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Serotonin pathway gene–gene and gene–environment interactions influence behavioral stress response in infant rhesus macaques

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  26 January 2010

Erin L. Kinnally ,
Genesio M. Karere ,
Leslie A. Lyons ,
Sally P. Mendoza ,
William A. Mason  and
John P. Capitanio
Erin L. Kinnally*
Affiliation:
University of California Davis
Genesio M. Karere
Affiliation:
University of California Davis
Leslie A. Lyons
Affiliation:
University of California Davis
Sally P. Mendoza
Affiliation:
University of California Davis
William A. Mason
Affiliation:
University of California Davis
John P. Capitanio
Affiliation:
University of California Davis
*
Address correspondence and reprint requests to: Erin Kinnally, Department of Psychiatry, Division of Molecular Imaging and Neuropathology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, 1051 Riverside Drive, Room 2917, New York, NY 10032; E-mail: ek2500@columbia.edu.
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Abstract

A subset of serotonin (5-HT) pathway polymorphisms has been shown to confer risk for psychological dysfunction, particularly in individuals who experience early adversity. Understanding the developmental processes underlying these Gene × Environment interactions will strengthen the search for risk factors for behavioral dysfunction. We investigated the combined influence of two serotonin pathway polymorphisms and species-atypical, and possibly adverse, rearing (nursery rearing [NR]) on two dimensions of behavioral stress response in infant rhesus macaques. We hypothesized that the experience of NR and possession of both “high-risk” genotypes (genotypes that are thought to confer low 5-HT function) would predict the greatest behavioral stress response to maternal/social separation. Using a matched-pair design, the impact of early experience and the serotonin transporter (rh5-HTTLPR) and monoamine oxidase A (rhMAO-A-LPR) promoter polymorphisms on behavioral reactivity of 136 infant rhesus macaques (90–120 days of age) during a 25-hr social separation/relocation procedure was assessed. Each pair included one infant reared with mother in a large, outdoor field enclosure (field rearing) and one infant reared in a nursery (NR). Pairs were matched for putative gene activity of each polymorphism, sex, age, and weight at testing. Behavioral responses in a “human intruder” test were recorded, and activity and emotional reactivity composites were created to detect different aspects of psychological adaptation to stress. Our hypothesis that high-risk groups would be the most reactive to stress was not entirely borne out. Rh5-HTTLPR × rhMAOA-LPR interactions predicted emotional reactivity and tended to predict behavioral activity scores. Carriers of the two “low-risk” alleles exhibited the lowest behavioral activity, as might be predicted, but carriers of both “high-risk” alleles were two of four genotype groups exhibiting the highest observed Emotional Reactivity. Gene × Gene interactions were exacerbated by the experience of nursery rearing, as predicted, however. Finally, we suggest that genetic or environmental factors may mitigate the risk for behavioral dysregulation illustrated in the patterns of behavioral activity and emotional reactivity displayed by infants.

Type
Regular Articles
Information
Development and Psychopathology , Volume 22 , Issue 1 , February 2010 , pp. 35 - 44
Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2010

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