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Early experiences of insensitive caregiving and children's self-regulation: Vagal tone as a differential susceptibility factor

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  03 January 2020

Michael A. Skibo ,
Melissa L. Sturge-Apple Open the ORCID record for Melissa L. Sturge-Apple [Opens in a new window]  and
Jennifer H. Suor
Michael A. Skibo
Affiliation:
Department of Social Sciences, State University of New York, Westchester, NY, USA
Melissa L. Sturge-Apple*
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, University of Rochester and Mt. Hope Family Center, Rochester, NY, USA
Jennifer H. Suor
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, University of Rochester, Rochester, NY, USA
*
Author for Correspondence: Melissa Sturge-Apple, Mt. Hope Family Center and Department of Psychology, University of Rochester, Rochester, New York, 14627. E-mail: melissa.sturge-apple@rochester.edu.
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Abstract

A considerable body of research has linked parenting to the development of children's self-regulation. However, few studies have considered different domains of self-regulation, the effects of early caregiving behaviors, and whether or not parenting influences children equally. Towards this, the present investigation tested how early maternal insensitivity was associated with difficulties in children's effortful control in early childhood and their regulation of negative emotions during the early school years. Further, we tested whether children's resting vagal tone may operate as a susceptibility factor, consistent with differential susceptibility models. The sample included 220 pairs of mothers and their children who were assessed at 18 months, 3.5 years and 5 years of age. Laboratory visits consisted of observational paradigms and survey assessments. Early maternal insensitivity at 18 months of age forecasted difficulties with effortful control at age 3.5. Moreover, effortful control at age 3.5 was associated with greater anger, but not sadness, regulation at age 5. Consistent with differential susceptibility, children's resting vagal tone at 18 months of age moderated the role of early caregiving on children's effortful control. The findings suggest that low resting vagal tone may operate as a differential susceptibility factor in process models testing associations between early caregiving environments and children's self-regulation.

Keywords

differential susceptibilityparentingrespiratory sinus arrhythmiaself-regulation
Type
Regular Articles
Information
Development and Psychopathology , Volume 32 , Special Issue 4: Conceptualizing and Interrogating Autism Spectrum Disorder from a Developmental Psychopathology Framework , October 2020 , pp. 1460 - 1472
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Copyright © Cambridge University Press 2020

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