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Lyman Beecher and Connecticut Orthodoxy's Campaign against the Unitarians, 1819–1826

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  28 July 2009

Sidney E. Mead
Affiliation:
Chicago, Illinois

Extract

In 1819 the orthodox Congregationalists of Connecticut suddenly turned from almost complete absorption in the internal affairs of their own little state of “sober habits,” and launched a determined offensive against the Unitarians of Boston and vicinity. This campaign they carried on with vigor through the following seven years. Then they dropped it almost as suddenly as they had taken it up, and became involved in dissension within their own ranks, climaxed by the controversy between Nathaniel W. Taylor of Yale and Bennet Tyler of East Windsor and Hartford. This study sketches the background and some of the events of the campaign against the Unitarians in an attempt to indicate why the Connecticut group were not involved before 1819, why they conducted the campaign as they did, and why they suddenly lost interest in 1826. Since Lyman Beecher, minister at Litchfield, Connecticut, was the outstanding leader of the orthodox during this period, the answers to these questions are to be found largely in a study of his work.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © American Society of Church History 1940

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References

1 Cooke, George Willis, Unitarianism im America (Boston, 1902), 283Google Scholar; Van Wyck Brooks, , The Flowering of New England, 1815–1865 (New York, 1936), 6072.Google Scholar

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4 This is abundantly documented by the study of Morse, James King, Jedediah Morse: a Champion of New England Orthodoxy (New York, 1939).Google Scholar

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6 “Review of American Unitarianism,” Panoplist, XI (06, 1815), 241272Google Scholar. This review, attributed to Jeremiah Evarts, was published anonymously. Morse (Jedeaiah Morse, 146Google Scholar) says it is likely that Jedediah Morse collaborated in its writing. He was almost universally blamed for it.

7 Are fou a Christian or a Calvinist? or Do You Prefer the Authority of Christ to that of the Genevan Reformer? Both the Form and Spirit of these Questions Being Suggested by the Late Review of American Unitarianism in the Panoplist, and By the Rev. Mr. Worcester's Letter to Mr. Channing, to which are added some strictures on both these works (Boston, 1815), 34.Google Scholar

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11 Beecher, Lyman, Autobiography, Correspondence, Etc. of Lyman Beeeher, D.D., ed. Beecher, Charles (New York, 1866), I, 342.Google Scholar

12 Ibid., I, 260.

13 Ibid., I, 253.

14 Ibid., I, 254.

15 Ibid., I, 257–258.

16 Purcell, Richard J., Connecticut in Transition, 1775–1818 (Washington, 1918), 324326.Google Scholar

17 Beecher, , Autobiography, I, 329.Google Scholar

18 Beecher, , Autobiography, I, 344.Google Scholar

19 Ibid., I, 451–452.

20 Sweet, William Warren, The Story of Religions in America, (New York, 1930), 349.Google Scholar

21 Beecher, Lyman, “The Designs, Rights, and Duties of Local Churches,” Works, II, 204243Google Scholar. See also, Bacon, Leonard, Sermon at the Funeral of Rev. Lyman Beecher, D.D., in Plymouth Church, Brooklyn, 01 14, 1863 (New York, 1863), 17.Google Scholar

22 Autobiography, I, 449.Google Scholar

24 Ibid., I, 542.

25 Ibid., 543.

26 Ibid., II, 187.

27 Ibid., I, 389.

28 Ibid., I, 439.

29 Professor C.H. Faust, in his excellent article, “The Background of the Unitarian Opposition to Transcendentalism,” Modern Philology, XXXV (02, 1938), 297324Google Scholar, calls attention to these three phases of the controversy, quoting an anonymous Calvinistie reviewer of Channing's “Unitarian Christianity Most Favorable to Piety” (A review of the Rev. Dr. Channing's discourse preached at the dedication of the Second Congregational Unitarian Church, New York, December 7, 1826 [Boston, 1827], 313Google Scholar), as the basis for his own observations. The present writer shares Professor Faust's conviction that this aspect of the controversy has not received the attention and treatment its importance deserves.

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34 Ibid., p. 227.

35 “Review Reviewed,” The Christian Spectator, VI (1824), 369.Google Scholar

36 The Unitarians had been using this tactic since early in the controversy with the Connecticut orthodox, as a glance through The Christian Disciple for the period will indicate. Especially pertinent is the article, “Orthodox Denunciations,” (IV [1822], 86–90), in which Ely's Contrast Between Hopkinsianism and Calvinism, first published in 1811, was used with telling effectiveness, in pointing out the differences between Hopkinsians of New England and Calvinists of the New York Presbyterian churches. However, it was only when other events combined to cast suspicion on the New Haven group, that the argument became effective.

37 “The Oneida and Troy Revivals,” The Christian Examiner and Theological Review, IV (1827), 243265.Google Scholar

38 “Dissensions Among the Revivalists,” The Christian Examiner and Theological Review, New Series, VI (03, 1829), 104.Google Scholar

39 Ibid., 104–105.

40 Beecher called the representatives of the New England revivalists to meet with the representatives of Finney and the western revivalists, at Lebanon, New York, in July, 1827. For nine days the two parties discussed their differences, but without arriving at a solution satisfactory to either. The proceedings of the convention were published in full by the Unitarians in The Christian Examiner and Theological Review, IV (07 and 08, 1827), 357370Google Scholar. Beecher's account of the convention is found in the Autobiography, II, 89108Google Scholar. Finney's accout is in his memoirs, 201–225. Wright, C. Frederick, Charles Grandison Finney (Boston, 1891), 5795, devotes a chapter to it.Google Scholar

41 Letters of the Rev. Dr. Beecher and Rev. Mr. Nettleton, on the “New Measures” in Conducting Revivals of Religion, with a Review of a Sermon by Novanglus (New York, 1828), viiGoogle Scholar. Written in part at least, “that it may be at least known, though our heads should then be low in dust, and known by witnesses that we furnished, and that shall survive and faithfully interpret us, that some were NOT their [Finney and his followers] patrons; and especially that such names as NETTLETON, and BEECHER and PORTER, to say nothing of others, were not responsible for their devastation!