Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-2lccl Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-26T22:10:56.230Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Cognition and the Basal Ganglia: A Possible Substrate for Procedural Knowledge

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  05 January 2016

Anthony G. Phillips  and
Geoffrey D. Carr
Anthony G. Phillips*
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver
Geoffrey D. Carr
Affiliation:
Department of Psychology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver
*
Department of Psychology, The University of British Columbia, 2136 West Mall, Vancouver, B.C., Canada V6T 1Y7
Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract:

Core share and HTML view are not available for this content. However, as you have access to this content, a full PDF is available via the ‘Save PDF’ action button.

Disruption of neural activity within the basal ganglia of experimental animals causes selective learning deficits in tasks requiring switching between response strategies. These data along with reports of both general and specific intellectual impairment in patients with neurodegenerative disorders such as Parkinson's disease, appear to support the theory of cognitive functions of the basal ganglia. Recent studies have failed to confirm general cognitive or memory deficits in parkinsonian patients, but have identified deficiencies in devising and executing certain cognitive strategies. Following the lead of theorists such as Squire and Mishkin, this brief review emphasizes the distinction between procedural and declarative knowledge and examines the possible role of the basal ganglia in the acquisition and retention of procedural knowledge.

Type
Research Article
Information
Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences , Volume 14 , Issue S3 , August 1987 , pp. 381 - 385
Copyright
Copyright © Canadian Neurological Sciences Federation 1987

References

REFERENCES

1.Buchwald, NA, Hull, CD, Levine, MS, et al. The basal ganglia and the regulation of response and cognitive sets. In: Brazier, MAB, ed. Growth and Development of the Brain. New York: Raven Press, 1975: 171–189.Google Scholar
2.ôberg, RGE, Divac, I.“Cognitive” functions of the neostriatum. In: Divac, I, Oberg, RGE,eds. The Neostriatum. London: Pergamon, 1979: 291–313.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
3.Stern, Y.Behavior and the basal ganglia. In: Mayeux, R and Rosen, WG. eds. The Dementias. New York: Raven Press, 1983:195–209.Google Scholar
4.Marsden, CD.The mysterious motor function of the basal ganglia: The Robert Wartenberg lecture. Neurol 1982; 32: 514–539.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
5.Squire, LR.Mechanisms of memory. Science 1986; 232: 1612–1619.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
6.Squire, LR, Cohen, NJ.Human memory and amnesia. In: Lynch, G,Mcgaugh, JL, Weinberger, NM, eds. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory. New York: The Guilford Press, 1984: 3–64.Google Scholar
7.Mishkin, M, Malamut, B, Bachevalier, J.Memories and habits: Two neural systems. In: Lynch, G, Mcgaught, JL, Weinberger, NM, eds. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory. New York: The Guilford Press, 1984: 65–77.Google Scholar
8.Gross, CG, Chorover, SL, Cohen, SM.Caudate, cortical, hippocampal and dorsal thalamic lesions in rats: Alternation and Hebb-Williams maze performance. Neuropsychol 1965; 3: 53–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
9.Divac, I, Mar Kowitsch, HJ, Pritzel, M.Behavioral and anatomical consequences of small intrastriatal injections of kainic acid in the rat. Brain Res 1978; 151: 523–532.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
10.Rosvold, HE, Mishkin, M, Szwarcbart, MK.Effects of subcortical lesions in monkeys on visual-discrimination and single alternation performance. J Comp Physiol Psychol 1958; 51: 437–444.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
11.Kolb, B.Studies of the caudate-putamen and dorsomedial thalamic nucleus of the rat: implications for mammalian frontal-lobe functions. Physiol Behav 1977; 18: 237–244.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
12.Livesey, PJ, Muter, V.Functional differentiation within the neostriatum of the rat using electrical (blocking) stimulation during discrimination learning. J Comp Physiol Psychol 1976; 90: 203–211.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
13.Mitcham, JC, Thomas, RK.Effects of substantia nigra and caudatenucleus lesions on avoidance learning in rats. J Comp Physiol Psychol 1972; 81: 101–107.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
14.Sanberg, PR, Lehman, J, Fibiger, HC.Impaired learning and mem-ory after kainic acid lesions of the striatum: a behavioural model of Huntington’s disease. Brain Res 1978; 149: 546–551.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
15.Fibiger, HC, Phillips, AG.Retrograde amnesia after electrical stimu-lation of the substantia nigra: Mediation by the dopaminergic nigro-neostriatal bundle. Brain Research 1976; 116: 23–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
16.Winocur, G.Comments on Kirby and Polgar’s interpretation of caudate nucleus function. Physiol Psychol 1975; 3: 255–256.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
17.Fibiger, HC, Phillips, AG, Zis, AP.Deficits in instrumental respond-ing after 6-hydroxydopamine lesions of the nigro-neostriatal dopaminergic projection. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1974; 2: 87–96.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
18.Neill, DB, Grossman, SP.Behavioral effects of lesions or choliner-gic blockade of the dorsal and ventral caudate of rats. J Comp Physiol Psychol 1970; 71: 311–317.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
19.Neill, DB, Boggan, WO, Grossman, SP.Impairment of avoidance performance by intrastriatal administration of 6-hydroxydopamine. Pharm Biochem Behav 1974; 2: 97–103.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
20.Herz, MJ, Marshall, KE, Peeke, HUS.Brain stimulation and behavior: Controls and consequences. Physiol Psychol 1974; 2: 184–186.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
21.Butters, N, Rosvold, HE.Effect of caudate and septal nucleus lesions on resistance to extinction and delayed alternation. J Comp Physiol Psychol 1968; 65: 397–403.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
22.Divac, I, Rosvold, HE, Szwarcbart, M.Behavioral effects of selec-tive ablation of the caudate nucleus. J Comp Physiol Psychol 1967; 63: 184–190.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
23.Cohen, SM.Electrical stimulation of cortical-caudate pairs during delayed successive visual discrimination in monkeys. Acta Neurobiol Exp 1972; 32: 211–233.Google ScholarPubMed
24.Phillips, AG.Electrical stimulation of the neostriatum in behaving animals. In: Divac, I.Oberg, RGE, eds. The Neostriatum. London: Pergamon, 1979: 183–194.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
25.Beninger, RJ, Mason, ST, Phillips, AG, et al. The use of conditioned suppression to evaluate the nature of neuroleptic-induced avoidance deficits. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1980; 213: 623–627.Google ScholarPubMed
26.Reitan, RM, Boll, TJ.Intellectual and cognitive functions in Parkinson’s disease. J Consult Clin Psychol 1971; 37: 364–369.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
27.Loranger, AW, Goodell, H, Mcdowell, FH, et al. Intellectual impair-ment in Parkinson’s syndrome. Brain 1972; 95: 405–412.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
28.Pirozzola, FJ, Hansch, EC, Mortimer, JA, et al. Dementia in Parkinson’s disease: a neuropsychological analysis. Brain Cognit 1982; 1: 71–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
29.Bowen, FP, Hoenh, MM, Yahr, MD.Parkinsonism: alterations in spacial orientation as determined by a route-walking test. Neuropsychologia 1972; 10: 355–361.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
30.Stern, Y, Mayeux, R, Rosen, J, et al. Perceptual motor dysfunction in Parkinson’s disease: a deficit in sequential and predictive voluntary movement. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiat 1983; 46: 145–151.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
31.Sagar, HJ, Cohen, NJ, Corkin, S, et al. Dissociations among pro-cesses in remote memory. Ann NY Acad Sci 1985; 442: 533–535.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
32.Riklan, M, Whelihan, W, Cullinan, T.Levodopa and psychometric test performance in parkinsonism — 5 years later. Neurology 1976; 26: 173–179.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
33.Taylor, AE, Saint-Cyr, JA, Lang, AE.Frontal lobe dysfunction in Parkinson’s disease: The cortical focus of neostriatal outflow. Brain 1986; 109: 845–883.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
34.Taylor, AE, Saint-Cyr, JA, Lang, AE.Parkinson’s disease: Cogni-tive changes in relation to treatment response. Brain 1987; 110: in press.Google Scholar
35.Bowen, FP.Behavioral alterations in patients with basal ganglialesions. Res Pub Assoc Res Nerv Ment Dis 1976; 55: 169–189.Google Scholar
36.Mathews, CG, Haaland, KY.The effect of symptom duration on cognitive and motor performance in parkinsonism. Neurology 1979; 29: 951–956.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
37.Cools, AR, van den Bercken, JHL, Horstink, MWI, et al. Cognitive and motor shifting aptitude disorders in Parkinson’s disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiat 1984; 47: 443–453.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
38.Lees, AJ, Smith, E.Cognitive deficits in the early stages of Parkinson’s disease. Brain 1983; 106: 257–270.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
39.Flowers, KA, Robertson, C.The effect of Parkinson’s disease on the ability to maintain mental set. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiat 1985; 48: 517–529.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
40.Flowers, K.Lack of prediction in the motor behavior of parkinsonism. Brain 1978; 101: 35–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
41.Day, BL, Marsden, CD.Two strategies for learning a visually guided motor task. Percept Mot Skills 1982; 55: 1003–1016.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
42.Saint-Cyr, JA, Taylor, AE, Lang, AE.Neuropsychological corre-lates of the fronto cortical “complex loop” in neurological patients. Soc Neurosci Abst 1986; 12: 317.1.Google Scholar