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Nationalism and Communism as Foes and Friends

Comparing the Bolshevik and Chinese Revolutionaries

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  14 February 2020

Luyang Zhou
Luyang Zhou*
Affiliation:
Watson Institute for International and Public Affairs, Brown University [luyang_zhou@brown.edu]
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Abstract

Sociologists have noted that the ideological inclusiveness of nationalism varies. By comparing the Bolshevik and Chinese communist revolutionary elites, this article explains that such variation depends on the social strength of nationalism. A strong nationalism is (a) undergirded by a widely diffused national culture that can socialize most radical elites into the nation; (b) kept institutionally open to broad social strata so that lower classes can form a nationalist identity through participation; and (c) universally believed to be a geopolitically feasible anti-colonial revolution so that radical elites can think of engagement as worthwhile and necessary. Using a comparative biographical method probing both nationalists and communists, this article demonstrates that nationalism in Tsarist Russia was far weaker than in post-imperial China. In the former, the nationalist movement excluded communists while, in the latter, communists were incorporated. Therefore, the two communist parties had different understandings of Marxism.

Résumé

Les sociologues ont observé que le degré d’inclusion idéologique du nationalisme est susceptible de varier. En comparant les élites révolutionnaires bolcheviques et communistes chinoises, cet article explique que cette variation dépend de la force sociale du nationalisme. Un nationalisme fort est (a) sous-tendu par une culture nationale amplement diffusée qui socialise l’essentiel des élites radicales au sein de la nation ; (b) il est maintenu institutionnellement ouvert à de larges couches de la population afin que les classes inférieures puissent, à travers leur participation, se forger une identité nationaliste ; et (c) il est universellement considéré comme une révolution anti-coloniale réaliste, d’un point de vue géopolitique, afin que les élites radicales perçoivent leur engagement comme utile et nécessaire. En utilisant une approche biographique comparée des nationalistes et communistes, cet article montre que le nationalisme en Russie tsariste était beaucoup plus faible que dans la Chine post-impériale. Alors qu’en Russie, le mouvement nationaliste excluait les communistes, en Chine il les intégrait. Il ressort de l’analyse que les deux partis communistes avaient des conceptions différentes du marxisme.

Zusammenfassung

Wie Soziologen festgestellt haben, kann die ideologische Einbindung des Nationalismus sehr unterschiedlich verlaufen. Der Vergleich zwischen den revolutionären Eliten des Bolschewismus einerseits und des chinesischen Kommunismus anderseits verdeutlicht, dass die soziale Stärke des Nationalismus der Auslöser für derartige Schwankungen ist. Ein starker Nationalismus wird 1. durch eine weitverbreitete nationale Kultur gestützt, die den Großteil der radikalen Eliten innerhalb der Nation sozialisieren kann; 2. ist er institutionell für viele soziale Schichten offen, so dass Unterschichten durch ihre Teilhabe eine nationalistische Identität bilden können; und 3. versteht er sich grundsätzlich, aus geopolitischer Perspektive, als eine realistische, antikoloniale Revolution, die für radikale Eliten ein lohnendes und notwendiges Engagement darstellt. Die vergleichende biographische Methode zwischen Nationalisten und Kommunisten zeigt auf, dass der Nationalismus im zaristischen Russland viel schwächer ausgeprägt war als im postimperialen China. Während in Russland die nationalistische Bewegung die Kommunisten ausschloss, integrierte sie sie in China. Schlussendlich kann festgestellt werden, dass die beiden kommunistischen Parteien unterschiedliche Vorstellungen vom Marxismus hatten.

Keywords

RevolutionNationalismEmpireRussiaChinaRévolutionNationalismeEmpireRussieChineRevolutionNationalismusKaiserreichRusslandChina
Type
Varia
Information
European Journal of Sociology / Archives Européennes de Sociologie , Volume 60 , Issue 3 , December 2019 , pp. 313 - 350
Copyright
Copyright © A.E.S. 2020 

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