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Early life predictors of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptomatology profiles from early through middle childhood

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  23 August 2019

Michael T. Willoughby Open the ORCID record for Michael T. Willoughby [Opens in a new window] ,
Jason Williams ,
W. Roger Mills-Koonce  and
Clancy B. Blair
Michael T. Willoughby*
Affiliation:
Education & Workforce Development, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
Jason Williams
Affiliation:
Education & Workforce Development, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA Substance Use, Prevention, Evaluation and Research Program, RTI International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
W. Roger Mills-Koonce
Affiliation:
School of Education, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
Clancy B. Blair
Affiliation:
Department of Applied Psychology, New York University, New York, NY, USA
*
Author for Correspondence: Michael T. Willoughby, RTI International, Post Office Box 12194, 3040 Cornwallis Road, Research Triangle Park, NC27709-2194. E-mail: mwilloughby@rti.org
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Abstract

This study used repeated measures data to identify developmental profiles of elevated risk for ADHD (i.e., six or more inattentive and/or hyperactive-impulsive symptoms), with an interest in the age at which ADHD risk first emerged. Risk factors that were measured across the first 3 years of life were used to predict profile membership. Participants included 1,173 children who were drawn from the Family Life Project, an ongoing longitudinal study of children's development in low-income, nonmetropolitan communities. Four heuristic profiles of ADHD risk were identified. Approximately two thirds of children never exhibited elevated risk for ADHD. The remaining children were characterized by early childhood onset and persistent risk (5%), early childhood limited risk (10%), and middle childhood onset risk (19%). Pregnancy and delivery complications and harsh-intrusive caregiving behaviors operated as general risk for all ADHD profiles. Parental history of ADHD was uniquely predictive of early onset and persistent ADHD risk, and low primary caregiver education was uniquely predictive of early childhood limited ADHD risk. Results are discussed with respect to how changes to the age of onset criterion for ADHD in DSM5 may affect etiological research and the need for developmental models of ADHD that inform ADHD symptom persistence and desistance.

Keywords

age-of-onset criterionattention deficit hyperactivity disorderetiologylatent class analysis
Type
Regular Articles
Information
Development and Psychopathology , Volume 32 , Issue 3 , August 2020 , pp. 791 - 802
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Copyright
Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2019

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