Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-5nwft Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-05-14T05:07:04.059Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Depression and anxiety as a single disorder: evidence from brain stem auditory evoked potentials

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  16 April 2020

R Kimhi ,
Y Barak ,
D Levy  and
A Elizur
R Kimhi
Affiliation:
The Y Abarbanel Mental Health Center, 15 Keren Kaymet St, Bat-Yam59100, Israel
Y Barak
Affiliation:
The Y Abarbanel Mental Health Center, 15 Keren Kaymet St, Bat-Yam59100, Israel
D Levy
Affiliation:
The Y Abarbanel Mental Health Center, 15 Keren Kaymet St, Bat-Yam59100, Israel
A Elizur
Affiliation:
The Y Abarbanel Mental Health Center, 15 Keren Kaymet St, Bat-Yam59100, Israel
Get access

Summary

Anxiety and depression are often interlinked as demonstrated by clinical, epidemiological, psychopharmacological and even genetic studies. However, robust biochemical and electrophysiological evidence for linkage or separation of mood and anxiety disorders is scarce. Brain stem auditory evoked potentials (BASEP) can easily and non-invasivly be measured in psychiatric patients and reflect neurophysiological processes in the brain stem. The aim of the present study was to evaluate BASEP in drug-free patients suffering from panic disorder or major depression and to compare these to healthy controls. Patients (n = 26; panic = 16, depression = 10) were diagnosed according to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM)-III-R criteria assessed by the Hamilton Anxiety and Hamilton Depression Scales, and all underwent 3 weeks of medications washout. All subjects (n = 36) completed the study. N3 latency was decreased in the patient group (P < 0.05), N3-5 interval was lengthened (P < 0.05), the N3 latency correlated with anxiety scores and depression scores correlated with the N3 and N5 latency periods. In conclusion, our small sample demonstrated shared electrophysiological variables in panic disorder and depression, further supporting the concept of spectrum disorder.

Keywords

early-evoked potentialsbrain stem auditory evoked potentialspanic disordermajor depressionaffective spectrum
Type
Original article
Information
European Psychiatry , Volume 12 , Issue 8 , 1997 , pp. 395 - 398
Copyright
Copyright © Elsevier, Paris 1997

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Agren, HDepression and somatosensory evoked potentials Biot Psychiatry 186 1983 635–649Google ScholarPubMed
Cadet, JLDisorders of the isodendretic core of the brainstem Schiz Bulletin 1 1984 1–3CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Crowe, RRNoyes, RPauls, DLSlymen, DA family study of panic disorder Arch Gen Psychiatry 40 1983 1065–1069CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Washington DCAmerican Psychiatric Institute(APA) Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders 1994Google Scholar
Eaton, WWRitter, CDistinguishing anxiety and depression with field survey data Psychol Med 18 1988 155–166CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gurney, CRoth, MGarside, RFKere, TASchapira, KStudies in the classification of affective disorders.The relationship between anxiety states and depressive illness Br J Psychiatry 121 1972 162–166CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hamilton, MThe assessment of anxiety states by rating Brit J Med Psychology 32 1959 50–55CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hamilton, MA rating scale for depression JNNP 23 1960 55–62Google ScholarPubMed
Harell, MEnglender, MKimhi, RDemer, MZohar, MAuditory brain stem responses in schizophrenic patients Larynscope 96 1986 908–910CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harris, JCExperimental animal modelling of depression and anxiety Psychiatr Clin North Am 2 1989 815–82110.1016/S0193-953X(18)30399-XCrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hoehn-Soric, RMerchant, AFKeyser, MLEffects of clonidine on anxiety disorders Arch Gen Psychiatry 38 1981 1278–1282CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jacob, RGMoller, MBTurner, SMOtoneurological examination in panic disorder and agoraphobia with panic attacks: a pilot study Am J Psychiatry 1426 1985 715–720Google ScholarPubMed
supplKimhi, RLevy, DZohar, MAchiron, AElizur, ADepression and schizophrenia —brain stem auditory evoked potentials Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 6 1996 51–53CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Klerman, GLAnxiety and depression In: Burrows, GD ed. Handbook of Studies on Depression 1977 Excepta Medica New YorkGoogle Scholar
Knott, VJLapierre, YDEffects of lactate induced panic attacks on BSAEP Neuropsychobiology 16 1986 714–718CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kraemer, GWEbert, MHSchmidt, DEMcKinney, WTStrangers in a strange land: A psychobiological study of infant monkeys before and after separation from real or inmate mothers Child Dev 62 1991 548–559CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lapierre, YDHamilton, DMAnxiety and depression: distinct or continuum Focus Depress Anxiety 441993 76–81Google Scholar
Lebowitz, MRGorman, JMFyer, APossible mechanisms for lactate induction of panic Am J Psychiatry 143 1986 495–502Google Scholar
Leckman, JFWeissman, MMMerikangas, KRPanic disorder major depression. Increased risk of depression, alcoholism, panic disorders in families of depressed probands with panic disorder Arch Gen Psychiatry 40 1983 1055–1060CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mapother, EDiscussion on manicdepressive psychosis BMJ 1926 872–886Google Scholar
Montgomery, SAAnxiety and depression In: Montgomery, SA ed.Anxiety and Depression 1990 Wrightson Biomedical Publishing Ltd Petersfield, Hampshire1–8Google Scholar
Mountjoy, CQRoth, MStudies in the relationship between depressive disorders and anxiety states J Affective Dis 4 1982 149–161CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Picton, TWStuss, DTChampagne, SCNelson, RFThe effects of age on human event-related potentials Psychophysiology 21 1984 312–325CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pfefferbaum, AWenegrat, BFord, JRoth, WTKopell, BSClinical application of the P3 component of event-related potentials, II: dementia, depression and schizophrenia Electroencephalogr Clin Neurophsiol 59 1984 104–124CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pfefferbaum, ARoth, WTFord, JMEvent-related potentials in the study of psychiatric disorders Arch Gen Psychiatry 52 1995 559–563CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rappaport, MMcCandless, KLPond, WKrafft, MCPassive P300 response in traumatic brain injury patients J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 321991 180–185Google ScholarPubMed
Shagass, CAn electrophsiological view of schizophrenia Biol Psychiatry 11 1976 3–30Google Scholar
Shagass, CEarly evoked potentials Schiz Bull 3 1977 80–92CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vanvalkenburg, CAkiskal, HSPuzantian, VRosenthal, TAnxiety depression. Clinical family history and naturalistic outcome J Affect Dis 6 1984 67–82Google ScholarPubMed
Vollrath, MKoch, RAngst, JThe Zurich study.Panic disorder and sporadic panic: Symptoms, diagnosis, prevalence and overlap with depression Eur Arch Psych Neur Sciences 239 1990 221–230CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Submit a response

Comments

No Comments have been published for this article.