Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-c47g7 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-24T05:12:21.361Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Soluble IL-6 receptors in the serum and cerebrospinal fluid of paranoid schizophrenic patients

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  16 April 2020

N Müller ,
P Dobmeier ,
M Empl ,
M Riedel ,
M Schwarz  and
M Ackenheil
N Müller
Affiliation:
Psychiatric Hospital, Nussbamstrasse 7, D-80336, Munich, Germany
P Dobmeier
Affiliation:
Psychiatric Hospital, Nussbamstrasse 7, D-80336, Munich, Germany
M Empl
Affiliation:
Psychiatric Hospital, Nussbamstrasse 7, D-80336, Munich, Germany
M Riedel
Affiliation:
Psychiatric Hospital, Nussbamstrasse 7, D-80336, Munich, Germany
M Schwarz
Affiliation:
Psychiatric Hospital, Nussbamstrasse 7, D-80336, Munich, Germany
M Ackenheil
Affiliation:
Psychiatric Hospital, Nussbamstrasse 7, D-80336, Munich, Germany
Get access

Summary

Soluble Interleukin-6 receptor (sIL-6R) levels are strongly related to the levels of Interleukin-6 (IL-6), and sIL-6Rs increase the immune activating properties of IL-6. We estimated sIL-6R serum levels in 25 schizophrenic patients and 25 healthy controls. In the patients, SIL-6R-CSF levels were also measured. The psychopathology was rated according to the AMDP system. We found a significant correlation between serum and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) levels of sIL-6R, suggesting that serum levels may be a meaningful marker for the central action of sIL-6R. Moreover, significant correlations between the paranoid-hallucinatory syndrome and sIL-6R levels both in serum and CSF were observed. This finding suggests that IL-6 plays a role in the paranoid-hallucinatory symptomatology in schizophrenia. This can be understood regarding the influence of IL-6 to the catecholaminergic neurotransmission. The downregulating effects of neuroleptic treatment to sIL-6R demonstrate that the sIL-6R levels are decreased in the whole group of schizophrenic patients compared to controls.

Keywords

cytokinesInterleukin 6sIL-6Rschizophreniacerebrospinal fluid
Type
Original article
Information
European Psychiatry , Volume 12 , Issue 6 , 1997 , pp. 294 - 299
Copyright
Copyright © European Psychiatric Association 1997

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Arbeitsgemeinschaft für Methodik und Dokumentation in der Psychiatrie Berlin: Springer, 1979Google Scholar
Banks, WAKastin, AJGutierrez, EGPenetration of interleu-kin-6 across the murine blood-brain barrier. Neurosci Lett 1994; 179: 53–56CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bauer, KKornhuber, JBlood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier in schizophrenic patients. Eur Arch Psychiatr Neurol Sci. 1987; 236: 257–259CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bobon, DBaumann, UAngst, JHelmchen, HHippius, H eds. AMDP System in Pharmacopsychiatry Basel: Karger, 1983Google Scholar
De Vries, HEBlom-Rosemalen, MCMvan Oosten, Mde Boer, AGvan Berkel, TJCBreimer, DD, et al.The influence of cytokines to the integrity of the blood brain barrier in vitro. J Neuroimmunol 1996; 64: 37–43CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dunn, AJEndotoxin-induced activation of cerebral catechola-mine and serotonin metabolism: comparison with interleu-kin-1. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1992; 261: 964–969Google Scholar
Frei, KMalipiero, UVLeist, TPZinkernagel, RMSchwab, MEFontana, AOn the cellular source and function of interleu-kin-6 produced in the central nervous system in viral diseases. Eur J Immunol 1989; 19: 689–694CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Galinowski, ABarbouche, RTruffinet, PLouzir, HPoirier, MFBouvet, O, et al.Natural autoantibodies in schizophrenia. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1992; 85: 240–242CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ganguli, RRabin, BSKelly, RHMultiple autoantibodies autoimmune disease in schizophrenic patients: evidence for an autoimmune pathogenesis In: Hadden, JWMasek, KNistico, G eds. Interactions Among Central Nervous Sys-tem, Neuroendocrine and Immune Systems Rome-Milan: Pythagora Press, 1989 364–385Google Scholar
Ganguli, RYang, ZShurin, GChengappa, RBrar, JSGubbi, AV, et al.Serum interleukin-6 concentration in schizophrenia: elevation associated with duration of illness. Psychiatry Res 1994; 51: 1–10CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gebhardt, RPietzcker, AStrauss, AStoeckl, MLanger, CFreudenthal, KScale building in the AMDP system. Arch Psychiatr Neurol Sci. 1983; 233: 223–245Google Scholar
(in press)Groβkopf, AMüller, NMalo, AWank, RHLA-DR and DQ alleles in schizophrenics and manic depressive disorders: potential role for the narcolepsy and multiple sclerosis associated allele DQB1*0602 in schizophrenia subtypes Schizophr Res 1996Google Scholar
Hama, TKushima, YMiyamoto, MKubota, MTakei, NHata-naka, HInterleukin-6 improves the survival of mesencepha-lic catochelaminergic and septal cholinergic neurons from patnatal, two-week-old rats in cultures. Neuroscience 1991; 40: 445–452CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hornberg, MArolt, VWilke, IKruse, AKirchner, HProduction of interferons and lymphokines in leukocyte cultures of patients with schizophrenia. Schizophr Res 1995; 15: 237–242CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kirch, DGKaufmann, CAPapadopoulos, NMMartin, BWein-berger, DRAbnormal cerebrospinal fluid protein indices in schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry 1985; 20: 1039–1046CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Licinio, JSeibyl, JPAltemus, MCharney, DSKrystal, JHElevated levels of interleukin-2 in neuroleptic-free schizophre-nics. Am J Psychiatry 1993; 150: 1408–1410Google Scholar
Mackiewicz, ASchooltink, HHeinrich, PCRose-John, SComplex of soluble human IL-6-receptor/IL-6 up-regulates expression of acutephase proteins. J Immunol 1992; 49: 2021–2027Google Scholar
Maes, MEvidence for an immune response in major depres-sion: a review and hypothesis. Prog Neuropsychopharma-col Biol Psychiatry 1995; 19: 11–38CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maes, MMeltzer, HYScharpé, SBosmans, ESuy, EDe, Mees-ter I, et al.Relationships between interleukin-6 activity, acute phase proteins, and function of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis in severe depression. Psychiatry Res 1993; 49: 11–27CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Maes, MScharpé, SMeltzer, HYBosmans, ESuy, ECalabrese, J, et al.Relationships between lower plasma L-Tryptophan levels and immune-inflammatory variables in depression. Psychiatry Res 1993; 49: 151–165CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Maes, MMeltzer, HYBosmans, EImmune-inflammatory mar-kers in schizophrenics: comparison to normal controls and effects of clozapine. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1994; 89: 346–351CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Maes, MBosmans, EMeltzer, HYImmunoendocrine aspects of major depression. Relationships between plasma interleukin-6 and soluble interleukin-2 receptor, prolactin and cortisol. Eur Arch Psychiatr Clin Neurosci 1995; 245: 172–178CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Maes, MBosmans, ECalabrese, JSmith, RMeltzer, HYInter-leukin-2 and interleukin-6 in schizophrenia and mania: effects of neuroleptics and mood stabilizers. J Psychiatr Res 1995; 29: 141–152CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McAllister, CGvan Kämmen, DPRehn, TJMiller, ANGurklis, JKelley, ME, et al.Increases in CSF levels of interleukin-2 in schizophrenia: effects of recurrence of psychosis and medication status. Am J Psychiatry 1995; 152: 1291–1297Google ScholarPubMed
Müller, NThe role of the cytokine-network in the CNS, and psychiatric disorders. Nervenarzt 1997; 68: 11–20Google ScholarPubMed
Müller, NAckenheil, MThe immune system and schizophrenia In: Leonard, BMiller, K eds. Stress, Immune System and Psychiatry Chichester, New York: Wiley & Sons, 1995 137–164Google Scholar
Müller, NAckenheil, MImmunoglobulin and albumin contents of cerebrospinal fluid in schizophrenic patients: the rela-tionship to negative symptomatology. Schizophr Res 1995; 14: 223–228CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Müller, NAckenheil, MHofschuster, EMempel, WEckstein, RCellular immunity in schizophrenic patients before and during neuroleptic therapy. Psychiatry Res 1991; 37: 147–160CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Müller, NAckenheil, MHofschuster, EMempel, WEckstein, RInvestigations of the cellular immunity during depression and the free interval: evidence for an immune activation in affective psychosis. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psy-chiatry 1993; 17: 713–730CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Müller, NEmpl, MPutz, ASchwarz, MAckenheil, MImmu-nological effects of treatment in schizophrenia. Adv Biol Psychiatry 1997; 18: 78–84CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Muraguchi, AHirano, TTang, BMatsuda, THorii, YNaka-jima, K, et al.The essential role of B-cell stimulating factor 2 (BSF-2/II-6) for the terminal differentiation of the B-cells. J Exp Med 1988; 167: 332–344CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Plata-Salaman, CRImmunoregulators in the nervous system. Neurosci Behav Rev 1991; 15: 185–215CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Saija, APrinci, PLanza, MScalese, MAramnejad, EDe Sarro, ASystemic cytokine administration can affect blood-brain barrier permeability in the rat. Life Sci 1995; 56: 775–784CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sawada, MSuzumura, AMarunouchi, TTNF-α induces IL-6 production by astrocytes, but not by microglia. Brain Res 1992; 583: 296–299CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schöbitz, BPezeshki, GPohl, THermann, UHeinrich, PCHols-boer, F, et al.Soluble interleukin-6 (IL-6) receptor augments central effects of IL-6 in vivo. FASEB J 1995; 9: 659–664CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Seiler, WMuller, HHiemke, CDiurnal variations of plasma interleukin-6 in man: methodological implications of conti-nuous use of indwelling cannulae. Ann NY Acad Sci. 1995; 762: 468–470CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Smith, RSA comprehensive macrophage-T-lymphocyte theory of schizophrenia. Med Hypotheses 1992; 39: 248–257CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Song, CLeonard, BEAn acute phase protein response in the olfactory bulbectomised rat: effect of sertraline treatment. Med Sci Res 1994; 22: 313–314Google Scholar
Zalcman, SGreen-Johnson, JMMurray, LNance, DMDyck, DAnisman, H, et al.Cytokine-specific central monoamine alte-rations induced by interleukin-1,-2 and-6. Brain Res 1994; 643: 40–49CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Submit a response

Comments

No Comments have been published for this article.