This paper completes the systematic treatment of the bamboos of Nepal and Bhutan, covering five genera from subtropical to lower temperate zones. Three further genera from the subtribe Arundinariinae Bentham are included: Drepanostachyum Keng f., Himalayacalamus Keng f., and Ampelocalamus Chen, Wen & Sheng. They have semelauctant ebracteate inflorescences, pachymorph rhizomes, and 3 stamens. Neomicrocalamus Keng f. has semelauctant bracteate inflorescences and 6 stamens, and is in the new subtribe described here, Racemobambosinae. Chimonobambusa Makino has bracteate inflorescences and 3 stamens and is the only Himalayan genus in the subtribe Shibataeinae (Nakai) Soderstrom & Ellis. A new Drepanostachyum species from Bhutan is described as D. annulatum. Himalayacalamus, which was originally described as a monotypic genus, is enlarged by the description of five new species, H. asper, H. brevinodus, H. cupreus, H. fimbriatus, and H. porcatus, all from Nepal. A Himalayan representative of the genus Ampelocalamus, A. patellaris, is transferred from Dendrocalamus. Neomicrocalamus andropogonifolius from eastern Bhutan is transferred from Bambusa.

Bamboos encountered during extensive fieldwork in Nepal and Bhutan are enumerated in three papers. Fifteen genera are recognized, including several genera recently described in China and one new genus. In Part I delimitation of the Himalayan bamboo subtribes and genera is discussed, and a key to the genera is given. The systematic treatment begins with six tropical and subtropical genera which all have iterauctant inflorescences and 6 stamens. Bambusa and Dendrocalamus are in the subtribe Bambusinae Agardh, having solid styles. Melocanna, Cephalostachyum, Teinostachyum, and Pseudostachyum have elongated hollow styles and are in the subtribe Melocanninae Reichenbach. Five new taxa are described: Bambusa nepalensis from central and eastern Nepal; Bambusa clavata from Bhutan; Bambusa alamii from Nepal, Bhutan, and Bangladesh; Bambusa nutans Wall, ex Munro subsp. cupulata from Nepal, Bhutan, Bangladesh, and India; and Dendrocalamus hamiltonii Nees & Arn. ex Munro var. undulatus from Nepal.

The following new taxa from the Arabian Peninsula are described: Diplotaxis kohlaanensis A. Miller & J. Nyberg (Cruciferae), Phragmanthera austroarabica A. Miller & J. Nyberg (Loranthaceae), Commicarpus adenensis A. Miller (Nyctaginaceae), Forsskaolea griersonii A. Miller & J. Nyberg, Parietaria umbricola A. Miller (Urticaceae), Trianthema sheilae A. Miller & J. Nyberg (Aizoaceae), Reseda pentagyna Abdallah & A. Miller (Resedaceae), Aerva artemisoides subsp. batharitica A. Miller & J. Nyberg (Amaranthaceae). The following new combinations are made: Boerhavia elegans subsp. stenophylla (Boiss.) A. Miller (Nyctaginaceae), Oncocalyx doberae (Schweinf.) A. Miller & J. Nyberg (Loranthaceae).

The following new taxa, combinations and synonymy in the genus Juncus from E Himalaya and SW China are proposed: J. bryophilus Noltie sp. nov.; J. spumosus Noltie sp. nov.; J. glaucoturgidus Noltie sp. nov.; J. hydrophilus Noltie sp. nov.; J. longiflorus (A. Camus) Noltie comb. & stat. nov.; J. duthiei (C.B. Clarke) Noltie comb. nov. of which the following are synonyms: J. rohtangensis Aswal & Goel, J. sikkimensis Hook.f. var. monocephalus Hook.f. and J. harae Miyam. & H. Ohba; J. bhutanensis Satake is reduced to synonymy of J leucomelas Royle ex D. Don, J. pseudocastaneus (Lingelsh.) Sam. to that of J. sikkimensis; J. tratangensis Satake to that of J. ochraceus Buchenau, J. unifolius A.M. Lu & Z.Y. Zhang to that of J. minimus Buchenau; J. phaeocarpus A.M. Lu & Z.Y. Zhang to that of J. grisebachii Buchenau; J. longibracteatus A.M. Lu & Z.Y. Zhang to that of J. kingii Rendle; J. luteocarpus Satake, the illegitimate J. albescens Satake and J. yoskisukei Goel to that of J. concinnus D. Don and J. bracteatus Buchenau to that of, J. benghalensis Kunth.

J. perpusillus Sam. is reported new to Sikkim and Nepal; J. amplifolius A. Camus new to Bhutan, Sikkim and Nepal; J. trichophyllus W.W. Sm. new to Nepal and Bhutan; J. nepalicus Miyam. & H. Ohba new to Sikkim. J. uniflorus W.W. Sm. is lectotypified. Notes on J. spectabilis Rendle and J. biglumoides Hara are given.

Nineteen boletes (Basidiomycotina) are recorded from Zambia. They belong to the tylopiloid and xerocomoid elements. Three of these boletes are described as new: Tylopilus ochraceosquamosus Watling, T. perplexus Watling & Turnbull and T. zambianus Watling. Another four cannot be assigned to formally recognized taxa, and the provisional name Tylopilus conspicuocystidiata is adopted for one of them. Two new combinations are made: Tylopilus brunneirubens (Corner) Watling & Turnbull and T. nigropurpureus (Corner) Watling.

The new species Onosma griersonii R. R. Mill (Boraginaceae) is described from Bhutan. The species belongs to O. sect. Maharanga (DC.) C. B. Clarke.

Qualitative and quantitative descriptions of the woody flora and soil analyses are provided for six areas of montane semideciduous forest in the upper Rio Grande region, southern Minas Gerais, Brazil. Comparisons are made of the floristic composition of these six areas and 24 other forest areas of southeastern Brazil using ordination by detrended correspondence analysis (DCA) and hierarchical classifications, both agglomerative (upgma) and divisive (twinspan). The variation in community structure of five of the six forest areas was analysed using a two-way table yielded by twinspan. The floristic analyses indicated the strongest link between the forests of the upper Rio Grande region and other montane forest formations of southeastern Brazil as well as secondary links with the gallery forests that extend into the cerrado domain and the submontane semideciduous forests of the Rio Parana basin. Variations in community structure among the five forest areas were apparently associated mainly with riverside effects and soil fertility.

This paper provides two new combinations and formal descriptions for eight new species and three new subspecies that have resulted from the preparation of accounts for Volume 1 of the Flora of the Arabian Peninsula and Socotra for the genera Cleome (Capparaceae), Polycarpaea, Silene, Gypsophila and Dianthus (Caryophyllaceae), and Rubus (Rosaceae).

The following new taxa, combinations and synonymy in the genus Smilax from E Himalaya and SW China are proposed: S. myrtillus var. rigida Noltie, var. nov., S. elegans Wall, ex Kunth subsp. subrecta Noltie, subsp. nov. of which S. longebracteolata Hook.f., and S. elegans var. major A.DC. are synonyms; S. elegans subsp. glaucophylla (Klotzsch) Noltie, comb. & stat. nov., S. elegans subsp. osmastonii (Wang & Tang) Noltie, comb. & stat. nov., S. elegans subsp. microphylla (C.H. Wright) Noltie, comb. & slat. nov. of which S. microphylla var. angustifolia Warb., S. castaneiflora H. Lév., S. labordei H. Lév. and S. gracillima H. Lév. & Vaniot are synonyms. Notes are provided on Warburg's varieties angustifolia, nigrescens and elongata of S. microphylla. S. bockii Warb. is reduced to synonymy of Helerosmilax japonica Kunth. S. glaucophylla Klotzsch, S. osmastonii Wang & Tang, S. microphylla C.H. Wright and S. minutiflora A.DC. are lectotypified; S. elegans Wall, ex Kunth and S. wallichii Kunth are neotypified.

When, in 1989, I wrote an account of Santalaceae for Flora Zambesiaca (which account will not be published for several more years), I had no hesitation in including Colpoon Berg, in Osyris L., as A. De Candolle (1857) had originally done. The morphology of stem and leaf is identical: distinctive flattened twigs, branchlets ribbed by vascular strands running out into the midrib of the leaf, and both leaf surfaces closely and minutely white-dotted (these dots are probably the ‘abundant cluster and sphaerocrystals noted in the mesophyll of Osyris abyssinica’ by Metcalfe & Chalk (1950, p. 1197)).

In this paper I present new taxa, new records and new locations of two biogeographically important species collected from 1990 to 1993 in the Sultanate of Oman. Holotypes are present at ON and duplicates of new records are at E, ON and at the Herbarium, Sultan Qaboos University (abbreviated in this paper as SQUH; not in Index Herbariorum).

A new species of gentian, Gentianella griersonii E. Aitken & D.G. Long sp. nov. (Gentianaceae). endemic to Central and Northern Bhutan, is described. Its generic placement and differences from allied species are discussed.

A new species of Erodium is described from Anatolia. Three new records for the Flora of Turkey area, namely Pilularia minuta Durieu ex A. Braun. Campanula rotundifolia L. and the cultivated Bauhinia variegata L. var. variegata, are given. The occurrence of Viola canina L. is confirmed. Infraspecific variation in Papaver persicum Lindl., Aethionema iberideum (Boiss.) Boiss., Laserpitium petrophilum Boiss. & Heldr., Campanula trachyphylla Schott & Kotschy and Marrubium astracanicum Jacq. is discussed. Descriptions and illustrations of the previously unknown fruits of Gypsophila pulvinaris Rech. fil. and Onosma nigricaule H. Riedl are also given. Some minor changes in the descriptions of Heliotropium greuteri H. Riedl, Onosma tschihalschevii M. Popov and Ballota saxatilis Sieber ex J. & C. Presl are given.

The taxonomic relationships between the four species of Vicia L. sect. Peregrinae Kupicha (1976) have been studied using 174 morphological characters. The results of the phenetic study are considered in conjunction with a literature review of the taxonomic history, cytology, phytogeography and ecology of the taxa involved. It is concluded that V. mollis is peripheral within sect. Peregrinae, and an investigation of the taxa of both sections Peregrinae and Hypechusa shows the species to be a natural member of sect. Hypechusa, to which it is transferred. The relationship between the three remaining species of sect. Peregrinae is discussed, and a key and conspectus to taxa are provided.

The following new taxa and combinations of plants from India and Bhutan are made: Eriocaulon bhutanicum Noltie sp. nov.; Musa griersonii Noltie sp. nov.; Actinoscirpus grossus (L.f.) Goetghebeur & D.A. Simpson var. kysoor (Roxb.) Noltie,comb. nov.

Various problems and issues in the Acanthaceae of Bhutan and the Himalaya are considered. The typification of Thunbergia grandiflora is discussed, and T. lacei and T. clarkei are reduced to synonomy. A new species of Eranthemum, E. erylhrochilum, is described, and the characters which separate it from its allies are listed. A new combination, P. gomezii, is made in Phlogacanthus. The genus Echinacanthus is reviewed and redefined. One group of species placed in it is moved to a new genus, Clarkeasia. which contains one species with two recognized varieties. The Chinese species, Strobilanthes lofuensis, is moved to Echinacanthus pending a thorough review of the three Chinese species in the genus. A wide-ranging discussion of Strobilanthes is presented, and Bremekamp's division of the genus into some fifty segregate genera is criticized and rejected. Various characters used in dividing the genus including life form (with particular attention to the gregarious flowering of the many plietesial species), anisophylly, inflorescence type, calyx development, corolla shape, pollen and seeds are discussed and reassessed. Although pollen is of minor value in subdividing the genus in the Himalayan region, it is possible to recognize 17 distinct groups of species at infrageneric level. These groups are described and discussed with the hope that they will help towards the reclassification of the Strobilanthes group as a whole. Keys are provided for most groups covering species from outside the Himalayan region as well. Thirty-five individual species of Strobilanthes are discussed, of which 17 are described as new. SEM photographs and line drawings illustrate the new species and various aspects of the genus discussed in the paper.