Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-4hhp2 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-05-10T19:13:07.778Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Aboriginal Governments in Canada: An Emerging Field of Study*

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  10 November 2009

Frank Cassidy
Affiliation:
University of Victoria / Institute for Research on Public Policy

Abstract

Despite much attention, aboriginal governments in Canada have not yet been the focus of comprehensive, sustained and focussed research on the part of the academic and aboriginal communities. In this article 14 areas which require study are cited under three major headings: aboriginal communities and their governments, the components of governance and the wider policy environment. These clusters of research subjects are related in a systematic fashion. A selection of the literature is placed in context and practical suggestions for fostering co-operative approaches to research are suggested. Throughout, it is argued that a critical focus for such efforts on the part of political scientists, other scholars and analysts should be placed on the needs, experiences and goals of aboriginal peoples and their governments.

Résumé

Malgré beaucoup d'attention, les gouvernements autochtones du Canada n'ont pas encore été l'objet de recherches approfondies de la part des communautés académiques ou autochtones. Dans cet article on mentionne en trois catégories quelques 14 domaines pouvant exiger une attention particulière: les communautés autochtones et leurs gouvernements, les composantes du type actuel de gouverne et les politiques plus vastes d'environnement. De tels sujets sont liés de façon systématique. L'auteur présente une selection de la littérature sur le sujet et de son contexte tout en faisant des recommandations pour encourager des recherches sous un angle coopératif. De tels efforts de la part des chercheurs et des analystes duraient être concentrés sur les besoins, les expériences et les objectifs de ces peuples et de leurs gouvernements.

Type
Field Analysis/Orientations de la Science Politique
Copyright
Copyright © Canadian Political Science Association (l'Association canadienne de science politique) and/et la Société québécoise de science politique 1990

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

1 Bartlett, Richard H., Subjugation, Self-Management and Self-Government of Aboriginal Lands and Resources in Canada (Kingston: Queen's University Institute of Intergovernmental Relations, 1986)Google Scholar; Hawley, Donna Lea, The Indian Act Annotated (Calgary: Carswell, 1984Google Scholar); and Manitowabi, Mark, The Governing of Indian Reserves: Authorities of the Band and the Minister under the Indian Act (Ottawa: Indian and Northern Affairs Canada, 1980Google Scholar).

2 Daugherty, Wayne E. and Madill, Dennis, Indian Government Under Indian Act Legislation 1868–1951 (Ottawa: Indian and Northern Affairs Canada, 1980Google Scholar).

3 Weaver, Sally M., “Indian Policy in the New Conservative Government, Part 1: The Neilson Task Force of 1985,” Native Studies Review 2 (1988), 144Google Scholar; Getty, Ian A. L. and Lussier, Antoine S. (eds.), As Long as the Sun Shines and the Water Flows: A Reader in Canadian Native Studies (Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 1983Google Scholar); Coopers, and Lybrand, , Federal Expenditures and Mechanisms for Their Transfer to Indians. A Research Project for the Special Committee of the House of Commons on Indian Self-Government (Ottawa: Coopers and Lybrand, 1983Google Scholar); Taylor, John Leonard, Canadian Indian Policy During the Interwar Years, 1918–1939 (Ottawa: Indian Affairs and Northern Canada, 1984Google Scholar); Doerr, Audrey, “Indian Policy,” in Doern, G. Bruce and Wilson, V. Seymour (eds.), Issues in Canadian Public Policy (Toronto: Macmillan, 1974), 3654.Google Scholar

4 Cardinal, Harold, The Rebirth of Canada's Indians (Edmonton: Hurtig, 1977Google Scholar); Manuel, George and Posluns, Michael, The Fourth World: An Indian Reality (Toronto: Collier-Macmillan, 1974Google Scholar); Adams, Howard, Prison of Grass: Canada From a Native Point of View (Toronto: General Publishing, 1975Google Scholar).

5 Ponting, J. Rick and Gibbins, Roger, Out of Irrelevance: A Socio-Political Introduction to Indian Affairs in Canada (Toronto: Butterworths, 1980Google Scholar). See also Ponting, J. Rick, “Public Opinion on Aboriginal Peoples’ Issues in Canada,” Canadian Social Trends (Winter 1988), 917.Google Scholar

6 Reiber, Jesse A., Fundamental Concerns Regarding Indian Local Government: A Discussion Paper of Potential Problems and Research Areas (Ottawa: Indian and Northern Affairs Canada, 1977Google Scholar); Cassidy, Frank, On the Inherent Jurisdiction of Indian Governments (Victoria: Institute for Research on Public Policy, 1988Google Scholar); Nahwegabow, David C., Federal-Provincial Implications of Various Concepts of Indian Self-government (Ottawa: Indian and Northern Affairs Canada, Corporate Policy Branch, 1983Google Scholar) and Gibbins, Roger and Ponting, J. Rick, “An Assessment of the Probable Impact of Aboriginal Self-Government in Canada,” in Cairns, Alan and Williams, Cynthia (eds.), The Politics of Gender, Ethnicity and Language in Canada, research studies for the Royal Commission on the Economic Union and Development Prospects for Canada, Vol. 34 (Toronto: University of Toronto Press for Minister of Supply and Services Canada, 1986), 171245.Google Scholar

7 Long, J. Anthony and Boldt, Menno, in association with Bear, Leroy Little (eds.), Governments in Conflict? Provinces and Indian Nations in Canada (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1988Google Scholar).

8 Hawkes, David (ed.), Aboriginal Peoples and Government Responsibility: Exploring Federal and Provincial Roles (Ottawa: Carleton University Press, 1989Google Scholar).

9 Lysyk, Kenneth M., “The Rights and Freedoms of the Aboriginal Peoples of Canada ss. 25, 35, 37,” in Tarnopolsky, Walter S. and Beaudoin, Gerald (eds.), The Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms: Commentary (Toronto: Carswell, 1982), 467–88Google Scholar; Sanders, Douglas E., “Prior Claims: An Aboriginal People in the Constitution of Canada,” in Beck, Stanley M. and Bernier, Ivan (eds.), Canada and the New Constitution: The Unfinished Agenda, Vol. 1 (Montreal: Institute for Research on Public Policy, 1983), 225–80Google Scholar; Sanders, Douglas E., “The Rights of the Aboriginal Peoples of Canada,” Canadian Bar Review 61 (1983), 314–38Google Scholar; Berger, Thomas R., “Native History, Native Claims and Self-Determination,” in Tennant, Paul (ed.), British Columbia: A Place for Aboriginal Peoples? A Special Issue of B. C. Studies (Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 1983), 1023Google Scholar; Berger, Thomas R., “Native Rights and Self-Government,” Canadian Journal of Native Studies 3 (1983), 363–75Google Scholar; Jobson, Keith and King, Richard (eds.), Aboriginal Title, Rights and the Canadian Constitution (Victoria: University of Victoria Press, 1983Google Scholar); Slattery, Brian, “The Constitutional Guarantee of Aboriginal and Treaty Rights,” Queen's Law Journal 8 (1983), 232Google Scholar; Ayers, Nancy E., “Aboriginal Rights in the Maritimes,” Canadian Native Law Reporter 2 (1984), 184Google Scholar; and Slattery, Brian, “Understanding Aboriginal Rights,” Canadian Bar Review 66 (1987), 727–83.Google Scholar

10 Boldt, Menno and Long, J. Anthony, in association with Bear, Leroy Little (eds.), The Quest for Justice: Aboriginal Peoples and Aboriginal Rights (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1985CrossRefGoogle Scholar); and Morse, Bradford W. (ed.), Aboriginal Peoples and the Law: Indians, Métis and Inuit Rights in Canada (Ottawa: Carleton University Press, 1985Google Scholar).

11 Muller-Wolle, Ludger and Pelto, Pertti J., “Political Expressions in the Northern Fourth World: Inuit, Cree, Sami,” Etudes Inuit Studies 3 (1979), 572Google Scholar; Hemmingson, Rick H., “Jursidiction of Future Tribal Courts in Canada: Learning From the American Experience,” Canadian Native Law Reporter 2 (1985), 135Google Scholar; and Dyck, Noel (ed.), Indigenous Peoples and the Nation-State: “Fourth World” Politics in Canada, Australia, and Norway, Social and Economic Papers No. 14 (St. John's: Memorial University of Newfoundland Institute of Social and Economic Research, 1985Google Scholar).

12 Boldt, Menno and Long, J. Anthony, “Tribal Traditions and European-Western Political Ideologies: The Dilemma of Canada's Native Indians,” this Journal 17 (1984), 537–53Google Scholar; Flanagan, Thomas, “The Sovereignty and Nationhood of Canadian Indians: A Comment on Boldt and Long,” this Journal 18 (1985), 367–74Google Scholar; Boldt, Menno and Long, J. Anthony, “A Reply to Flanagan's Comments: ‘The Sovereignty and Nationhood of Canadian Indians: A Comment on Boldt and Long’,” this Journal 19 (1986), 151–53.Google Scholar

13 Cassidy, Frank, Indian Status and Band Membership: Citizenship, Self-Government, and the Revised Indian Act (Victoria: Institute for Research and Public Policy, 1988Google Scholar).

14 Opekekew, D., “Self-Identification and Cultural Preservation: A Commentary on Recent Indian Act Amendments,” Canadian Native Law Reporter 2 (1986), 125.Google Scholar

15 Asch, Michael, Home and Native Land: Aboriginal Rights and the Canadian Constitution (Toronto: Methuen, 1984Google Scholar).

16 Dacks, Gurston, “The Case Against Dividing the Northwest Territories,” Canadian Public Policy 12 (1986), 202–13CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Dacks, Gurston, Liberal-Democratic Society and Government in Canada (Yellowknife: Western Constitutional Forum, 1983Google Scholar); Robertson, Gordon, Northern Provinces: A Mistaken Goal (Montreal: Institute for Research on Public Policy, 1985Google Scholar); Keith, R. F. and Wright, J. B., Northern Transitions: Second National Workshop on People, Resources and the Environment North of 60 Degrees (Ottawa: Canadian Arctic Resources Committee, 1978Google Scholar); Drury, C. M., Constitutional Development in the Northwest Territories: Report of the Special Representative (Hull: Minister of Supply and Services Canada, 1979Google Scholar).

17 McMurtry, William R. and Pratt, Alan, “Indians and the Fiduciary Concept, Self-Government and the Constitution: Guerin in Perspective,” Canadian Native Law Reporter 3 (1986), 1946Google Scholar; McNeil, Kent, “The Constitution Act, 1982, Sections 25 and 35,” Canadian Native Law Reporter 1 (1988), 113Google Scholar; Zlotkin, Norman, Unfinished Business: Aboriginal Peoples and the 1983 Constitutional Conference (Kingston: Queen's University Institute of Intergovernmental Relations, 1983Google Scholar); Schwartz, Brian, First Principles, Second Thoughts: Aboriginal Peoples, Constitutional Reform and Canadian Statecraft (Montreal: Institute for Research and Public Policy, 1986Google Scholar); Sanders, Douglas E., “The Indian Lobby,” in Banting, Keith and Simeon, Richard (eds.), And No One Cheered: Federalism, Democracy and the Constitution Act (Toronto: Methuen, 1983), 301–32Google Scholar; Robinson, Eric and Quinney, Henry Bird, The Infested Blanket: Canada's Constitution and the Genocide of Indian Nations (Winnipeg: Queenston House, 1985Google Scholar); Nakatshura, Shaun, “A Constitutional Right of Indian Self-Government,” University of Toronto Law Review 43 (1985), 7299Google Scholar; Stevenson, Brian, “Political Integration and Self-Government: Hegemonic and Counterhegemonic Discourse” (unpublished M.A. thesis, Department of Political Science, University of Victoria, 1986Google Scholar); and Barsh, R. L. and Henderson, J. W., “Aboriginal Rights, Treaty Rights and Human Rights: Indian Tribes and Constitutional Renewal,” Journal of Canadian Studies 17 (1982), 5581.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

18 Canada, House of Commons, Report of the Special Committee, Indian Self-Government in Canada (Ottawa: Minister of Supply and Services Canada, 1983Google Scholar).

19 Gibbins, Roger and Ponting, J. Rick, “The Paradoxical Nature of the Penner Report,” Canadian Public Policy 10 (1984), 221–24Google Scholar; Tennant, Paul, “Indian Self-Government: Progress or Stalemate?,” Canadian Public Policy 10 (1984), 211–15CrossRefGoogle Scholar; and Weaver, Sally, “A Commentary on the Penner Report,” Canadian Public Policy 10 (1984), 215–21.Google Scholar

20 Bear, Leroy Little, Boldt, Menno and Long, J. Anthony (eds.), Pathways to Self-Determination: Canadian Indians and the Canadian State (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1984Google Scholar).

21 Boldt and Long, The Quest for Justice.

22 Cassidy, Frank and Bish, Robert L., Indian Government: Its Meaning in Practice (Victoria: Oolichan Books and the Institute for Research on Public Policy, 1989Google Scholar).

23 Cassidy, Indian Status and Band Membership.

24 Taylor, John Leonard, Indian Band Self-Government in the 1960's: A Case Study of Walpole Island (Ottawa: Indian and Northern Affairs Canada, Treaties and Historical Research Centre, 1984Google Scholar); Allen, W. Graham, “Bill C-93: Sechelt Self-Government Legislation,” paper prepared for Indians and the Law 111, Continuing Legal Education, Vancouver, April 1986Google Scholar; and Allen, W. GrahamSechelt Indian Self-Government,” paper prepared for Self-Government Project: First Nations’ Government Structures and Powers Conference, University of British Columbia, May 1988.Google Scholar

25 Sinclair, William F., Native Self-Reliance Through Resource Development (Vancouver: Hemlock Printers, 1984Google Scholar).

26 Cassidy, Frank and Dale, Norman, After Native Claims? The Implications of Comprehensive Claims Settlements for Natural Resources in British Columbia (Victoria: Institute for Research on Public Policy and Oolichan Press, 1988Google Scholar).

27 Hall, John E., Commissioner, The Report of the Commission of Inquiry Concerning Certain Matters Associated with the Westbank Indian Band (Ottawa: Minister of Supply and Services Canada, 1988Google Scholar).

28 Siggner, Andrew J., “Socio-Demographic Conditions of Registered Indians,” Canadian Social Trends (Winter 1986), 29Google Scholar; Hawthorn, H. B., A Survey of the Contemporary Indians of Canada, 2 vols. (Ottawa: Queen's Printer, 1966Google Scholar) and Holmes, J., Bill C-31—Equality or Disparity: The Effects of the New Indian Act on Native Women (Ottawa: Canadian Advisory Council on the Status of Women, 1987Google Scholar). 29 Driben, Paul and Trudeau, Robert S., When Freedom is Lost: The Dark Side of the Relationship Between Government and the Fort Hope Band (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1983CrossRefGoogle Scholar); Frideres, James S., Native Peoples in Canada (3rd ed.; Scarborough: Prentice-Hall Canada, 1988Google Scholar); and Brody, Hugh, Maps and Dreams (Markham, Ontario: Penguin, 1983Google Scholar).

30 Ponting, J. Rick (ed.), Arduous Journey: Canadian Indians and Decolonization (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1986Google Scholar).

31 Gibbins and Ponting, “An Assessment of the Probable Impact of Aboriginal Government in Canada.”

32 Wildsmith, Bruce H., “Pre-Confederation Treaties,” in Morse, Bradford W. (ed.), Aboriginal Peoples and the Law: Indian, Metis, and limit Rights in Canada (Ottawa: Carleton University Press, 1985Google Scholar); and Upton, Leslie, Micmacs and Colonists: Indian-White Relations in the Maritime Provinces (Vancouver: University of British Columbia Press, 1979Google Scholar).

33 Purich, Donald J., “Indian History, Aboriginal Rights and Prairie Treaties,” Canadian Native Law Reporter 3 (1986), 118Google Scholar; Norman K. Zlotkin, “Post-Confederation Treaties,” in Morse, Aboriginal Peoples and the Law, 272–307; Price, Richard (ed.), The Spirit of the Alberta Indian Treaties (Montreal: Institute for Research on Public Policy and Indian Association of Alberta, 1979Google Scholar); and Fumoleau, Rene, As Long as This Land Shall Last: A History of Treaty 8 and Treaty II, 1870–1939 (Toronto: McClelland and Stewart, 1973Google Scholar).

34 Raunet, Daniel, Without Surrender, Without Consent: A History of the Nishga Land Claims (Vancouver: Douglas and Mclntyre, 1984Google Scholar); Watkins, Mel, Dene Nation: The Colony Within (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1977Google Scholar); Richardson, Boyce, Strangers Devour the Land (Toronto: Macmillan, 1975Google Scholar); Berger, Thomas R., Village Journey: The Report of the Alaska Native Review Commission (New York: Hill and Wang, 1985Google Scholar); Berger, , “Native History, Native Claims and Self-Determination”; Berger, Thomas R., Northern Frontier, Northern Homeland: The Report of the Mackenzie Valley Pipeline Inquiry, 2 vols. (Toronto: Lorimer, 1977Google Scholar); and Cassidy and Dale, After Native Claims?

35 Berger, Village Journey.

36 Report of the Task Force to Review Comprehensive Claims Policy, Living Treaties: Lasting Agreements (Ottawa: Indian and Northern Affairs Canada, 1985).

37 LaRusic, Ignatius E., Negotiating a Way of Life: Initial Cree Experience With the Administrative Structures Arising From the James Bay Agreement (Ottawa: Indian and Northern Affairs Canada, Policy, Research and Evaluation Group, Research Division, 1979Google Scholar).

38 Daniels, Harry (ed.), The Forgotten People: Métis and Non-Status Indian Land Claims (Ottawa: Native Council of Canada, 1979Google Scholar).

39 Flanagan, Thomas, “The Case Against Métis Aboriginal Rights,” Canadian Public Policy 9 (1983), 331–32CrossRefGoogle Scholar and McKenzie, Wayne, Métis Self-Government in Saskatchewan. 1855 and After: Native Society in Transition (Regina: University of Regina Canadian Plains Research Centre, 1986).Google Scholar

40 Hawkes, David C., Aboriginal Self-Government: What Does It Mean? (Kingston: Queen's University Institute of Intergovernmental Relations, 1985Google Scholar); Hawkes, David C., Negotiating Aboriginal Self-Government: Developments Surrounding the 1985 First Ministers’ Conference (Kingston: Queen's University Institute of Intergovernmental Relations, 1985Google Scholar); Hawkes, David C., The Search for Accommodation (Kingston: Queen's University Institute of Intergovernmental Relations, 1987Google Scholar); Lyon, Noel, Aboriginal Self-Government: Rights of Citizenship and Access to Governmental Services (Kingston: Queen's University Institute of Intergovernmental Relations, 1984Google Scholar); and Boisvert, David A., Forms of Aboriginal Self-Government (Kingson: Queen's University Institute of Intergovernmental Relations, 1985Google Scholar).

41 All of the following have been published by the Institute of Intergovernmental Relations at Queen's University in Kingston, with the year of publication appearing in parenthesis: Cowie, Ian B., Future Issues and Coordination between Aboriginal and Non-Aboriginal Governments (1987Google Scholar); Malone, Marc, Financing Aboriginal Self-Government in Canada (1986Google Scholar); Paquette, Jerry, Aboriginal Self-Government and Education in Canada (1986Google Scholar); Bartlett, Richard, Subjugation, Self-Management (1986Google Scholar); Weinstein, John, Aboriginal Government Off a Land Base (1986Google Scholar); Peters, Evelyn J., Existing Aboriginal Self-Government Arrangements in Canada: An Overview (1987Google Scholar); Franks, C. E. S., Public Administration Questions Relating to Aboriginal Self-Government (1987Google Scholar); Sanders, Douglas E., Aboriginal Self-Government in the United States (1985Google Scholar); and Morse, Bradford W., Aboriginal Self-Government in Australia and Canada (1985Google Scholar).

42 Marshall, Rick, Getting Back to Self-Government: A Survey of the Institute's Major Publications on Policy Issues Concerning Native Peoples (Victoria: Institute for Research on Public Policy, 1988Google Scholar).

43 Breton, E. and Akian, G. G., Urban Institutions and People of Indian Ancestry: Suggestions for Research (Montreal: Institute for Research on Public Policy, 1978Google Scholar); Breton, Raymond and Grant, Gail (eds.), The Dynamics of Government Programs for Urban Indians in the Prairie Provinces (Montreal: Institute for Research on Public Policy, 1984Google Scholar).

44 Price, The Spirit of the Alberta Indian Treaties; and Schwartz, First Principles, Second Thoughts.

45 Cassidy and Dale, After Native Claims?; Cassidy and Bish, Indian Government: Its Meaning in Practice; and Wien, Fred, Rebuilding the Economic Base of Indian Communities: The Micmac in Nova Scotia (Montreal: Institute for Research on Public Policy, 1986Google Scholar).

46 Western Constitutional Forum, Partners for the Future: A Selection of Papers Related to Constitutional Development in the Western Northwest Territories (Yellowknife: Western Constitutional Forum, 1985Google Scholar); Dacks, Liberal-Democratic Society and Government in Canada; Malloch, Lesley, Dene Government Past and Future: A Traditional Dene Model of Government and Its Implications for Constitutional Development in the Northwest Territories Today (Yellowknife: Western Constitutional Forum, 1984Google Scholar); Jull, Peter, Nunavut (Ottawa: Nunavut Constitutional Forum, 1983Google Scholar); Corporation, Makivik, The Future of limit in Canada's Economic Union: Northern Partnership or Neglect? Brief to the Royal Commission on the Economic Union and Development Prospects for Canada (Montreal: Makivik Corporation, 1983Google Scholar); Inuit Committee on National Issues, Completing Canada: Inuit Approaches to Self-Government (Kingston: Queen's University Institute of Intergovernmental Relations, 1987Google Scholar); Van Wyck, Sheila (ed.), “Walpole Island: The Struggle for Self-Sufficiency: A Panel Presentation” (Occasional paper No. 3, Walpole Island Research Centre, 1984Google Scholar); Dakota Ojibway Tribal Council, Paper on Indian Self-Government (Manitoba: Dakota Ojibway Tribal Council, 1983Google Scholar); Opekekew, Delia, The First Nations: Indian Government in the Community of Man (Saskatoon: Federation of Saskatchewan Indians, 1982Google Scholar); Union of British Columbia Indian Chiefs, Self-Determination First Nations: Our Right to Choose (Vancouver: Union of British Columbia Indian Chiefs, 1982Google Scholar); Association of Métis and Non-Status Indians of Saskatchewan, Metis Self-Determination: A Discussion Paper (Regina: Association of Metis and Non-Status Indians of Saskatchewan, 1984Google Scholar); Nation, Dene, Denendeh: A Dene Celebration (Yellowknife: Dene Nation, 1984Google Scholar); Clark, Scott and Cove, John, Some Preliminary Options for the Structure of a New Gitskan-Carrier Government: A Discussion Paper (Hazelton, B.C.: Gitskan-Wet'suwet'en Tribal Council, 1985Google Scholar); Bish, Robert L., A Practical Guide to Issues in Gitskan and Wet'suwet'en Self-Government (Victoria: University of Victoria and Gitskan and Wet'suwet'en Tribal Council, 1985Google Scholar); Cassidy, Frank, Everything Must he Done in Public (Prince George, B. C.: Carrier Sekani Government Commission, 1988Google Scholar); Native Council of Canada, Native Self-Government and the Delivery of Educational, Cultural, Social and Economic Services: An Interim Report (Ottawa: Native Council of Canada, 1982Google Scholar); Native Council of Canada, Bill C-31 and the New Indian Act: Applying for Status (Ottawa: Native Council of Canada, Indian Act Secretariat, 1986Google Scholar); Native Council of Canada, Bill C-31 and the New Indian Act: Protecting Your Rights (Ottawa: Native Council of Canada, Indian Act Secretariat, 1986Google Scholar); Dunn, Martin, Access to Survival: A Perspective on Aboriginal Self-Government for the Constituency of the Native Council of Canada (Kingston: Queen's University Institute of Intergovernmental Relations, 1986Google Scholar); and Assembly of First Nations, Answers to Your Questions About First Nations’ Self-Government (Ottawa: Assembly of First Nations, 1985Google Scholar).

47 Siggner, “Socio-Demographic Conditions of Registered Indians.”

48 Frideres, Native Peoples in Canada and Canadian Bar Association, Report of the Canadian Bar Association Committee on Aboriginal Rights in Canada: An Agenda for Action (Ottawa: Canadian Bar Association, 1988Google Scholar).

49 See Tom Porter, “Traditions of the Constitution of the Six Nations,” in Little Bear, Boldt and Long, Pathways to Self-Determination, 14–21.

50 Holmes, Bill C-31—Equality or Disparity.

51 Cassidy and Dale, After Native Claims?; and Sinclair, Native Self-Reliance Through Resource Development.

52 Price, The Spirit of Alberta Indian Treaties.

53 Cassidy and Dale, After Native Claims?

54 Improved Program Delivery: A Study Team Report to the Task Force on Program Review April 1985 (Ottawa: Supply and Services Canada, 1986).

55 Allen, “Bill C-93: Sechelt Self-Government Legislation.”

56 Cassidy, On the Inherent Jurisdiction of Indian Governments.

58 Bradford W. Morse, “The Resolution on Land Claims,” in Morse, Aboriginal Peoples and the Law, 617–83.

59 Weinstein, Aboriginal Government Off a Land Base.

60 Marie Smallface Marule, “Traditional Indian Government: Of the People, By the People, For the People,” in Little Bear, Boldt and Long, Pathways to Self-Determination, 36–45.

61 Cassidy and Bish, Indian Government: Its Meaning in Practice.

64 Malone, Financing Aboriginal Self-Government in Canada.

65 Holmes, Bill C-31—Equality or Disparity.

66 Canadian Bar Association, Report of the Committee on Aboriginal Rights in Canada.

67 Morse, Aboriginal Self-Government in Australia and Canada; and Sanders, Aboriginal Self-Government in the United States.