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LABORATORY STUDIES ON THE PERSISTENCE AND BEHAVIOUR IN SOIL OF FOUR PYRETHROID INSECTICIDES

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  31 May 2012

C. R. Harris ,
R. A. Chapman  and
Carol Harris
C. R. Harris
Affiliation:
Research Centre, Agriculture Canada, London, Ontario N6A 5B7
R. A. Chapman
Affiliation:
Research Centre, Agriculture Canada, London, Ontario N6A 5B7
Carol Harris
Affiliation:
Research Centre, Agriculture Canada, London, Ontario N6A 5B7
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Abstract

In direct contact toxicity tests with four pyrethroid and three standard insecticides, using 24–48 h old crickets, Acheta pennsylvanicus (Burmeister), as test insects, carbofuran was most toxic > cypermethrin > fensulfothion > chlorpyrifos > fenvalerate > fenpropanate > permethrin. In moist (5% water) Plainfield sand, using the same test insect, chlorpyrifos was most toxic > carbofuran > fenpropanate > cypermethrin > permethrin > fenvalerate > fensulfothion, i.e. the pyrethroids, although quite strongly adsorbed by soil, were still moderately active as soil insecticides. All pyrethroids were less toxic in muck soil as compared with Plainfield sand, and in air-dry (0.5% water) as compared with moist (5% water) Plainfield sand, with the effects being less on cypermethrin and fenvalerate and greater on permethrin and fenpropanate. None of the pyrethroids was affected by soil type and moisture to the same extent as was carbofuran. Permethrin, fenvalerate, and cypermethrin showed a negative temperature coefficient of toxicity in moist Plainfield sand, being from 1.4 to 1.9× more toxic at 15° than at 32°C. Fenpropanate, like carbofuran, was slightly more toxic at 32° than at 15°C. Generally, soil type, moisture, and temperature had minimal effects on the toxicity of the four pyrethroid insecticides. In persistence studies over 48 weeks, using Plainfield sand, the pyrethroids were more persistent than chlorpyrifos, but less persistent than dieldrin. Under these laboratory conditions, permethrin and fenvalerate were slightly more persistent, while fenpropanate and cypermethrin were as persistent as carbofuran. Trans-isomers of permethrin and cypermethrin declined more quickly in the sand than did the cis-isomers and of the trans-isomers the 1S,trans declined much faster than the 1R,trans while little difference was observed for the corresponding 1S- and 1R,cis-isomers.

Résumé

Dans des essais de toxicité par contact direct de 4 pyréthrinoïdes et 3 insecticides courants sur des grillons (Acheta pennsylvanicus (Burmeister)) âgés de 24–48 heures comme cobayes, le carbofuran s’est révélé le plus toxique, suivi dans l’ordre par la cyperméthrine, le fensulfothion, le chlorpyrifos, le fenvalérate, le fenpropanate et la perméthrine. Dans un sable Plainfield humide (5% d’eau) et avec le même insecte d’essai, c’est le chlorpyrifos qui est le plus toxique, suivi par le carbofuran, le fenpropanate, la cyperméthrine, la perméthrine, le fenvalérate et le fensulfothion, ce qui montre que même si elles sont très fortement absorbées par le sol, les pyréthrinoïdes demeurent relativement actives comme insecticides du sol. Toutes les pyréthrinoïdes sont moins toxiques en terre organique qu’en sable Plainfield, et en sable sec (0,5% d’eau) qu’humide (5% d’eau), ces effets se faisant sentir moins sur la cyperméthrine et le fenvalérate et davantage sur la perméthrine et le fenpropanate. Aucune des pyréthrinoïdes n’a été aussi fortement altérée par le type de sol et sa teneur en eau que le carbofuran. La perméthrine, le fenvalérate et la cyperméthrine affichent un coefficient de toxicité négatif en fonction de la température dans un sable Plainfield humide, étant de 1,4 à 1,9 fois plus toxiques à 15 qu’à 32°C. Le fenpropanate, comme le carbofuran, s’avère un peu plus toxique à 32 qu’à 15°C. En général, le type de sol, sa teneur en eau et sa température ont des effets négligeables sur la toxicité des quatre pyréthrinoïdes. Des études de rémanence au moyen du sable Plainfield révèlent qu’au bout de 48 semaines, les pyréthrinoïdes sont plus rémanentes que le chlorpyrifos, mais moins que la dieldrine. Dans ces conditions de laboratoire, la perméthrine et le fenvalérate sont légèrement plus rémanents, alors que le fenpropanate et la cyperméthrine persistent autant que le carbofuran. Les isomères-trans de la perméthrine et de la cyperméthrine disparaissent plus rapidement dans le sable que les isomères-cis, et parmi les isomères-trans, les formes 1S régressent plus rapidement que les 1R, contrairement aux formes correspondantes des isomères-cis.

Type
Articles
Information
The Canadian Entomologist , Volume 113 , Issue 8 , August 1981 , pp. 685 - 694
Copyright
Copyright © Entomological Society of Canada 1981

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