Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-2lccl Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-25T14:18:48.536Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

HOW DOES INTERRACIAL CONTACT AMONG THE U.S.-BORN SHAPE WHITE AND BLACK RECEPTIVITY TOWARD IMMIGRANTS?

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  17 December 2019

Helen B. Marrow ,
Linda R. Tropp ,
Meta van der Linden ,
Dina G. Okamoto  and
Michael Jones-Correa
Helen B. Marrow*
Affiliation:
Department of Sociology, Tufts University
Linda R. Tropp
Affiliation:
Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, University of Massachusetts Amherst
Meta van der Linden
Affiliation:
Department of Sociology, Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam, Netherlands
Dina G. Okamoto
Affiliation:
Department of Sociology and Center for Research on Race and Ethnicity in Society (CRRES), Indiana University
Michael Jones-Correa
Affiliation:
Department of Political Science and Center for the Study of Ethnicity, Race and Immigration (CSERI), University of Pennsylvania
*
*Corresponding author: Associate Professor Helen B. Marrow, Department of Sociology, Tufts University, 112 Eaton Hall, 5 The Green, Medford, MA 02155. E-mail: helen.marrow@tufts.edu
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

A notable increase in immigration into the United States over the past half century, coupled with its recent geographic dispersion into new communities nationwide, has fueled contact among a wider set of individuals and groups than ever before. Past research has helped us understand Whites’ and Blacks’ attitudes toward immigrants and immigration, and even how contact between Blacks and Whites have shaped their attitudes toward one another. Nevertheless, how contact between Blacks and Whites may correspond with attitudes toward immigrants is not as well understood. Drawing on an original representative survey, we examine U.S.-born Whites’ and Blacks’ attitudes toward Mexican and South Asian Indian immigrants within the context of ongoing relations between the former two U.S.-born communities. Informed by research on the secondary transfer effect (STE), we model how the frequency of contact between U.S.-born Whites and Blacks predicts each group’s receptivity toward two differentially positioned immigrant groups, first-generation Mexicans and South Asian Indians. Multivariate analysis indicates that, among Whites, more frequent contact with Blacks is positively associated with greater receptivity toward both immigrant outgroups, even after controlling for Whites’ individual perceptions of threat, their direct contact with the two immigrant groups, and the perceived quality of such contact. Among Blacks, however, we find less consistent evidence that frequent contact with Whites is associated with attitudes toward either immigrant group. While varied literatures across multiple disciplines have suggested that interracial relations among the U.S.-born may be associated with receptivity toward immigrant newcomers, our results uniquely highlight the importance of considering how U.S.-born groups are positioned in relation to immigrants and to each other when examining such effects.

Keywords

MigrationImmigrant IncorporationRace/EthnicityInterracial ContactSecondary Transfer EffectContext of Reception
Type
State of the Art
Information
Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race , Volume 16 , Issue 2 , Fall 2019 , pp. 385 - 416
Copyright
Copyright © Hutchins Center for African and African American Research 2019 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Abascal, Maria (2015). Us and Them: Black-White Relations in the Wake of Hispanic Population Growth. American Sociological Review, 80: 789–813.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Alba, Richard D., and Nee, Victor (2003). Remaking the American Mainstream: Assimilation and Contemporary Immigration. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
American Association for Public Opinion Research (AAPOR) (2008). Standard Definitions: Final Dispositions of Case Codes and Outcome Rates for Surveys [5th Ed.] . Lenexa, Kansas: AAPOR.Google Scholar
Atlanta Regional Commission (ARC) (2015). A Regional Snapshot of Ethnic Populations: Foreign-Born, Hispanic-Latinos & Asians. New Voices, Global Atlanta Snapshots, Atlanta, GA. <file:///Volumes/USB30FD/To%20Office/RSF/AtlantaRegCommission_Global-Atl-Snapshot-Ethnic-Pop_underSiteSelection.pdf> (accessed January 10, 2017).+(accessed+January+10,+2017).>Google Scholar
Ayers, John W., Richard Hofstetter, C., Schnakenberg, Keith, and Kolody, Bohdan (2009). Is Immigration a Racial Issue?: Anglo Attitudes on Immigration Policies in a Border County. Social Science Quarterly , 90: 593–610.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bail, Christopher (2015). Terrified: How Anti-Muslim Fringe Organizations Became Mainstream. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bean, Frank D., Brown, Susan K. and Bachmeier, James D. (2015). Parents Without Papers: The Progress and Pitfalls of Mexican American Integration. New York: Russell Sage.Google Scholar
Ben-Nun Bloom, Pazit, Arikan, Gizem, and Lahav, Gallya (2015). The Effect of Perceived Cultural and Material Threats on Ethnic Preferences in Immigration Attitudes. Ethnic and Racial Studies , 38: 1760–1778.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Berg, Justin Allen (2009). Core Networks and Whites’ Attitudes toward Immigrants and Immigration Attitudes. Public Opinion Quarterly , 73: 7–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Binder, Jens, Zagefka, Hanna, Brown, Rupert, Funke, Friedrich, Kessler, Thomas, Mummendey, Amelie, Maquil, Annemie, Demoulin, Stephanie, and Leyens, Jacques-Philippe (2009). Does Contact Reduce Prejudice or Does Prejudice Reduce Contact?: A Longitudinal Test of the Contact Hypothesis amongst Majority and Minority Groups in Three European Countries. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 96: 843–856.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bloemraad, Irene (2006). Becoming a Citizen: Incorporating Immigrants and Refugees in the United States and Canada. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Blumer, Herbert (1958). Race Prejudice as a Sense of Group Position. Pacific Sociological Review , 1: 3–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bobo, Lawrence D., and Hutchings, Vincent L. (1996). Perceptions of Racial Group Competition: Extending Blumer’s Theory of Group Position to the Multi-Racial Social Context. American Sociological Review , 61: 951–972.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bobo, Lawrence D., and Johnson, Devon (2000). Racial Attitudes in a Prismatic Metropolis: Mapping Identity, Stereotypes, Competition, and Views on Affirmative Action. In Bobo, Lawrence D., Oliver, Melvin L., Johnson, James H., and Valenzuela, Abel (Eds.) Prismatic Metropolis: Inequality in Los Angeles , pp. 81–163. New York: Russell Sage.Google Scholar
Bonilla-Silva, Eduardo (1997). Racism: Toward a Structural Interpretation. American Sociological Review , 62: 465–480.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bowman, Nicholas A., and Griffin, Tiffany M. (2012). Secondary Transfer Effects of Interracial Contact: The Moderating Role of Social Status. Cultural Diversity and Ethnic Minority Psychology , 18: 35–44.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bozorgmehr, Mehdi, and Bakalian, Anny (2009). Backlash 9/11: Middle Eastern and Muslim Americans Respond. Berkeley and Los Angeles, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Brown, Hana, and Jones, Jennifer A. (2015). Rethinking Panethnicity and the Race-Immigration Divide: An Ethnoracialization Model of Group Formation. Sociology of Race & Ethnicity, 1: 181–191.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Browne, Irene, Deckard, Natalia Delia, and Rodriguez, Cassaundra (2016). Different Game, Different Frame?: Black Counterdiscourses and Depictions of Immigration in Atlanta’s African-American and Mainstream Press. Sociological Quarterly , 57: 520–543.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Browne, Irene, Reingold, Beth, and Kronberg, Anne (2018). Race Relations, Black Elites, and Immigration Politics: Conflict, Commonalities, and Context. Social Forces,96(4): 1691–1720.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Browning, Christopher R., Tama Leventhal, and Jeanne Brooks-Gunn (2004). Neighborhood Context and Racial Differences in Early Adolescent Sexual Activity. Demography , 41: 697–720.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brylkaa, Asteria A., Jasinskaja-Lahti, Inga, and Mähönen, Tuuli A. (2016). The Majority Influence on Interminority Attitudes: The Secondary Transfer Effect of Positive and Negative Contact. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 50: 76–88.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Buckler, Kevin, Swatt, Marc L., and Salinas, Patti (2009). Public Views of Illegal Migration Policy and Control Strategies: A Test of Core Hypotheses. Journal of Criminal Justice , 37: 317–327.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Burns, Peter, and Gimpel, James G. (2000). Economic Insecurity, Prejudicial Stereotypes, and Public Opinion on Immigration Policy. Political Science Quarterly , 115: 201–225.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Butler, John Sibley, and Wilson, Kenneth L. (1978). The American Soldier Revisited: Race Relations and the Military. Social Science Quarterly , 59: 451–467.Google Scholar
Brannon, Tiffany N., and Walton, Gregory M. (2013). Enacting Cultural Interests: How Intergroup Contact Reduces Prejudice by Sparking Interest in an Out-Group’s Culture. Psychological Science , 24: 1947–1957.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cainkar, Louise (2009). Homeland Insecurity: The Arab American and Muslim American Experience after 9/11. New York: Russell Sage.Google Scholar
Calvo, Rocio, Jablonska-Bayro, Joanna M., and Waters, Mary C. (2017). Obamacare in Action: How Access to the Health Care System Contributes to Immigrants’ Sense of Belonging. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies , 43: 2020–2036.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chakravorty, Sanjoy, Kapur, Devesh, and Singh, Nirvikar (2017). The Other One Percent: Indians in America. New York: Oxford University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chavez, Leo R. (2008). The Latino Threat: Constructing Immigrants, Citizens, and the Nation. Palo Alto, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Chou, Rosalind, and Feagin, Joe R. (2008). The Myth of the Model Minority: Asian Americans Facing Racism. Boulder, CO: Paradigm Publishers.Google Scholar
Citrin, Jack, Green, Donald P., Muste, Christopher, and Wong, Cara (1997). Public Opinion Toward Immigration Reform: The Role of Economic Motivations. Journal of Politics , 59: 858–881.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
de Graauw, Els (2016). Making Immigrant Rights Real: Non-Profits and the Politics of Integration in San Francisco . Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar
Deeb-Sossa, Natalia (2013). Doing Good: Racial Tensions and Workplace Inequalities in a Community Clinic in El Nuevo South. Tucson, AZ: University of Arizona Press.Google Scholar
Desmond, Matthew, and Emirbayer, Mustafa (2009). What Is Racial Domination? Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race , 6: 335–355.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dhingra, Pawan (2012). Life Behind the Lobby: Indian American Motel Owners and the American Dream. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Diamond, Jeff (1998). African-American Attitudes Towards United States Immigration Policy. International Migration Review , 32: 451–470.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dixon, Jeffrey C. (2006). The Ties That Bind and Those That Don’t: Toward Reconciling Group Threat and Contact Theories of Prejudice. Social Forces , 84: 2179–2204.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dixon, Jeffrey C., and Rosenbaum, Michael S. (2004). Nice to Know You?: Testing Contact, Cultural, and Group Threat Theories of Anti-Black and Anti-Hispanic Stereotypes. Social Science Quarterly , 85: 257–280.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ellison, Christopher G., Shin, Heeju, and Leal, David L. (2011). The Contact Hypothesis and Attitudes toward Latinos in the United States. Social Science Quarterly , 92: 938–958.Google Scholar
Enos, Ryan D. (2017). The Space Between Us: Social Geography and Politics. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Espenshade, Thomas J., and Hempstead, Katherine (1996). Contemporary American Attitudes Toward U.S. Immigration. International Migration Review , 30: 535–570.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fennelly, Katherine (2008). Prejudice toward Immigrants in the Midwest. In Massey, Douglas S. (Ed.), New Faces in New Places: The Changing Geography of American Immigration, pp. 151–178. New York: Russell Sage.Google Scholar
Fetzer, Joel S. (2000). Public Attitudes toward Immigration in the United States, France, and Germany . New York: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Fisher Williamson, Abigail (2018). Welcoming New Americans?: Local Governments and Immigrant Incorporation. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Foner, Nancy, and Alba, Richard D. (2010). Immigration and the Legacies of the Past: The Impact of Slavery and the Holocaust on Contemporary Immigrants in the United States and Western Europe. Comparative Studies in Society and History , 52: 798–819.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fox, Cybelle (2004). The Color of Welfare?: How Whites’ Attitudes toward Latinos Influence Support for Welfare. American Journal of Sociology , 110: 580–625.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fussell, Elizabeth (2014). Warmth of the Welcome: Attitudes toward Immigrants and Immigration Policy in the United States. Annual Review of Sociology , 40: 479–498.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Garip, Filiz (2017). On the Move: Changing Mechanisms of Mexico-U.S. Migration . Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gast, Melanie Jones, and Okamoto, Dina G. (2016). Moral or Civic Ties?: Deservingness and Engagement among Undocumented Latinas in Non-Profit Organizations. Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies , 42: 2013–2030.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gay, Claudine (2006). Seeing Difference: The Effect of Economic Disparity on Black Attitudes Toward Latinos. American Journal of Political Science , 50: 982–997.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Golash-Boza, Tanya (2016). A Critical and Comprehensive Sociological Theory of Race and Racism. Sociology of Race and Ethnicity , 2: 129–141.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Graham, James M. (2006). Congeneric and (Essentially) Tau-equivalent Estimates of Score Reliability: What They Are and How to Use Them. Educational and Psychological Measurement, 66: 930–944.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hainmueller, Jens, and Hiscox, Michael J. (2010). Attitudes toward Highly Skilled and Low-Skilled Immigration: Evidence from a Survey Experiment. American Political Science Review , 104: 61–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harwood, Jake, Paolini, Stefania, Joyce, Nick, Rubin, Mark, and Arroyo, Analisa (2011). Secondary Transfer Effects from Imagined Contact: Group Similarity Affects the Generalization Gradient. British Journal of Social Psychology, 50: 180–189.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Haubert, J., and Fussell, Elizabeth (2006). Explaining Pro-Immigrant Sentiment in the U.S.: Social Class, Cosmopolitanism, and Perceptions of Immigrants. International Migration Review , 40: 489–507.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Haynes, Chris, Merolla, Jennifer L., and Karthick Ramakrishnan, S. (2016). Framing Immigrants: News Coverage, Public Opinion, and Policy. New York: Russell Sage.Google Scholar
Hindriks, Paul, Verkuyten, Maykel, and Coenders, Marcel (2014). Interminority Attitudes: The Roles of Ethnic and National Identification, Contact, and Multiculturalism. Social Psychology Quarterly , 77: 54–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hood, M. V. III, and Morris, Irwin L. (2000). Brother, Can You Spare a Dime?: Racial/Ethnic Context and the Anglo Vote on Proposition 187. Social Science Quarterly , 81: 194–206.Google Scholar
Hopkins, Daniel J. (2010). Politicized Places: Explaining Where and When Immigrants Provoke Local Opposition. American Political Science Review , 104: 40–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Horton, Sarah (2004). Different Subjects: The Health Care System’s Participation in the Differential Construction of the Cultural Citizenship of Cuban Refugees and Mexican Immigrants. Medical Anthropology Quarterly , 18: 472–489.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Huang, Xi, and Liu, Cathy Yang (2017). Welcoming Cities: Immigration Policy at the Local Government Level. Urban Affairs Review , 75: 433–442.Google Scholar
Huber, Gregory A., and Espenshade, Thomas J.. (1997). Neo-Isolationism, Balanced-Budget Conservativism, and the Fiscal Impacts of Immigrants. International Migration Review , 31: 1031–1054.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huntington, Samuel P. (2004). The Hispanic Challenge. Foreign Policy , 141: 30–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hutchings, Vincent L., and Wong, Cara (2014). Racism, Group Position, and Attitudes About Immigration among Blacks and Whites. Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race , 11: 419–442.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Huo, Yuen J., Dovidio, John F., Jiménez, Tomás R., and Schildkraut, Deborah J. (2018). Local Policy Proposals Can Bridge Latino and (Most) White Americans’ Response to Immigration. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences , 115: 945–950.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jiménez, Tomás R. (2016). Fade to Black: Multiple Symbolic Boundaries in “Black/Brown” Contact. Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race , 13: 159–180.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jiménez, Tomás R. (2010). Replenished Ethnicity: Mexican Americans, Mexican Immigrants, and Identity. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Jiménez, Tomás R., and Horowitz, Adam L. (2013). When White Is Just Alright: How Immigrants Redefine Achievement and Reconfigure the Ethnoracial Hierarchy. American Sociological Review , 78: 849–871.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jones-Correa, Michael (2011a). Commonalities, Competition, and Linked Fate. In Telles, Edward, Sawyer, Mark, and Rivera-Salgado, Gaspar (Eds.), Just Neighbors?: Research on African American and Latino Relations in the United States, pp. 37–60. New York: Russell Sage.Google Scholar
Jones-Correa, Michael (2011b). All Immigration is Local: Receiving Communities and Their Role in Successful Immigrant Integration. Washington, DC: Center for American Progress.Google Scholar
Jones-Correa, Michael, Marrow, Helen B., Okamoto, Dina G., and Tropp, Linda R. (2018). Immigrant Perceptions of Native-Born Receptivity and the Shaping of American Identity. RSF: The Russell Sage Foundation Journal of the Social Sciences, 4: 47–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Jung, Moon-Kie (2009). The Racial Unconscious of Assimilation Theory. Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race , 6: 375–395.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kasinitz, Philip, Mollenkopf, John H., Waters, Mary C., and Holdaway, Jennifer (2008). Inheriting the City: The Children of Immigrants Come of Age. Cambridge, MA and New York: Harvard University Press and Russell Sage.Google Scholar
Kim, Claire Jean (1999). The Racial Triangulation of Asian Americans. Politics and Society , 27: 105–138.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lee, Jennifer (2002). Civility in the City: Blacks, Jews, and Koreans in Urban America. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Lee, Jennifer, and Zhou, Min (2015). The Asian American Achievement Paradox. New York: Russell Sage.Google Scholar
Lee, Riane L,. and Fiske, Susan T. (2006). Not an Out-Group, Not Yet an In-Group: Immigrants in the Stereotype Content Model. International Journal of Intercultural Relations , 30: 751–768.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Leonard, Karen Isaksen (2007). India. In Waters, Mary C. and Ueda, Reed (Eds.), The New Americans: A Guide to Immigration since 1965, pp. 458–468. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.Google Scholar
Livert, David (2017). Welcoming Refugees and Immigrants Is Good for the U.S.: Immigration Spurs Innovation and Economic Growth and Prevents Radicalization. Psychology Today. <https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/sound-science-sound-policy/201702/welcoming-refugees-and-immigrants-is-good-the-us> (accessed April 6, 2017).Google Scholar
Logan, John R., and Stults, Brian J. (2011). The Persistence of Segregation in the Metropolis: New Findings from the 2010 Census. Census Brief prepared for Project US2010 (March 24). <http://www.s4.brown.edu/us2010> (accessed April 12, 2018).Google Scholar
Lolliot, Simon, Schmid, Katharina, Hewstone, Miles, Ramiah, Ananthi Al, Tausch, Nicole and Swart, Hermann (2013). Generalized Effects of Intergroup Contact: The Secondary Transfer Effect. In Hodson, Gordon and Hewstone, Miles (Eds.), Advances in Intergroup Contact, pp. 81–112. New York: Psychology Press.Google Scholar
Marrow, Helen B. (2012). Deserving to a Point: Unauthorized Immigrants in San Francisco’s Universal Access Healthcare Model. Social Science & Medicine , 74: 846–854.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Marrow, Helen B. (2011). New Destination Dreaming: Immigration, Race, and Legal Status in the Rural American South. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Massey, Douglas S. (Ed.) (2008). New Faces in New Places: The Changing Geography of American Immigration. New York: Russell Sage.Google Scholar
Massey, Douglas S. (2007). Categorically Unequal: The American Stratification System. New York: Russell Sage.Google Scholar
Masuoka, Natalie, and Junn, Jane (2013). The Politics of Belonging: Race, Public Opinion, and Immigration . Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McClain, Paula D., Lyle, Monique L., Carter, Niambi M., De Francesco Soto, Victoria M., Lackey, Gerald F., Cotton, Kendra Davenport, Nunnally, Shayla C., Scotto, Thomas C., Grynasviski, Jeffrey D., and Alan Kendrick, J. (2007). Black Americans and Latino Immigrants in a Southern City: Friendly Neighbors or Economic Competitors? Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race , 4: 97–117.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McDermott, Monica (2011). Black Attitudes and Hispanic Immigrants in South Carolina. In Telles, Edward, Sawyer, Mark, and Rivera-Salgado, Gaspar (Eds.), Just Neighbors?: Research on African American and Latino Relations in the United States, pp. 242–263. New York: Russell Sage.Google Scholar
McPherson, Miller, Smith-Lovin, Lynn, and Cook, James M. (2001). Birds of a Feather: Homophily in Social Networks. Annual Review of Sociology , 27: 415–444.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mishra, Sanjay K. (2016). Desis Divided: The Political Lives of South Asian Indians . Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Muste, Christopher P. (2013). The Dynamics of Immigration Opinion in the United States, 1992–2012. Public Opinion Quarterly , 77: 398–416.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Myers, Raymond H. (1990). Classical and Modern Regression with Applications [2nd Ed.]. Boston, MA: Duxbury.Google Scholar
Menard, Scott (1995). Applied Logistic Regression Analysis . Sage University Paper Series on Quantitative Applications in the Social Sciences, No. 07-106. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.Google Scholar
National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (NASEM) (2015). Waters, Mary C. and Gerstein Pineau, Marisa (Eds.), The Integration of Immigrants into American Society, Panel on the Integration of Immigrants into American Society, Committee on Population, Division of Behavioral and Social Sciences and Education. Washington, DC: The National Academies Press.Google Scholar
Nee, Victor, and Holbrow, Hilary (2013). Why Asian Americans are Becoming Mainstream. Dædalus: The Journal of the American Academy of Arts & Sciences, 142: 65–75.Google Scholar
Newman, Benjamin J., Hartman, Todd K., and Taber, Charles S. (2012). Foreign-Language Exposure, Cultural Threat, and Opposition to Immigration. Political Psychology , 33: 635–657.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Nteta, Tatishe (2013). United We Stand?: African Americans, Self-Interest, and Immigration Reform. American Politics Research, 41: 147–172.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Oliver, J. Eric, and Wong, Janelle (2003). Inter-Group Prejudice in Multiethnic Settings. American Journal of Political Science , 47: 567–582.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pearson-Merkowitz, Shanna, Filindra, Alexandra, and Dyck, Joshua J. (2016). When Partisans and Minorities Interact: Interpersonal Contact, Partisanship, and Public Opinion Preferences on Immigration Policy. Social Science Quarterly 97: 311–324.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pettigrew, Thomas F. (2009). Contact’s Secondary Transfer Effect: Do Intergroup Contact Effects Spread to Non-Participating Outgroups? Social Psychology , 40: 55–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pettigrew, Thomas F., and Tropp, Linda R. (2011). When Groups Meet: The Dynamics of Intergroup Contact. New York: Psychology Press.Google Scholar
Pew Research Center (2016). On Views of Race and Inequality, Blacks and Whites Are Worlds Apart, June 27. Washington, DC: Pew Research Center.Google Scholar
Pew Research Center (2015). Modern Immigration Wave Brings 59 Million to U.S., Driving Population Growth and Change Through 2065, September 28. Washington, DC: Pew Research Center.Google Scholar
Portes, Alejandro, and Rumbaut, Rubén G. (2001). Legacies: The Story of the Immigrant Second Generation. Berkeley, CA and New York: University of California Press and Russell Sage.Google Scholar
Portes, Alejandro, and Rumbaut, Rubén G. (2014). Immigrant America: A Portrait (4th Ed.). Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Portes, Alejandro, and Zhou, Min (1993). The New Second Generation: Segmented Assimilation and Its Variants among Post-1965 Immigrant Youth. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science , 530: 74–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Powers, Daniel A., and Ellison, Christopher G. (1995). Interracial Contact and Black Racial Attitudes: The Contact Hypothesis and Selectivity Bias. Social Forces , 74: 205–226.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Quillian, Lincoln (1995). Prejudice As a Response to Perceived Group Threat: Population Composition and Anti-Immigrant and Racial Prejudice in Europe. American Sociological Review, 60: 586–611.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ramakrishnan, S. Karthick, and Wong, Tom (Tak) (2010). Partisanship, Not Spanish: Explaining Municipal Ordinances Affecting Unauthorized Immigrants. In Varsanyi, Monica W. (Ed.), Taking Local Control: Immigration Policy Activism in U.S. Cities and States, pp. 73–94. Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press.Google Scholar
Ribas, Vanesa (2016). On the Line: Slaughterhouse Lives and the Making of the New South . Oakland, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Ron, Yiftach, Solomon, Johanna, Halperin, Eran, and Saguy, Tamar (2017). Willingness to Engage in Intergroup Contact: A Multilevel Approach. Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, 23: 210–218.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Samson, Frank L. (2013). Multiple Group Threat and Malleable White Attitudes Towards Academic Merit. Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race , 10: 233–260.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sandhu, Sabeen (2012). Asian Indian Professionals: The Culture of Success. El Paso, TX: LFB Scholarly Publishing, LLC.Google Scholar
Scheve, Kenneth F., and Slaughter, Matthew J. (2001). Labor Market Competition and Individual Preferences Over Immigration Policy. The Review of Economics and Statistics , 83(1): 133–145.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schmid, Katharina, Hewstone, Miles, Küpper, Beate, Zick, Andreas, and Wagner, Ulrich (2012). Secondary Transfer Effects of Intergroup Contact: A Cross-National Comparison in Europe. Social Psychology Quarterly , 75: 28–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Schmid, Katharina, Hewstone, Miles, and Tausch, Nicole (2014). Secondary Transfer Effects of Intergroup Contact via Social Identity Complexity. British Journal of Social Psychology 53: 443–462.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Selod, Saher (2018). Forever Suspect: Racialized Surveillance of Muslim Americans in the War on Terror . New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Shook, Natalie J., Hopkins, Patricia D., and Koech, Jasmine M. (2016). The Effect of Intergroup Contact on Secondary Group Attitudes and Social Dominance Orientation. Group Processes and Intergroup Relations , 19: 328–342.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Segovia, Francine, and Defever, Renatta (2010). The Polls-Trends: American Public Opinion on Immigrants and Immigration Policy. Public Opinion Quarterly , 24: 375–394.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Sigelman, Lee, and Welch, Susan (1993). The Contact Hypothesis Revisited: Black-White Interaction and Positive Racial Attitudes. Social Forces, 71: 781–795.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Singer, Audrey, Vitiello, Domenic, Katz, Michael, and Park, David (2008). Recent Immigration to Philadelphia: Regional Change in a Re-Emerging Gateway. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, Metropolitan Policy Program.Google Scholar
Smith, Barbara Ellen (2009). Market Rivals or Class Allies?: Relations between African American and Latino Immigrant Workers in Memphis. In Ansley, Fran and Shefner, Jon (Eds.), Global Connections & Local Receptions: New Latino Immigration to the Southeastern United States, pp. 299–317. Knoxville, TN: University of Tennessee Press.Google Scholar
Stein, Robert M., Shirley Post, Stephanie, and Rinden, Allison L. (2000). Reconciling Context and Contact Effects on Racial Attitudes. Political Research Quarterly , 53: 285–303.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stephan, Walter G., Boniecki, Kurt A., Ybarra, Oscar, Bettencourt, Ann, Ervin, Kelly S., Jackson, Linda A., McNatt, Penny S., and Lausanne Renfro, C. (2002). The Role of Threats in the Racial Attitudes of Blacks and Whites. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 28: 1242–1254.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Stuesse, Angela C. (2009). Race, Migration, and Labor Control: Neoliberal Challenges to Organizing Mississippi’s Poultry Workers. In Odem, Mary E. and Lacy, Elaine (Eds.), Latino Immigrants and the Transformation of the U.S. South, pp. 91–111. Athens, GA: University of Georgia Press.Google Scholar
Suro, Roberto (2009). America’s Views of Immigration: The Evidence from Public Opinion Surveys. In Bertelsmann Stiftung and Migration Policy Institute (Eds.), Migration, Public Opinion, and Politics [1st Ed.], pp. 52–76. Washington, DC: The Transatlantic Council on Migration.Google Scholar
Tausch, Nicole, Hewstone, Miles, Kenworthy, Jared B., Psaltis, Charis, Schmid, Katharina, Popan, Jason R., Cairns, Ed, and Hughes, Joanne (2010). Secondary Transfer Effects for Intergroup Contact: Alternative Accounts and Underlying Processes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 99: 282–302.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Telles, Edward E., and Ortiz, Vilma (2008). Generations of Exclusion: Mexican Americans, Assimilation, and Race. New York: Russell Sage.Google Scholar
Telles, Edward E., Sawyer, Marc, and Rivera-Salgado, Gaspar (Eds.) (2011). Just Neighbors: Research on African American and Latino Relations in the United States. New York: Russell Sage.Google Scholar
Tropp, Linda R. (2007). Perceived Discrimination and Interracial Contact: Predicting Interracial Closeness among Black and White Americans. Social Psychology Quarterly , 70: 70–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tropp, Linda R., and Mallett, Robyn K. (Eds.) (2011). Moving Beyond Prejudice Reduction: Pathways to Positive Intergroup Relations . Washington DC: American Psychological Association.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tropp, Linda R., Okamoto, Dina G., Marrow, Helen B., and Jones-Correa, Michael (2018). How Contact Experiences Shape Welcoming: Perspectives from U.S.-Born and Immigrant Groups. Social Psychology Quarterly, 81: 23–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tropp, Linda R., and Page-Gould, Elizabeth (2015). Contact between Groups. In Mikulincer, Mario, Shaver, Phillip R., Dovidio, John F., and Simpson, Jeffry A. (Eds.), APA Handbook of Personality and Social Psychology (Volume 2: Group Processes) , pp. 535–60. Washington, DC: American Psychological Association.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tropp, Linda R., and Pettigrew, Thomas F. (2005a). Relationships between Intergroup Contact and Prejudice among Minority and Majority Status Groups. Psychological Science, 16: 651–653.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tropp, Linda R., and Pettigrew, Thomas F. (2005b). Differential Relationships Between Intergroup Contact and Affective and Cognitive Dimensions of Prejudice. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin , 31: 1145–1158.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tuan, Mia (1998). Forever Foreigners or Honorary Whites?: The Asian Ethnic Experience Today. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press.Google Scholar
Valentino, Nicholas A., Brader, Ted, and Jardina, Ashley E. (2013). Immigration Opposition among U.S. Whites: General Ethnocentrism or Media Priming of Attitudes about Latinos? Political Psychology, 34: 149–166.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vollhardt, Johanna, Migacheva, Katya, and Tropp, Linda R. (2009). Social Cohesion and Tolerance for Group Differences. In de Rivera, Joseph (Ed.), Handbook on Building Cultures of Peace, pp. 139–152. New York: Springer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Walther, Eva (2002). Guilty by Mere Association: Evaluative Conditioning and the Spreading Attitude Effect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology , 82: 919–934.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Waldinger, Roger (1997). Black/Immigrant Competition Re-Assessed: New Evidence from Los Angeles. Sociological Perspectives , 40: 365–386.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Waters, Mary C. (1999). Black Identities: West Indian Immigrant Dreams and American Realities. Cambridge, MA and New York: Harvard University Press and Russell Sage.Google Scholar
Waters, Mary C., and Kasinitz, Philip (2015). The War on Crime and the War on Immigrants: Racial and Legal Exclusion in the 21st-Century United States. In Foner, Nancy and Simon, Patrick (Eds.), Fear, Anxiety, and National Identity: Immigration and Belonging in North America and Western Europe, pp. 115–143. New York: Russell Sage.Google Scholar
Welcoming America (2017). Welcoming Week: Connecting Neighbors, Serving Communities. <https://www.welcomingamerica.org/programs/welcoming-week> (accessed June 15, 2017).+(accessed+June+15,+2017).>Google Scholar
Wilkinson, Betina Cutaia (2015). Partners or Rivals?: Power and Latino, Black and White Relations in the 21st Century. Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia Press.Google ScholarPubMed
Wilkinson, Betina Cutaia, and Bingham, Natasha (2016). Getting Pushed Back Further in Line?: Racial Alienation and Black Attitudes toward Immigration and Immigrants. PS: Political Science and Politics , 49: 221–227.Google Scholar
Williams, Linda M. (2015). Beyond Enforcement: Welcomeness, Local Law Enforcement, and Immigrants. Public Administration Review , 75: 433–442.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williams, Kim M. (2016). Black Elite Opinion on American Immigration Policy: Evidence from Black Newspapers, 2000-2013. Journal of African American Studies , 20: 248–271.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Williams, Kim M., and Hannon, Lonnie (2016). Immigrant Rights in a Deep South City: The Effects of Anti-Immigrant Legislation on Black Elite Opinion in Birmingham, Alabama. Du Bois Review: Social Science Research on Race 13: 139–157.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Xu, Jun, and Lee, Jennifer C. (2013). The Marginalized ‘Model’ Minority: An Empirical Examination of the Racial Triangulation of Asian Americans. Social Forces , 91: 1363–1397.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhou, Min, Lee, Jennifer, Vallejo, Jody Agius, Tafoya-Estrada, Rosaura, and Xiong, Yang Sao (2008). Success Attained, Deterred, and Denied: Divergent Pathways to Social Mobility in Los Angeles’ New Second Generation. Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science , 620: 37–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zolberg, Aristide, and Woon, Long Witt (1999). Why Islam Is Like Spanish: Cultural Incorporation in Europe and the United States. Politics and Society , 27: 5–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zong, Jie, and Batalova, Jeanne (2016). Mexican Immigrants in the United States. Migration Information Source, March 17. <https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/mexican-immigrants-united-states> (accessed June 19, 2019).Google Scholar
Zong, Jie, and Batalova, Jeanne. (2017). Indian Immigrants in the United States. Migration Information Source, August 31. <https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/indian-immigrants-united-states> (accessed June 19, 2019).Google Scholar