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Myths, Cults and Livestock Breeding

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  01 July 2024

Erich Isaac
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Extract

That religion has a geographic dimension has long been recognized. Men like Alexander von Humboldt, C. Ritter, F. von Richthofen, F. Ratzel, V. de la Blache, and de Martonne repeatedly pointed to the interaction of landscape and religion. It must be admitted that in many cases the geography of religion became a study in the influence of environment upon religious conceptions, essentially of concern to the student of religion rather than to the geographer. On the whole, however, the geography of religion has concerned itself with the way in which religious conceptions work so as to modify the landscape, either directly or indirectly.

Type
Research Article
Information
Diogenes , Volume 11 , Issue 41 , March 1963 , pp. 70 - 93
Copyright
Copyright © 1963 Fédération Internationale des Sociétés de Philosophie / International Federation of Philosophical Societies (FISP)

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References

1 Le Bras, G., "La Géographie Religieuse," Annales d'Histoire Sociale, (1945), 87-112; Fickler, P., "Grundfragen der Religionsgeographie," Erdkunde, 1 :4-6, (December 1947), 121-144; Hahn, H., "Konfession und Sozialstruktur," Erdkunde, 12:4, (December 1958); Isaac, E., "Religion, Landscape and Space," Landscape, 9:2, (Winter ‘59-'60), 14-18.

2 Isaac, E., "Influence of Religion on the Spread of Citrus," Science, 129: 3343, (January 1959), 179-186, and "The Citron in the Mediterranean," Economic Geography, 35 : 1, (January 1959), 71-78.

3 Schmidt, W., "Zu den Anfängen der Herdentierzucht," Zeitschrift für Ethnologie, 76, (1951), 1-41.

4 Curwen, E. C. and Hart G., Plow and Pasture (New York, 1953), 277-278.

5 Zeuner F. E., "Domestication of Animals," in A History of Technology, C. Singer, edit., I (Oxford, 1954), 337.

6 Hahn, E., Die Enstehung der Pflugkultur (Heidelberg, 1909); Von der Hacke zum Pflug (Leipzig, 1914). Narr, K. J., "Hirten, Pflanzer, Bauern : Pro duktionsstufe" in F. Valjavec, edit. Historia Mundi, II (Bern, 1953), 60-100. Sauer, C. O., Agricultural Origins and Dispersals, American Geog. Soc. (New York, 1952). Wissmann, H. von, "Ursprungsherde und Ausbreitungswege von Pflanzen und Tierzucht und ihre Abhängigkeit von der Klimageschichte," Erdkunde, 11 :2 (May 1957), 81-84, and 11:3, pp. 81-94. Werth, Emil, Grabstock, Hacke, Pflug (Ludwigsburg, 1954).

7 Leithner, O. Freiherr von, Der Ur, Bericht der Internationalen Gesellschaft zur Erhaltung des Wisent, II (Berlin, 1927), 1-140. La Baume, W., "Zur Abstam mung des Hausrindes," Forschung und Fortschritte, 26 (Berlin, 1950), 43-45. Nobis, G., "Zur Kenntnis der ur- und frühgeschichtlichen Rinder Nord- und Mittel deutschlands," Zeitschrift für Tierzüchtung und Züchtungsbiologie, 63 (1954).

8 See Werth, op. cit., footnote 6.

9 Spurway, H., "Can Wild Animals be kept in Captivity?," New Biology, 13 (Penguin Books, London, 1952), 11-30.

10 Hahn, E., "Die Enstehung des Rades und des Wagens," Internationales Zentralblatt für Anthropologie, 8 (1903), 1-3; "Heilige Wagen," Verhandlungen der Berliner anthropologischen Gesellschaft (1895), 342-347. Moetefind, H., "Der Wagen im nordischen Kulturkreis zur vor- und frühgeschichtlichen Zeit," Fest schrift Eduard Hahn (Stuttgart, 1917), 209-240. Childe, V. G., in his article "The Diffusion of Wheeled Vehicles," Ethnographisch-Archaeologische Forschungen, 2 (1954), 14, and in "The First Waggons and Carts—From the Tigris to the Severn," Proceedings of the Prehistoric Society, 17:2 (1951), 177-194, regards carts as a conscious development to aid in the harvest. Haudricourt, A. G., in "Contribution à la géographie et à l'ethnologie de la voiture," Revue de géog. humaine et d'ethno logie, 1, (Paris, 1948) and Hancar, F., Das Pferd in prähistorischer und früher historischer Zeit, Wiener Beiträge zur Kulturgeschichte und Linguistik, (Vienna, 1955) 408-49, argue that wheel and wagon can be explained best by regarding them as technological advances based on previously developed methods and princi ples. The argument, intended to refute Hahn, Moetefind and others, patently does not do so. Recently S. Foltiny, "The Oldest Representations of Wheeled Vehicles in Central and Southeastern Europe," Am. Jour. of Archaeol., 63:1 1 (January, 1959), 55, presents both sides of the argument, but leaves the question open.

11 The terminology used by the present author for domestic varieties of cattle derived from the urus has been used by others with different meaning. Former students have postulated different ancestral stocks in order to account for brachyceros cattle. Notably C. Keller, J. U. Duerst, L. Adametz, O. Antonius and A. Schmid defend the case for a separate wild ancestor of brachyceros. Current work (see note 7) rejects the conclusions of the earlier studies.

12 That short horned longifrons did indeed develop from urus and not from a separate wild strain is borne out by anatomical studies. Mature longifrons skulls correspond anatomically to the skulls of primigenius calves. Boettger, C. R., Die Haustiere Afrikas (Jena, 1958), 50.

13 Antonius, 0., Grundzüge einer Stammesgeschichte der Hauatiere, (Jena, 1922), 184.

14 In some instances primigenius cattle appears earlier than longifrons. This is the case at Anau in Turkestan and that find has been interpreted to mean that Anau lies in proximity to the ancestral center of domestication. Archaeological strata that precede the bone find show that Anau was influenced for a lengthy period by Mesopotamia, which may mean that the technique of domestication, if not the actual cattle itself were derived from Mesopotamia. Boettger, op. cit., 45.

15 E. van Buren, Clay Figurines of Babylonia and Assyria (New Haven, 1930); Passemard, L., Les statuettes feminines paléolithiques dites Vénus Stéatopyge s (Nîmes, 1938); Albright, W. F., From Stone Age to Christianity (Garden City, N. Y., 1957), 132-133. Levy, G. R., The Gate of Horn: A Study of the Religious Conceptions of the Stone Age etc. (London, 1947), 79-96.

16 Albright, op. cit. (note 15), 173.

17 Ibid., and Nielsen D., Die altarabische Kultur, Handbuch der altarabischen Altertumskunde, I (Kopenhagen, 1927) 197-243; also Nielsen D., Der Dreieinige Gott in religionshistorischer Beleuchtung, vol. I (Kopenhagen, 1922), vol. II (Kopenhagen, 1942).

18 Albright, op. cit., 138-139, 144.

19 Levy, Gate of Horn (see note 15), 81-94.

20 Albright, op. cit., 191.

21 Eliade, M., Patterns in Comparative Religion (New York, 1958), 85-87.

22 Frankfort, H., Kingship and the Gods (Chicago, 1948), 45, 180.

23 Ibid., 168-171.

24 Matous, L., "Die Enstehung des Gilgamesh-Epos," Das Altertum, 4:4 (1958), 195-208.

25 Albright, op. cit., 232.

26 Sethe, K. H., Dramatische Texte zu altägyptischen Mysterienspielen (Leip zig, 1928), vol. 2.

27 Frankfort, op. cit., 127.

28 Blackman, A. M., "Studia Aegyptiaca," Analecta Orientalia, 17 (Rome, 1938), 2.

29 On Isis and Osiris (70).

30 Frankfort, op. cit., 186.

31 Hepding, H., Attis, seine Mythen und sein Kult (Giessen, 1903), 105-110.

32 Kerényi, K., Die Mythologie der Griechen, Die Götter und Menschheits geschichten (Zürich, 1951), 27.

33 Albright, op. cit., note 15, pp. 234-235.

34 Frankfort, op. cit., note 22, pp. 24-35.

35 James, E. O., The Beginnings of Religion, Arrow Books (Hutchinson, Lon don 1958) 65.

36 Frankfort, op. cit., 400.

37 Hrozny, B., Ancient History of Western Asia, India and Crete, J. Procházka, trans. (Prague, s.d.), 49, 192. Eliade, Patterns (see note 21), 87.

38 Frankfort, op. cit., 154.

39 The equation of primeval hill and Memphis is of particular significance in kingship ritual, for the burial place of Osiris is specifically located in the royal castle of Memphis. Frankfort, Kingship, op. cit., 25-27.

40 Sethe, K. H., Urgeschichte und älteste Religion der Aegypter (Leipzig, 1930); 185.

41 Matous, op. cit. (see note 24), 203.

42 Eliade, M., The Myth of the Eternal Return, Bollingen series no. 46 (New York, 1954), 19.

43 Deimel A., Enuma elish und Hexaemeron, Sacra Scriptura Antiquitatibus Orientalibus Illustrata, 5 (Rome, 1934), 53.

44 Albright, op. cit., 235.

45 Barnett, R. D., "Early Shipping in the Near East," Antiquity, 128 (Dec., 1958) pp. 220-221.

46 Kühn, H., Die Felsbilder Europas (Stuttgart, 1952), 173.