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A Review of the Comprehensiveness of Provincial Drug Coverage for Canadian Seniors*

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  31 March 2010

Paul Grootendorst*
Affiliation:
Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto Department of Economics, McMaster University Centre for Evaluation of Medicines, St. Joseph's Hospital, Hamilton ON
Dan Palfrey
Affiliation:
Department of Health Policy Planning, Merck Frosst Canada Ltd., Kirkland, PQ
Donald Willison
Affiliation:
Centre for Evaluation of Medicines, St. Joseph's Hospital, Hamilton ON Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, McMaster University Centre for Health Economics and Policy Analysis, McMaster University
Jeremiah Hurley
Affiliation:
Department of Economics, McMaster University Centre for Health Economics and Policy Analysis, McMaster University
*
Requests for offprints should be sent to: / Les demandes de tirés-a-part doivent être adressées à : Paul Grootendorst, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario M5S 2S2. (paul.grootendorst@utoronto.ca)

Abstract

Provincial government drug plans are the primary source of insurance for drugs taken by seniors in outpatient settings. The adequacy of this coverage has been called into question, given the increased clinical importance of pharma-ceuticals, shifts in the provision of health care from inpatient to outpatient settings, increased use of restrictive formularies, and reductions in provincial drug subsidies. To assess the adequacy of provincial coverage, we estimated what a typical single senior beneficiary of a provincial drug plan paid out-of-pocket in 1998 on prescription drugs covered by the public program, depending on his/her province of residence, level of drug consumption, and income. We compared provincial coverage for seniors with large drug costs. We also assessed provincial coverage of drugs that were introduced into the Canadian market between 1991 and 1998. The cost of drugs consumed by a senior in a given province and year was estimated by multiplying the average number of prescription drugs consumed by senior drug users by the average per-prescription costs. High drug consumption was defined as twice the average. We used the provincial drug cost sharing rules to estimate the senior's share of the total cost of drugs consumed. Mean out-of-pocket costs range from $42 to $1,302 per year, are lower for lower-income seniors, and increase with drug use, although the charge per drug decreases with the number used. There was up to a 12-fold variation among the provinces in the charges faced by seniors with similar incomes and drug use. All but one province limits costs to seniors with catastrophic drug costs, but there was 21-fold variation in the expenditure limits. The substantial variation in seniors' out-of-pocket drug costs raises questions about the distributive equity of drug subsidies in Canada. Recent evidence on the deleterious health effects of drug charges faced by seniors in Quebec and the fact that seniors in some other provinces face direct charges similar to those faced in Quebec raise the possibility of adverse consequences of drug charges in other provinces.

Résumé

Les régimes d'assurance médicaments des gouvernements provinciaux sont la source principale d'assurance pour les médicaments pris par les personnes âgées dans un milieu ambulatoire. La générosité de cette couverture a été mise en question étant donné l'importance clinique accrue des produits pharmaceutiques, des séjours à l'hôpital plus courts, d'une plus grande utilisation de formulaires restrictifs, et des réductions des subventions provinciales pour les médicaments. Nous avons évalué ce qu'une personne âgée typique, bénéficiaire d'un régime d'assurance médicaments provincial, a dépensé en 1998 pour des médicaments sur ordonnance couverts par le programme public selon la province où elle réside, son niveau de consommation de médicaments et son revenu. Nous avons comparé les couvertures provinciales pour les personnes âgées avec des coûts de médicaments exorbitants. Nous avons également évalué les couvertures provinciales pour les médicaments introduits dans le marché canadien entre 1991 et 1998. Le coût des médicaments consommés par une personne âgée dans une province et une année données a été évalué en multipliant le nombre moyen de médicaments sur ordonnance consommés par les personnes âgées par le coût moyen par ordonnance. La consommation élevée de médicaments a été déterminée comme étant deux fois la moyenne. Nous avons utilisé les normes provinciales du partage du coût des médicaments pour évaluer le montant des contributions d'une personne âgée pour le coût total des médicaments consommés. Les frais provinciaux moyens, variant entre 42 $ et 1 302 $ par année, sont plus bas pour les personnes âgées à faible revenu et augmentent selon l'utilisation de médicaments, bien que les frais par médicament diminuent selon le nombre de médicaments utilisés. Nous avons trouvé parmi les provinces une variation jusqu'à 12 fois les frais auxquels font face les personnes âgées avec un revenu et une consommation de médicaments similaires. Toutes, sauf une province limitent les coûts aux personnes âgées avec des coûts de médicaments exorbitants mais il existait une variation de l'ordre de 21 fois les limites des dépenses. La variation considérable des coûts des médicaments déboursés par les personnes âgées remet en question l'équité distributive des subventions pour les médicaments au Canada. L'évidence récente sur les effets nuisibles à la santé causés par le coût des médicaments auquel font face les personnes âgées au Québec et le fait que les personnes âgées dans d'autres provinces frontées à des frais directs similaires à ceux du Québec soulèvent la possibilité de conséquences adverses des frais de médicaments dans d'autres provinces.

Type
Articles
Copyright
Copyright © Canadian Association on Gerontology 2003

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Footnotes

*

This research was supported by a grant from Merck Frosst. Dr. Grootendorst is the recipient of a Research Career Award in Health Sciences from the Rx & D Health Research Foundation – Canadian Institutes for Health Research. Dr. Willison holds a CIHR/NHRDP Career Scholar award.

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