Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-22dnz Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-26T02:17:46.748Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Oceanic environment changes caused the Late Ordovician extinction: evidence from geochemical and Nd isotopic composition in the Yangtze area, South China

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  14 November 2019

Xiangrong Yang Open the ORCID record for Xiangrong Yang [Opens in a new window] ,
Detian Yan ,
Tong Li ,
Liwei Zhang ,
Bao Zhang ,
Jie He ,
Haoyuan Fan  and
Yunfei Shangguan
Xiangrong Yang
Affiliation:
Key Laboratory of Tectonics and Petroleum Resources of Ministry of Education, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
Detian Yan*
Affiliation:
Key Laboratory of Tectonics and Petroleum Resources of Ministry of Education, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
Tong Li
Affiliation:
Key Laboratory of Tectonics and Petroleum Resources of Ministry of Education, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
Liwei Zhang
Affiliation:
Key Laboratory of Tectonics and Petroleum Resources of Ministry of Education, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
Bao Zhang
Affiliation:
Key Laboratory of Tectonics and Petroleum Resources of Ministry of Education, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
Jie He
Affiliation:
Key Laboratory of Tectonics and Petroleum Resources of Ministry of Education, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
Haoyuan Fan
Affiliation:
Key Laboratory of Tectonics and Petroleum Resources of Ministry of Education, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
Yunfei Shangguan
Affiliation:
Key Laboratory of Tectonics and Petroleum Resources of Ministry of Education, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan, 430074, China
*
Author for correspondence: Detian Yan, Email: yandetian@cug.edu.cn
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

The Ordovician–Silurian (O–S) transition was a critical interval in geological history. Multiple geochemical methods are used to explore the changes in oceanic environment. The Nd isotopic compositions in the Yangtze Sea are controlled by two sources: the continental erosion and the Panthalassa Ocean. High εNd(t) values during the Katian, late Hirnantian and Rhuddanian intervals are associated with the high sea level, which resulted in less terrestrial input based on the low Ti/Al and Zr/Al ratios. In contrast, low εNd(t) values during the early Hirnantian interval are related to the sea-level fall; in this case, the exposure of submarine highs and the growth of Yangtze Oldlands could lead to more continental materials being transported into the Yangtze Sea based on high Ti/Al and Zr/Al ratios. In addition, the negative εNd(t) excursion can also be attributed to the weak circulation between the Yangtze Sea and Panthalassa Ocean when sea level was low. Furthermore, the sea-level eustacy plays a significant role in the changes in redox water conditions. The redox indices, mainly UEF, Ce/Ce* and Corg/PT, across the O–S transition show a predominance of anoxic ocean over the Yangtze Sea during the Katian, late Hirnantian and Rhuddanian intervals, and an oxygenated episode was briefly introduced during the early Hirnantian period because of the fall in sea level. The Late Ordovician biotic crisis was marked by two-phase extinction events, and the change in sea level and redox chemistry may be the important kill mechanisms.

Keywords

Corg isotopesHirnantian glaciationO–S transitionredox chemistrynegative εNd(t) excursionsea-level change
Type
Original Article
Information
Geological Magazine , Volume 157 , Issue 4 , April 2020 , pp. 651 - 665
Copyright
© Cambridge University Press 2019

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Algeo, TJ and Ingall, E (2007) Sedimentary Corg:P ratios, paleocean ventilation, and Phanerozoic atmospheric pO2. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 256, 130–55.10.1016/j.palaeo.2007.02.029CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Algeo, TJ, Marenco, PJ and Saltzman, MR (2016) Co-evolution of oceans, climate, and the biosphere during the ‘Ordovician Revolution’: a review. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 458, 1–11.10.1016/j.palaeo.2016.05.015CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Algeo, TJ and Tribovillard, N (2009) Environmental analysis of paleoceanographic systems based on molybdenum–uranium covariation. Chemical Geology 268, 211–25.10.1016/j.chemgeo.2009.09.001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Arthur, MA and Sageman, BB (1994) Marine black shales: depositional mechanisms and environments of ancient deposits. Annual Review of Earth and Planetary Sciences 22, 499–551.10.1146/annurev.ea.22.050194.002435CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bergström, SM, Chen, X and Gutierrez, JC (2008) The new Chronostratigraphic classification of the Ordovician System and its relations to major regional series and stages and to δ13C chemostratigraphy. Lethaia 42, 97–107.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berry, WBN and Boucot, AJ (1973) Glacio-eustatic control of Late Ordovician–Early Silurian platform sedimentation and faunal changes. Geological Society of America Bulletin 84, 275–84.10.1130/0016-7606(1973)84<275:GCOLOS>2.0.CO;22.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bostrom, M, Andersen, S and Fleischer, S (1988) Exchange of phosphorus across the sediment-water interface. Hydrobiologia 170, 229–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brenchley, PJ, Carden, GAF and Hint, L (2003) High-resolution stable isotope stratigraphy of Upper Ordovician sequences: constraints on the timing of bioevents and environmental changes associated with mass extinction and glaciation. Geological Society of America Bulletin 115, 89–104.2.0.CO;2>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chakrabarti, R, Abanda, P and Hannigan, R (2007) Effects of diagenesis on the Nd-isotopic composition of black shales from the 420 Ma Utica Shale Magnafacies. Chemical Geology 244, 221–31.10.1016/j.chemgeo.2007.06.017CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chen, X (1984) Influence of the Late Ordovician glaciation on the basin configuration of the Yangtze Platform in China. Lethaia 17, 51–9. doi: 10.1111/j.1502-3931.1984.tb00665.x.Google Scholar
Chen, X, Fan, JX and Wang, WH (2017) Stage-progressive distribution pattern of the Lungmachi black graptolitic shales from Guizhou to Chongqing, Central China. Science China Earth Sciences 60, 1133–46. doi: 10.1007/s11430-016-9031-9CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chen, X, Fan, JX and Zhang, YD (2015) Subdivision and delineation of the Wufeng and Lungmachi black shales in the subsurface areas of the Yangtze Platform. Journal of Stratigraphy 39, 351–8.Google Scholar
Chen, X, Rong, JY and Fan, JX (2006) The Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP) for the base of the Hirnantian stage (the uppermost of the Ordovician System). Episodes 29, 183–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chen, X, Rong, JY and Li, Y (2004) Facies patterns and geography of the Yangtze region, South China, through the Ordovician and Silurian transition. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 204, 353–72. doi: 10.1016/S0031-0182(03)00736-3.Google Scholar
Chen, X, Zhang, YD and Fan, JX (2012) Onset of the Kwangsian Orogeny as evidenced by biofacies and lithofacies. Science China: Earth Sciences 55, 1592–600. doi: 10.1007/s11430-012-4490-4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cooper, RA, Rigby, S and Loydell, DK (2012) Palaeoecology of the Graptoloidea. Earth Science Reviews 112, 23–41.10.1016/j.earscirev.2012.01.001CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Craig, H (1957) Isotopic standards for carbon and oxygen and correction factors for mass-spectrometric analysis of carbon dioxide. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 12, 133–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cullers, RL and Podkovyrov, VN (2000) The geochemistry of shales, siltstones and sandstones of Pennsylvanian-Permian age, Colorado, USA: implications for provenance and metamorphic studies. Lithos 51, 181–203.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Baar, HJW (1991) On cerium anomalies in the Sargasso Sea. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 55, 2981–3. doi: 10.1016/0016-7037(91)90463-F.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Baar, HJW, Bacon, MP and Brewer, PG (1985) Rare earth elements in the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 49, 1943–59. doi: 10.1016/0016-7037(85)90089-4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Baar, HJW, German, CR and Elderfield, H (1988) Rare earth element distributions in anoxic waters of the Cariaco Trench. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 52, 1203–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
De Carlo, EH and Green, WJ (2002) Rare earth elements in the water column of Lake Vanda, McMurdo Dry Valleys, Antarctica. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 66, 1323–33. doi: 10.1016/S0016-7037(01)00861-4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
DePaolo, DJ and Wasserburg, GJ (1976) Nd isotopic variations and petrogenetic models. Geophysical Research Letters 3, 249–52.10.1029/GL003i005p00249CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dubois-Dauphin, Q, Colin, C, Bonneau, L, Montagna, P, Wu, Q, Van Rooij, D, Reverdin, G, Douville, E and Frank, N (2017) Fingerprinting Northeast Atlantic water masses using neodymium isotopes. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 210, 267–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elderfield, H (1988) The oceanic chemistry of the rare-earth elements. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London 325, 105–26.Google Scholar
Elderfield, H and Greaves, MJ (1982) The rare earth elements in seawater. Nature 296, 214–19. doi: 10.1038/296214a0.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Elias, RJ and Young, GA (1998) Coral diversity, ecology, and provincial structure during a time of crisis: the latest Ordovician to earliest Silurian Edgewood Province in Laurentia. Palaios 13, 98–112.10.2307/3515483CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fan, JX, Peng, PA and Melchin, MJ (2009) Carbon isotopes and event stratigraphy near the Ordovician–Silurian boundary, Yichang, South China. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 276, 160–9.10.1016/j.palaeo.2009.03.007CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Filippelli, GM (2002) The global phosphorus cycle. In Phosphates: Geochemical, Geobiological, and Materials Importance. (eds Kohn, MJ, Rakovan, J, Hughes, JM), pp. 391–425. Washington, DC: Mineralogical Society of America. Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry 48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Filippova, A, Frank, M and Kienast, M (2017) Water mass circulation and weathering inputs in the Labrador Sea based on coupled Hf–Nd isotope compositions and rare earth element distributions. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 199, 164–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Finlay, AJ, Selby, D and Gröcke, DR (2010) Tracking the Hirnantian glaciation using Os isotopes. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 293, 339–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Finnegan, S, Bergmann, K and Eiler, JM (2011) Magnitude and duration of Late Ordovician–Early Silurian glaciation. Science 331, 903–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Föllmi, KB (2016) Sedimentary condensation. Earth-Science Reviews 152, 143–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Froelich, PN, Klinkhammer, GP and Bender, ML (1979) Early oxidation of organic matter in pelagic sediments of the eastern equatorial Atlantic: suboxic diagenesis. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 43, 1075–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
German, CR and Elderfield, H (1990) Application of the Ce anomaly as a paleoredox indicator: the ground rules. Paleoceanography 5, 823–33CrossRefGoogle Scholar
German, CR, Holliday, BP and Elderfield, H (1991) Redox cycling of rare earth elements in the suboxic zone of the Black Sea. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 55, 3533–58CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ghienne, JF (2003) Late Ordovician sedimentary environments, glacial cycles, and postglacial transgression in the Taoudeni Basin, West Africa. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 189, 117–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gorjan, P, Kaiho, K and David, A (2012) Carbon- and sulfur-isotope geochemistry of the Hirnantian (Late Ordovician) Wangjiawan (Riverside) section, South China: global correlation and environmental event interpretation. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 337–338, 14–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gradstein, FM, Ogg, JG and Schmitz, M (2012) The Geologic Time Scale 2012. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1176 pp.Google Scholar
Hammarlund, EU, Dahl, TW and Harper, DAT (2012) A sulfidic driver for the end-Ordovician mass extinction. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 331, 128–39.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hayashi, K, Fujisawa, H and Holland, HD (1997) Geochemistry of ∼1.9 Ga sedimentary rocks from northeastern Labrador, Canada. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 61, 4115–37.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Holmden, C, Mitchell, CE and LaPorte, DF (2013) Nd isotope records of late Ordovician sea-level change: implications for glaciation frequency and global stratigraphic correlation. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 386, 131–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hu, D, Zhang, X, Zhou, LFinney, SC, Liu, Y, Shen, D, Shen, M, Huang, W and Shen, Y (2017) 87Sr/86Sr evidence from the epeiric Martin Ridge Basin for enhanced carbonate weathering during the Hirnantian. Scientific Reports 7, 11348. doi: 10.1038/s41598-017-11619-w.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jones, D, Martini, A and Fike, D (2017) A volcanic trigger for the Late Ordovician mass extinction? Mercury data from south China and Laurentia. Geology 45, 631–4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kenneth, G, Mac, L and Ellen, E (2008) Nd isotopic excursion across Cretaceous ocean anoxic event 2 (Cenomanian-Turonian) in the tropical North Atlantic. Geology 36, 811–14. doi: 10.1130/G24999A.1.Google Scholar
Keto, LS and Jacobsen, SB (1987) Nd and Sr isotopic variations of Early Paleozoic oceans. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 84, 27–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Keto, LS and Jacobsen, SB (1988) Nd isotopic variations of Phanerozoic paleo-oceans. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 90, 395–410.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kump, LR and Arthur, MA (1999) Interpreting carbon-isotope excursions: carbonates and organic matter. Chemical Geology 161, 181–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
LaPorte, DF, Holmden, C and Patterson, WP (2009) Local and global perspectives on carbon and nitrogen cycling during the Hirnantian glaciation. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 276, 182–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Laukert, G, Frank, M and Bauch, D (2017) Transport and transformation of riverine neodymium isotope and rare earth element signatures in high latitude estuaries: a case study from the Laptev Sea. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 477, 205–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Le Heron, DP, Ghienne, JF and Elhouicha, M (2007) Maximum extent of ice sheets in Morocco during the Late Ordovician glaciation. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 245, 200–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Li, Y, Zhang, T and Geoffrey, S (2017) Depositional environment and organic matter accumulation of Upper Ordovician – Lower Silurian marine shale in the Upper Yangtze Platform, South China. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 466, 252–64.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liang, D, Guo, T and Chen, J (2009) Some progresses on studies of hydrocarbon generation and accumulation in marine sedimentary region, southern China (part 2): geochemical characteristics of four suits of regional marine source rocks, South China. Marine Origin Petroleum Geology 14, 1–15.Google Scholar
Lin, J, Liu, YS, Yang, YH and Hu, ZC (2016)  Calibration and correction of LA-ICP-MS and LA-MC-ICP-MS analyses for element contents and isotopic ratios. Solid Earth Sciences, 1, 5–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ling, H, Chen, X and Li, D (2013) Cerium anomaly variations in Ediacaran–earliest Cambrian carbonates from the Yangtze Gorges area, South China: implications for oxygenation of coeval shallow seawater. Precambrian Research 225, 110–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liu, Y, Li, C and Algeo, TJ (2016) Global and regional controls on marine redox changes across the Ordovician-Silurian boundary in South China. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 463, 180–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Luo, G, Algeo, TJ and Zhan, R (2016) Perturbation of the marine nitrogen cycle during the Late Ordovician glaciation and mass extinction. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 448, 339–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ma, YS, Chen, HH and Wang, GQ (2009) Sequence Stratigraphy and Paleography in South China. Beijing: Science Press, 591 pp.Google Scholar
McLennan, SM, Fryer, BJ and Young, GM (1979) The geochemistry of the carbonate-rich Espanola Formation (Huronian) with emphasis on the rare earth elements. Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences 16, 230–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McManus, JM, Berelson, WM and Coale, KH (1997) Phosphorus regeneration in continental margin sediments. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 61, 2891–907.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Melchin, MJ and Holmden, C (2006) Carbon isotope chemostratigraphy in Arctic Canada: sea-level forcing of carbonate platform weathering and implications for Hirnantian global correlation. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 234, 186–200.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Melchin, MJ, Mitchell, CE and Holmden, C (2013) Environmental changes in the Late Ordovician–early Silurian: review and new insights from black shales and nitrogen isotopes. Geological Society of America Bulletin 125, 1635–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Murry, RW, Buchholtz, BMR and Gerlach, DC (1992) Interoceanic variation in the rare earth, major, and trace element depositional chemistry of chert: perspectives gained from the DSDP and ODP record. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 56, 1897–913.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Owen, AW and Robertson, DBR (1995) Ecological changes during the end-Ordovician extinction. Modern Geology 20, 21–40.Google Scholar
Paikaray, S, Banerjee, S and Mukherji, S (2008) Geochemistry of shales from the Paleoproterozoic to Neoproterozoic Vindhyan Supergroup: implications on provenance, tectonics and paleoweathering. Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 32, 34–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Russell, WA, Papanastassiou, DA and Tombrello, TA (1978) Ca isotope fractionation on the earth and other solar system materials. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 42, 1075–90.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sageman, BB, Murphy, AE and Werne, JP (2003) A tale of shales: the relative roles of production, decomposition, and dilution in the accumulation of organic-rich strata, Middle-Upper Devonian, Appalachian Basin. Chemical Geology 195, 229–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sandrine, LeH, Laure, M and Claude, JA (2012) Nd isotope systematics on ODP Sites 756 and 762 sediments reveal major volcanic, oceanic and climatic changes in South Indian Ocean over the last 35 Ma. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 327–328, 29–38.Google Scholar
Schachtman, NS, Roering, JJ, Marshall, JA, Gavin, DG and Granger, DE (2019) The interplay between physical and chemical erosion over glacial-interglacial cycles. Geology, 47, 613–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schieber, J (1992) A combined petrographical-geochemical provenance study of the Newland formation, Mid-Proterozoic of Montana. Geological Magazine 129, 223–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shields, G and Stille, P (2001) Diagenetic constraints on the use of cerium anomalies as palaeoseawater redox proxies: an isotopic and REE study of Cambrian phosphorites. Chemical Geology 175, 29–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sullivan, N, Loydell, D and Montgomery, P (2018) A record of Late Ordovician to Silurian oceanographic events on the margin of Baltica based on new carbon isotope data, elemental geochemistry, and biostratigraphy from two boreholes in central Poland. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 490, 95–106.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tachikawa, K, Jeandel, C and Roy, BM (1999) A new approach to the Nd residence time in the ocean: the role of atmospheric inputs. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 170, 433–46.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Taylor, SR and McLennan, SM (1985) The Continental Crust: Its Composition and Evolution. Oxford: Blackwell, 312 pp.Google Scholar
Trotter, JA, Williams, IA and Barnes, CR (2008) Did cooling oceans trigger Ordovician biodiversification? Evidence from conodont thermometry. Science 321, 550–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Underwood, CJ, Crowley, SF, Marshall, JD and Brenchley, PJ (1997) High-resolution carbon isotope stratigraphy of the basal Silurian stratotype (Dob’s Linn, Scotland) and its global correlation. Journal of the Geological Society [London] 154, 709–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wang, X and Chai, ZF (1989) Terminal Ordovician mass extinction and its relationship to iridium and carbon isotopes anomalies. Acta Geologica Sinica 3, 255–64. (in Chinese)Google Scholar
Wei, R, Abouchami, W and Zahn, R (2016) Deep circulation changes in the South Atlantic since the Last Glacial Maximum from Nd isotope and multi-proxy records. Earth and Planetary Science Letters 434, 18–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wilde, P and Berry, WBN (1984) Destabilization of the oceanic density structure and its significance to marine “extinction” events. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 48, 143–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wright, J, Schrader, H and Holser, WT (1987) Paleoredox variations in ancient oceans recorded by rare-earth elements in fossil apatite. Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta 51, 631–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yan, C, Jin, Z and Zhao, J (2018) Influence of sedimentary environment on organic matter enrichment in shale: a case study of the Wufeng and Lungmachi Formations of the Sichuan Basin, China. Marine and Petroleum Geology 92, 880–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yan, D, Chen, D and Wang, Q (2010) Large-scale climatic fluctuations in the latest Ordovician on the Yangtze block, south China. Geology 38, 599–602.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yan, D, Chen, D and Wang, Q (2012) Predominance of stratified anoxic Yangtze Sea interrupted by short-term oxygenation during the Ordo-Silurian transition. Chemical Geology 291, 69–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yan, D, Wang, H and Fu, Q (2015) Organic matter accumulation of Late Ordovician sediments in North Guizhou Province, China: sulfur isotope and trace element evidences. Marine and Petroleum Geology 59, 348–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yan, DT, Chen, DZ and Wang, QC (2009) Carbon and sulfur isotopic anomalies across the Ordovician–Silurian boundary on the Yangtze Platform, South China. Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology 274, 32–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Yang, X, Yan, D and Wei, X (2018) Different formation mechanism of quartz in siliceous and argillaceous shales: a case study of Lungmachi Formation in South China. Marine and Petroleum Geology 94, 80–94.Google Scholar
Young, SA, Saltzman, MR, Ausich, WI, Desrochers, A and Kaljo, D (2010) Did changes in atmospheric CO2 coincide with latest Ordovician glacial interglacial cycles? Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 296, 376–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhang, G, Guo, A and Wang, Y (2013) Tectonics of South China continent and its implications. Science China Earth Sciences 56, 1804–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhou, L, Algeo, TJ and Shen, J (2015) Changes in marine productivity and redox conditions during the Late Ordovician Hirnantian glaciation. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 420, 223–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zou, C, Qiu, Z, Poulton, SW, Dong, D, Wang, H, Chen, D, Lu, B, Shi, Z and Tao, H (2018) Ocean euxinia and climate change “double whammy” drove the Late Ordovician mass extinction. Geology 46, 535–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar