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Smoking in young adulthood among African Americans: Interconnected effects of supportive parenting in early adolescence, proinflammatory epitype, and young adult stress

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 October 2016

Steven R. H. Beach ,
Man Kit Lei ,
Gene H. Brody ,
Gregory E. Miller ,
Edith Chen ,
Jelani Mandara  and
Robert A. Philibert
Steven R. H. Beach*
Affiliation:
University of Georgia
Man Kit Lei
Affiliation:
University of Georgia
Gene H. Brody
Affiliation:
University of Georgia
Gregory E. Miller
Affiliation:
Northwestern University
Edith Chen
Affiliation:
Northwestern University
Jelani Mandara
Affiliation:
Northwestern University
Robert A. Philibert
Affiliation:
University of Iowa
*
Address correspondence and reprint requests to: Steven R. H. Beach, Center for Family Research, University of Georgia, 1095 College Station Road, Athens, GA 30602-4527; E-mail: srhbeach@uga.edu.
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Abstract

We examined two potentially interacting, connected pathways by which parental supportiveness during early adolescence (ages 1–13) may come to be associated with later African American young adult smoking. The first pathway is between parental supportiveness and young adult stress (age 19), with stress, in turn, predicting increased smoking at age 20. The second pathway is between supportive parenting and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) gene methylation (i.e., TNFm), a proinflammatory epitype, with low levels indicating greater inflammatory potential and forecasting increased risk for smoking in response to young adult stress. In a sample of 382 African American youth residing in rural Georgia, followed from early adolescence (age 10–11) to young adulthood (age 20), supportive parenting indirectly predicted smoking via associations with young adult stress, IE = –0.071, 95% confidence interval [–0.132, –0.010]. In addition, supportive parenting was associated with TNFm measured at age 20 (r = .177, p = .001). Further, lower TNFm was associated with a significantly steeper slope (b = 0.583, p = .003) of increased smoking in response to young adult stress compared to those with higher TNFm (b = 0.155, p = .291), indicating an indirect, amplifying role for supportive parenting via TNFm. The results suggest that supportive parenting in early adolescence may play a role in understanding the emergence of smoking in young adulthood.

Type
Regular Articles
Information
Development and Psychopathology , Volume 29 , Issue 3 , August 2017 , pp. 957 - 969
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2016 

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Footnotes

This research was supported by Award 5R01HD030588-16A1 from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development and Award 1P30DA027827 from the National Institute on Drug Abuse. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, the National Institute on Drug Abuse, or the National Institutes of Health.

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