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Neural activation, cognitive control, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Evaluating three competing etiological models

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  08 November 2022

Virginia Peisch Open the ORCID record for Virginia Peisch [Opens in a new window]  and
Anne B. Arnett
Virginia Peisch*
Affiliation:
Division of Developmental Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
Anne B. Arnett
Affiliation:
Division of Developmental Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA, USA Department of Pediatrics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
*
Corresponding author: Virginia Peisch, email: virginia.peisch@childrens.harvard.edu
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Abstract

Background:

Cognitive control impairments are observed across several psychiatric conditions, highlighting their role as a transdiagnostic marker. Individuals with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) have difficulties with inhibition, working memory, processing speed, and attention regulation. These cognitive control impairments may either mediate or moderate the association between neurobiological vulnerabilities and phenotypic presentation in neurodevelopmental disorders. Alternately, neurocognitive vulnerabilities in ADHD may be additive, akin to a multiple deficit model. We tested the mediation, moderation, and additive models using neurocognitive data in youth with ADHD.

Methods:

7–11 year-old children diagnosed with ADHD (n = 75) and control children (n = 29) completed EEG recordings and neuropsychological testing (full scale IQ; cognitive control). Caregivers provided ADHD symptom ratings. Correlations and linear regression analyses were completed to examine the associations among cortical functioning (aperiodic slope), cognitive control, and ADHD symptoms.

Results:

We found support for an additive model wherein vulnerabilities in aperiodic slope, event-related potentials, and cognitive control each explained unique variance in ADHD symptoms. There was some evidence that cognitive control moderates the effect of atypical cortical development on ADHD symptoms. There was no support for the mediation model.

Conclusions:

The etiology of ADHD symptoms is multifaceted and involves multiple “hits” across neurological and cognitive-behavioral factors.

Keywords

attention deficit hyperactivity disordercognitive controlEEGetiologyRDoC
Type
Regular Article
Information
Development and Psychopathology , Volume 36 , Issue 1 , February 2024 , pp. 255 - 265
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Copyright
© The Author(s), 2022. Published by Cambridge University Press

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