and Ganne, J (2012) Crustal-scale transcurrent shearing in the Paleoproterozoic Sefwi-Sunyani-Comoé region, West Africa. Precambrian Research 212–213, 155–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kesse, GO (1985) The Mineral and Rock Resources of Ghana, Rotterdam: AA Balkema, 610 p.Google Scholar
Kouamelan, AN, Peucat, JJ and Delor, C (1997) Reliques archéennes (3.15 Ga) au sein du magmatisme Birimien (2.1 Ga) de Côte d’Ivoire, Craton Ouest-African. Comptes Rendus de l’Académie des Sciences série IIa 324, 719–27.Google Scholar
Leube, A, Hirdes, W, Mauer, R and Kesse, G (1990) The early Proterozoic Birimian supergroup of Ghana and some aspects of its associated gold mineralization. Precambrian Research 46, 139–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liew, TC and Hofmann, AW (1988) Precambrian crustal components, plutonic associations, plate environment of the Hercynian Fold Belt of Central Europe: indications from a Nd and Sr isotopic study. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 98, 129–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lompo, M (2009) Geodynamic evolution of the 2.25–2.0 Ga Palaeoproterozoic magmatic rocks in the Man-Leo Shield of the West African Craton: a model of subsidence of an oceanic plateau. In Palaeoproterozoic Supercontinents and Global Evolution (eds Reddy, SM, Mazumder, R, Evans, DAD and Collins, AS), pp. 231–54. Geological Society of London, Special Publication no. 323.Google Scholar
Losiak, A, Schulz, T, Buchwaldt, R and Koeberl, C (2013) Petrology, major and trace element geochemistry, geochronology, and isotopic composition of granitic intrusions from the vicinity of the Bosumtwi impact crater, Ghana. Lithos 177, 297–313.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Meert, JG (2012) What’s in a name? The Columbia (Paleopangaea/Nuna) supercontinent. Gondwana Research 21, 987–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nesbitt, HW and Young, GM (1982) Early Proterozoic climates and plate motions inferred from major element chemistry of lutites. Nature 299, 715–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Othman, DB, Polvé, M and Allègre, CJ (1984) Nd–Sr isotopic composition of granulites and constraints on the evolution of the lower continental crust. Nature 307, 510–5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parra-Avila, LA, Baratoux, L, Eglinger, A, Fiorentini, ML and Block, S (2019) The Eburnean magmatic evolution across the Baoule-Mossi domain: geodynamic implications for the West African Craton. Precambrian Research. 332, 105392.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parra-Avila, LA, Belousova, E, Fiorentini, ML, Baratoux, L, Davis, J, Miller, J and McCuaig, TC (2016) Crustal evolution of the Paleoproterozoic Birimian terranes of the Baoulé-Mossi domain, southern West African Craton: U–Pb and Hf-isotope studies of detrital zircons. Precambrian Research 274, 25–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parra-Avila, LA, Belousova, E, Fiorentini, ML, Eglinger, A, Block, S and Miller, J (2018) Zircon Hf and O-isotope constraints on the evolution of the Paleoproterozoic Baoulé-Mossi domain of the southern West African Craton. Precambrian Research 306, 174–88.10.1016/j.precamres.2017.12.044CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Parra-Avila, LA, Kemp, AIS, Fiorentini, ML, Belousova, E, Baratoux, L, Block, S, Jessell, M, Bruguier, O, Begg, GC, Miller, J, Davis, J and McCuaig, TC (2017) The geochronological evolution of the Paleoproterozoic Baoulé-Mossi domain of the Southern West African Craton. Precambrian Research 300, 1–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pawlig, S, Gueye, M, Klischies, R, Schwarz, S, Wemmer, K and Siegesmund, S (2006) Geochemical and Sr–Nd isotopic data on the Birimian of the Kedougou-Kenieba Inlier (Eastern Senegal): implications on the Palaeoproterozoic evolution of the West African Craton. South African Journal of Geology 109, 411–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pearce, JA (1983) Role of the sub-continental lithosphere in magma genesis at active continental margins. In Continental Basalts and Mantle Xenoliths (eds Hawkesworth, CJ and Norry, MJ), pp. 230–249Cheshire, UK: Shiva Publishing Limited.Google Scholar
Pearce, JA (2008) Geochemical fingerprinting of oceanic basalts with applications to ophiolite classification and the search for Archean oceanic crust. Lithos 100, 14–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pearce, JA (2014) Immobile element fingerprinting of ophiolites. Elements 10, 101–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pearce, JA, Bender, JF, De Long, SE, Kidd, WSF, Low, PJ, Güner, Y, Saroglu, F, Yilmaz, Y, Moorbath, S and Mitchell, JG (1990) Genesis of collision volcanism in eastern Anatolia, Turkey. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 44, 189–229.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pearce, JA and Peate, DW (1995) Tectonic implications of the composition of volcanic arc magmas. Annual Review of Earth Planetary Science 23, 251–85.10.1146/annurev.ea.23.050195.001343CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Peccerillo, A and Taylor, SR (1976) Geochemistry of Eocene calc-alkaline volcanic rocks from the Kastamonu area, northern Turkey. Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology 58, 63–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Petersson, A, Scherstén, A and Gerdes, A (2018) Extensive reworking of Archaean crust within the Birimian terrane in Ghana as revealed by combined zircon U-Pb and Lu-Hf isotopes. Geoscience Frontiers 9, 173–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Petersson, A, Scherstén, A, Kemp, AIS, Kristinsdóttir, B, Kalvig, P and Anum, S (2016) Zircon U-Pb-Hf evidence for subduction related crustal growth and reworking of Archaean crust within the Palaeoproterozoic Birimian terrane, West African Craton, SE Ghana. Precambrian Research 275, 286–309.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rajaieh, M, Khalili, M and Richards, I (2010) The significance of mafic microgranular enclaves in the petrogenesis of the Dehno Complex, Sanandaj-Sirjan belt, Iran. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 39, 24–36.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Roddaz, M, Debat, P and Nikiéma, S (2007) Geochemistry of Upper Birimian sediments (major and trace elements and Nd–Sr isotopes) and implications for weathering and tectonic setting of the Late Paleoproterozoic crust. Precambrian Research 159, 197–211.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rogers, JJW and Santosh, M (2002) Configuration of Columbia, a Mesoproterozoic supercontinent. Gondwana Research 5, 5–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rogers, JJW and Santosh, M (2009) Tectonics and surface effects of the supercontinent Columbia. Gondwana Research 15, 373–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sakyi, PA, Anum, S, Su, BX, Nude, PM, Asiedu, DK, Nyame, FK, Kwayisi, D and Su, BC (2018a) Geochemical and Sr-Nd isotopic records of Paleoproterozoic metavolcanics and mafic intrusive rocks from the West African Craton: evidence for petrogenesis and tectonic setting. Geological Journal 53, 725–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sakyi, PA, Su, BX, Anum, S, Kwayisi, D, Dampare, SB, Anani, CY and Nude, PM (2014) New zircon U–Pb ages for erratic emplacement of 2213–2130 Ma Paleoproterozoic calc-alkaline I-type granitoid rocks in the Lawra Volcanic Belt of Northwestern Ghana, West Africa. Precambrian Research 254, 149–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sakyi, PA, Su, BX, Kwayisi, D, Chen, C, Bai, Y and Alemayehu, M (2018b) Zircon trace element geochemical constraints on the evolution of the Paleoproterozoic Birimian granitoids of the West African Craton (Ghana). Journal of Earth Science 29, 43–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Saunders, AD, Norry, MJ and Tarney, J (1988) Origin of MORB and chemically depleted mantle reservoirs: trace element constrains. Journal of Petrology Special Volume, 415–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Senyah, GA, Dampare, SB and Asiedu, DK (2016) Geochemistry and tectonic setting of the Paleoproterozoic metavolcanic rocks from the Chirano Gold District, Sefwi belt, Ghana. Journal of African Earth Science 122, 32–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shervais, JW (1982) Ti–V plots and the petrogenesis of modern and ophiolitic lavas. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 59, 101–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Spencer, CJ, Roberts, NMW and Santosh, M (2017) Growth, destruction, and preservation of Earth’s continental crust. Earth-Science Reviews 172, 87–106.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Srivastava, RK, Ellam, RM and Gautam, GC (2009) Sr-Nd isotope geochemistry of the early Precambrian sub-alkaline mafic igneous rocks from the southern Bastar craton, Central India. Mineralogy and Petrology 96, 71–79.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sun, SS and McDonough, WF (1989) Chemical and isotopic systematics of oceanic basalts: implication for mantle composition and processes. In Magmatism in the Ocean Basins (eds AD Saunders and MJ Norry), pp. 313–45. Geological Society of London, Special Publication no. 42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sylvester, PJ and Attoh, K (1992) Lithostratigraphy and composition of 2.1 Ga greenstone belts of the West African Craton and their bearing on crustal evolution and the Archean-Proterozoic boundary. Journal of Geology 100, 377–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Taylor, PN, Moorbath, S, Leube, A and Hirdes, W (1992) Early Proterozoic crustal evolution in the Birimian of Ghana: constraints from geochronology and isotope geochemistry. Precambrian Research 56, 97–111.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Thiéblemont, D, Delor, C, Cocherie, A, Lafon, JM, Goujou, J-C, Baldé, A, Bah, M, Sané, H and Mark Fanning, CM (2001) A 3.5 Ga granite–gneiss basement in Guinea: further evidence for early Archean accretion within the West African Craton. Precambrian Research 108, 179–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wood, DA (1980) The application of a Th-Hf-Ta diagram to problems of tectonomagmatic classification and to establishing the nature of crustal contamination of basaltic lavas of the British Tertiary volcanic province. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 50, 11–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wu, F, Zhao, G, Simon, A, Wilde, SA and Sun, D (2005) Nd isotopic constraints on crustal formation in the North China Craton. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 24, 523–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yücel, C, Arslan, M, Temizel, I, Abdioğlu, E and Ruffet, G (2017) Evolution of K-rich magmas derived from a net veined lithospheric mantle in an ongoing extensional setting: geochronology and geochemistry of Eocene and Miocene volcanic rocks from Eastern Pontides (Turkey). Gondwana Research 45, 65–86.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhang, HF, Sun, M, Lu, FX, Zhou, XH, Zhou, MF, Liu, YS and Zhang, GH (2001) Geochemical significance of a garnet lherzolite from the Dahongshan kimberlite, Yangtze Craton, southern China. Geochemical Journal 35, 315–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhao, G, Cawood, PA, Wilde, SA and Sun, M (2002) Review of global 2.1–1.8 Ga collisional orogens and accreted cratons: a pre-Rodinia supercontinent? Earth Science Reviews 59, 125–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhao, G, Sun, M, Wilde, SA and Li, S (2004) A Paleo-Mesoproterozoic supercontinent: assembly, growth, and breakup. Earth Science Reviews 67, 91–123.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhou, MF, Kennedy, AK, Sun, M, Malpas, J and Lesher, CM (2002) Neo-Proterozoic arc-related mafic intrusions in the northern margin of South China: implications for accretion of Rodinia. Journal of Geology 110, 611–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar