Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-89wxm Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-06T14:47:57.809Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

“Bringing Cities Back In” To Canadian Political Science: Municipal Public Policy and Immigration

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  16 December 2015

Aude-Claire Fourot
Aude-Claire Fourot*
Affiliation:
Simon Fraser University
*
Department of Political Science, 8888 University Drive, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby BC V5A 1S6, Email: afourot@sfu.ca
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Usually, the state of urban research in Canadian political science leads to pessimistic evaluations. This pessimism is belied by one emerging area of study: research on Canadian municipal public policies and immigration, which has flourished over the last 20 years. This article tracks the evolution of this research. First, I retrace how municipal policies for immigrants have been studied, and show how comparison is a central component of this literature. Second, I analyze the dynamics of agenda setting, as well as variables for decision making and implementation. Third, I make three propositions for future research, which are i) to examine the reciprocal relationship between attitudes towards immigration and local public policies and politics; ii) to study local public policy as constructions rather than responses and iii) to revisit the use of national models of integration for cities. In conclusion, I underline the positive outcomes of “bringing cities back in” to Canadian political science, not only to better understand political regulation and Canadian federalism, but also to have a more complete view of the immigrant integration policies.

Résumé

Traditionnellement, l’étude des villes et des gouvernements locaux n'est pas considérée comme un champ de recherche très dynamique au sein de la science politique canadienne. Cette perception est cependant démentie par les travaux sur les politiques publiques municipales d'intégration des immigrants qui ont généré un très grand enthousiasme au cours des vingt dernières années. Cet article analyse l’évolution de ce champ d’étude. Premièrement, il retrace la manière dont les politiques municipales d'intégration des immigrants ont été étudiées et le rôle central que joue la comparaison au sein de cette littérature. Deuxièmement, l'article analyse dans quelles configurations les villes ont mis l'immigration à leur agenda politique, de même que les facteurs expliquant la prise de décision et la mise en œuvre des politiques. Troisièmement, l'article propose des nouvelles pistes de recherche, qui sont i) analyser les interrelations entre les attitudes, la politique locale et les politiques publiques; ii) envisager les politiques publiques locales comme des constructions plus que comme des réponses et iii) revisiter l'utilisation du concept de modèle national d'intégration pour les villes. En conclusion, l'article souligne les bienfaits d'analyser le rôle des villes pour la science politique, que ce soit pour une meilleure compréhension de la régulation politique et du fédéralisme, comme des politiques d'intégration des immigrants.

Type
Immigration and Identity Politics in Canada
Information
Canadian Journal of Political Science/Revue canadienne de science politique , Volume 48 , Issue 2 , June 2015 , pp. 413 - 433
Copyright
Copyright © Canadian Political Science Association (l'Association canadienne de science politique) and/et la Société québécoise de science politique 2015 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abbott, Andrew. 2001. Time Matters: On Theory and Method. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.Google Scholar
Abu-Laban, Yasmeen. 1997. “Ethnic Politics in a Globalizing Metropolis: The Case of Vancouver.” In The Politics of the City: A Canadian Perspective, ed. Thomas, T. L.. Toronto: ITP Nelson.Google Scholar
Abu-Laban, Yasmeen and Gabriel, Christina. 2002. Selling Diversity: Immigration, Multiculturalism, Employment Equity, and Globalization. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.Google Scholar
Alexander, Michael. 2007. Cities and Labour Immigration. Hampshire: Ashgate.Google Scholar
Andrew, Caroline, Biles, John, Siemiatycki, Myer and Tolley, Erin, eds. 2008. Electing a Diverse Canada. Vancouver: UBC press.Google Scholar
Andrew, Caroline, Graham, Katherine and Phillips, Susan. 2002. Urban Affairs: Back on the Policy Agenda. Montreal: McGill University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Belkhodja, Chedly and Laaroussi, Michèle Vatz, eds. 2012. Immigration hors des grands centres. Paris: L'Harmattan.Google Scholar
Bertossi, Christophe. 2011. “National Models of Integration in Europe: A Comparative and Critical Analysis.” American Behavioural Scientist 55 (12): 1561–80.Google Scholar
Biles, John, Tolley, Erin, Esses, Victoria, Andrew, Caroline, and Burstein, Meyer. 2013. “Conclusion.” In Immigration, Integration and Inclusion in Ontario Cities, ed. Andrew, Caroline, Biles, John, Burstein, Meyer, Esses, Victoria and Tolley, Erin. Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press.Google Scholar
Bilodeau, Antoine and Turgeon, Luc. 2014. “L'immigration: Une menace pour la culture québécoise?” Revue canadienne de science politique 47 (2): 281–305.Google Scholar
Bloemraad, Irene. 2006. Becoming a Citizen: Incorporating Immigrants and Refugees in the United States and Canada. Berkeley: University of California Press.Google Scholar
Bloemraad, Irene. 2008. “Diversity and Elected Officials in the City of Vancouver.” In Electing a Diverse Canada, ed. Andrew, Caroline, Biles, John, Siemiatycki, Myer and Tolley, Erin. Vancouver and Toronto: UBC Press.Google Scholar
Bouchard, Gérard. 2011. “What is Interculturalism?” McGill Law Journal 56 (2): 435–68.Google Scholar
Bradford, Neil. 2007. Whither the Federal Urban Agenda? A New Deal in Transition. Ottawa: Canadian Policy Research Network.Google Scholar
Bradford, Neil and Andrew, Caroline. 2010. Local Immigration Partnership Councils: A Promising Canadian Innovation. Ottawa: CIC.Google Scholar
Burstein, Meyer, Esses, Victoria, Lacassagne, Aurélie and Nadeau, John. 2012. LIP-Municipal Interactions and CIC's Strategic Interests. Ottawa: CIC.Google Scholar
Chiasson, Guy and Koji, Junichiro. 2011. “Quebec Immigrant Settlement Policy and Municipalities: Fine-tuning a Provincial Template.” In Immigrant Settlement Policy in Canadian Municipalities, ed. Tolley, Erin and Young, Robert. Montréal: McGill-Queen's University Press.Google Scholar
Collin, Jean-Pierre and Léveillée, Jacques. 2003. L'organisation municipale au Canada. Un régime à géométrie variable, entre tradition et transformation. Montreal: Villes Régions Monde.Google Scholar
Collin, Jean-Pierre and Bherer, Laurence. 2008. La participation et la représentation politique des membres des communautés ethnoculturelles au sein des instances démocratiques municipales. Montreal: INRS.Google Scholar
Edgington, David and Hutton, Thomas. 2002. “Multiculturalism and Local Government in Greater Vancouver.” Working paper series. RIIM 02–06. Vancouver Centre of Excellence.Google Scholar
Favell, Adrian. 2014. Immigration, Integration and Mobility: New Agendas in Migration Studies–Essays 1998–2014. Colchester: ECPR Press.Google Scholar
Fourot, Aude-Claire. 2013. L'intégration des immigrants. Cinquante ans d'action publique locale. Montreal: Presses de l'Université de Montréal.Google Scholar
Fourot, Aude-Claire, Sarrasin, Rachel and Holly, Grant. 2011. “Comparer le Québec: approches, enjeux, spécificités.” Politiques et Sociétés 30 (1): 3–18.Google Scholar
Frisken, Frances and Wallace, Marcia. 2003. “Governing the Multicultural City-Region.” Canadian Public Administration 46: 153–77.Google Scholar
Gagnon, Alain-G and Iacovino, Raffaele. 2007. Federalism, Citizenship and Quebec: Debating Multiculturalism. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.Google Scholar
Gallant, Nicole, Bilodeau, Annie and Lechaume, Aline. 2013. “Les attitudes par rapport à l'immigration et la diversité sont-elles différentes en région?” In Les collectivités locales au cœur de l'intégration des immigrants, ed. Laaroussi, Michèle Vatz, Bernier, Estelle and Guilbert, Lucille. Quebec: Presses de l'Université de Laval.Google Scholar
Garcea, Joe. 2006. “Provincial Multiculturalism Policies in Canada, 1974–2004: A Content Analysis.” Canadian Ethnic Studies 38: 1–20.Google Scholar
Germain, Annick, Ansereau, F., Bernèche, F., Poirier, C., Alain, M. and Gagnon, J.E.. 2003. Les pratiques de gestion municipale de la diversité à Montréal. Montreal: INRS.Google Scholar
Germain, Annick et Alain, Martin. 2006. “La gestion de la diversité à l'épreuve de la métropole ou les vertus de l'adhocratisme montréalais.” In Les métropoles au défi de la diversité culturelle, ed. Jouve, Bernard and Gagnon, Alain-G.. Grenoble: Presses universitaires de Grenoble.Google Scholar
Good, Kristin. 2009. Municipalities and Multiculturalism. The Politics of Immigration in Toronto and Vancouver. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.Google Scholar
Graham, Katherine A. and Phillips, Susan D.. 2007. “Another Fine Balance: Managing Diversity in Canadian Cities.” In Diversity, Recognition and Shared Citizenship in Canada, ed. Banting, Keith, Courchene, Thomas and Seidle, F. Leslie. Montreal: IRPP.Google Scholar
Graham, Katherine, Phillips, Susan and Maslove, Allan. 1998. Urban Governance in Canada: Representation, Resources and Restructuring. Toronto: Harcourt, Brace & Company Canada.Google Scholar
Hiebert, Daniel. 2003. “Are Immigrants Welcome? Introducing the Vancouver Studies Survey.” Working Paper Series. RIIM 03–06. Vancouver Centre of Excellence.Google Scholar
Jouve, Bernard. 2006. “Défusion municipale et décentralisation à Montréal: vers une recomposition des relations entre les groupes ethnoculturels et la municipalité.” Revue canadienne de science politique 39 (1): 77–96.Google Scholar
Kataoka, Serena and Magnusson, Warren. 2011. “Immigrant Settlement Policy in British Columbia.” In Immigrant Settlement Policy in Canadian Muncipalities, ed. Tolley, Erin and Young, Robert. Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press.Google Scholar
Krasner, Stephen D. 1984. “Approaches to the State: Alternative Conceptions and Historical Dynamics.” Comparative Politics 16 (2): 223–46.Google Scholar
Kymlicka, Will. 2013. “Neoliberal multiculturalism?” In Social Resilience in the Neoliberal Era, ed. Hall, Peter and Lamont, Michèle. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar
Kymlicka, Will. 2015. “Defending Diversity in an Era of Populism: Multiculturalism and Interculturalism.” In International Perspectives on Interculturalism and Multiculturalism, ed. Meer, Nasar, Modood, Tariq and Zapata-Barrero, Ricard. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.Google Scholar
Labelle, Micheline, Legault, G., Cloutier, J., Lavoie, N. and Marhraoui, A.. 1996. “Stratégies et discours sur la discrimination systémique et la gestion de la diversité ethnoculturelle au sein des municipalités de la région de Montréal.” In Les convergences culturelles dans les sociétés pluriethniques, ed. Fall, Khadiyatoulah, Hadj-Moussa, Ratiba and Simeoni, Daniel. Sainte-Foy: Presses de l'Université du Québec.Google Scholar
Li, Peter S. 1994. “Unneighbourly Houses or Unwelcome Chinese: The Social Construction of Race in the Battle over ‘Monster Homes’ in Vancouver.” International Journal of Comparative Race and Ethnic Studies 1: 47–66.Google Scholar
Li, Peter S. 2001. “The Racial Subtext in Canada's Immigration Discourse.” Journal of International Migration 2 (1): 77–97.Google Scholar
Li, Peter S. 2003. “Deconstructing Canada's Discourse of Immigrant Integration.” Journal of International Migration and Integration 4 (3): 315–33.Google Scholar
Lithwick, Harvey and Paquet, Gilles. 1968. Urban Studies: A Canadian Perspective. Toronto: Methuen.Google Scholar
Magnusson, Warren and Kataoka, Serena. 2006. “Immigrants, Settlement, Policy.” Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Canadian Political Science Association, York University, Toronto, June 1.Google Scholar
Mahtani, Minelle and Mountz, Alison, 2002. “Immigration to British Columbia: Media Representation and Public Opinion.” Working paper series no. 02–15. RIIM. Vancouver Centre of Excellence.Google Scholar
Mévellec, Anne. 2009. “Working the Political Field in Stormy Weather: A Mayor's Role in the Quebec Municipal Mergers.” Canadian Journal of Political Science 42 (3): 773–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mitchell, Katharyne. 1993. “Multiculturalism, or the United Colors of Capitalism?” Antipode 25 (4): 263–94.Google Scholar
Noël, Alain. 2014. “Studying Your Own Country: Social Scientific Knowledge for Our Times and Places.” Canadian Journal of Political Science 47 (4): 1–20.Google Scholar
Paré, Sylvie, Frohn, Winnie and Laurin, Marie-Ève. 2002. “Diversification des populations dans la région de Montréal: de nouveaux défis de la gestion urbaine.” Canadian Public Administration 45 (2): 195–216.Google Scholar
Pierson, Paul. 2004. Politics in Time: History, Institutions, and Social Analysis. Princeton: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar
Poirier, Christian. 2006a. “Ethnocultural Diversity, Democracy, and Intergovernmental Relations in Canadian Cities.” In Canada: The State of the Federation, 2004, ed. Young, Robert and Leuprecht, Christian. Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press.Google Scholar
Poirier, Christian. 2006b. “Communautés ethniques, groupes d'intérêts et institutions à Ottawa et Vancouver.” In Les métropoles au défi de la diversité culturelle, ed. Jouve, Bernard and Gagnon, Alain-G.. Grenoble: Presses universitaires de Grenoble.Google Scholar
Qadeer, Mohammed Abdul and Agrawal, Sandeep Kumar. 2011. “The Practice of Multicultural Planning in American and Canadian Cities.” Canadian Journal of Urban Research 20 (1): 132–56.Google Scholar
Rocher, François and White, Bob. 2014. “L'interculturalisme québécois dans le contexte du multiculturalisme canadien.” IRPP Studies. no. 49.Google Scholar
Salée, Daniel. 2007. “The Québec State and the Management of Ethnocultural Diversity: Perspectives on an Ambiguous Record.” In Belonging? Diversity Recognition and Shared Citizenship in Canada, ed. Banting, Keith, Courchene, Thomas and Seidle, F. Leslie. Montreal: IRPP.Google Scholar
Sancton, Andrew. 1983. “Conclusion: Canadian City Politics in Comparative Perspective.” In City Politics in Canada, ed. Magnusson, W. and Sancton, Andrew. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.Google Scholar
Siemiatycki, Myer. 2014. “Non-Citizen Voting Rights and Urban Citizenship in Toronto.” Journal of International Migration and Integration 16 (1): 81–97.Google Scholar
Simard, Carolle. 2003. “Les élus issus des groupes ethniques minoritaires à Montréal: perceptions et représentations politiques, une étude exploratoire.” Politique et sociétés 22 (1): 53–78.Google Scholar
Shields, John and Evans, Bryan. 2012. “Building a Policy-Oriented Research Partnership for Knowledge Mobilization and Knowledge Transfer: The Case of the Canadian Metropolis Project.” Administrative Sciences 2 (4): 250–72.Google Scholar
Statistics Canada. 2012. The Canadian Population in 2011. Ottawa: Statistics Canada.Google Scholar
Tate, Ellen and Quesnel, Louise. 1995. “Accessibility of Municipal Services for Ethnocultural Populations in Toronto and Montreal.” Canadian Public Administration 38 (3): 325–51.Google Scholar
Taylor, Charles. 2012. “Interculturalism or Multiculturalism?” Philosophy & Social Criticism 38 (4–5): 413–23.Google Scholar
Taylor, Zach and Eidelman, Gabriel. 2010. “Canadian Political Science and the City: A Limited Engagement.” Canadian Journal of Political Science 43 (4): 961–81.Google Scholar
Thelen, Kathleen. 1999. “Historical Institutionalism in Comparative Politics.” Annual Review of Political Science (2): 369–404.Google Scholar
Tolley, Erin. 2011. “Introduction: Who Invited Them to the Party? Federal-Municipal Relations in Immigrant Settlement Policy.” In Immigrant Settlement Policy in Canadian Muncipalities, ed. Tolley, Erin and Young, Robert. Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press.Google Scholar
Tolley, Erin and Young, Robert, eds. 2011. Immigrant Settlement Policy in Canadian Municipalities. Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press.Google Scholar
Tossutti, Livianna. 2012. “Municipal Roles in Immigrant Settlement, Integration and Cultural Diversity.” Canadian Journal of Political Science 45 (3): 607–33.Google Scholar
Tossutti, Livianna and Esses, Victoria. 2011. How Community Leaders Perceive Immigration and Diversity. Ottawa: CIC.Google Scholar
Vatz Laaroussi, Michèle. 2005. “L'immigration en dehors des métropoles: Vers une relecture des concepts interculturels.” Canadian Ethnic Studies 37 (3): 97–113.Google Scholar
Wallace, Marcia and Frisken, Frances. 2000. “City-Suburban Differences in Government Responses to Immigration in the Greater Toronto Area.” Research paper 197. Centre for Urban and Community Studies. University of Toronto.Google Scholar
Wiginton, Lindsay. 2013. Canada's Decentralised Immigration Policy through a Local Lens: How Small Communities Are Attracting and Welcoming Immigrants. Brandon: Rural Development Institute.Google Scholar
Winter, Elke. 2011. Us, Them, and Others: Pluralism and National Identity in Diverse Societies, Toronto: University of Toronto Press.Google Scholar
Yan, Miu. 2015. “Immigration Settlement Services and Gaps in 10 selected rural communities in British Columbia.” Rural Development Institute. University of Brandon.Google Scholar
Young, Robert. 2011. “Conclusion.” In Immigrant Settlement Policy in Canadian Municipalities, ed. Tolley, Erin and Young, Robert. Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press.Google Scholar