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⁶ Hawley, , “Three Facets of Hooverian Associationalism,” 108–15; Komons, Bonfires to Beacons, 21–88Google Scholar; Whitnah, , Safer Skyways, 15–23Google Scholar; Freudenthal, Elsbeth S., The Aviation Business from Kitty Hawk to Wall Street (New York, 1940), 63.Google Scholar

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⁸ President's Aircraft Board, Report of the President's Aircraft Board (Washington, 1925), 4Google Scholar; Rae, John B., Climb to Greatness, The American Aircraft Industry, 1920–1960 (Cambridge and London, 1968), 2–3Google Scholar; Hicks, John, Republican Ascendancy, 1921–1933 (New York, 1963), 174Google Scholar; Schmeckebier, Lawrence F., The Aeronautics Branch, Department of Commerce: Its History, Activities, and Organization (Washington, 1930), 4Google Scholar: Freudenthal, Aviation Business, 63; Smith, Airways, 39–40.

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¹² Report of the PAB, 7; Hearings Before the President's Aircraft Board (Washington, 1925), 1097; Warner, Edward P., “Commercial Aviation, 1923,” Journal of the Society of Automotive Engineers 15 (August 1924): 136Google Scholar; Komons, Bonfires, 28; Whitnah, Safer Skyways, 3, 14.

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¹⁴ Burkhardt, Robert, The Federal Aviation Administration (New York, Washington, and London, 1967), 5Google Scholar; Komons, , Bonfires, 26Google Scholar; Schmeckebier, , Aeronautics Branch, 6–8Google Scholar; Whitnah, , Safer Skyways, 7Google Scholar.

¹⁵ Bureau of Aeronautics in Department of Commerce, 67th Cong., 2d sess., 1922, S. Rept. 460, 2; New York Times, 24 February 1924 in Aviation Clippings, 1923–1926, MacCracken Papers, Hoover Library; Herbert Hoover to Frederick C. Hicks, 30 December 1921; “Commerce Department; Bureau of Aeronautics; Legislation, 1921”; Commerce Papers, Hoover Library. In a sense, Hoover's comment is rather odd because he certainly knew aviation was not the only industry interested in regulation. Congressman Hicks, who was preparing an address to the Aero Club, wrote Hoover asking for a comment from him on the subject of regulation. Hoover's three-sentence reply was probably spontaneous and intended to provide some sparkle for the congressman's speech. Hoover was correct in observing that aviation supporters wanted federal regulation, but he was obviously engaging in hyperbole when he said that aviation was the only industry interested in such regulation.

¹⁶ Hoover to Israel Ludlow, 21 July 1921; Hoover to Senator Joseph Frelinghuysen, 11 July 1921; Richard Emmet to Julius Meirick, 15 July 1921; “Aviation, 1920–1921”; Clarence Stetson to W. L. Brackett, 9 September 1921; “Commerce Department Aeronautics, Legislation, 1921”; all in Commerce Papers, Hoover Library; Walterman, Thomas Worth, “Airpower and Private Enterprise: Federal-Industrial Relations in the Aeronautics Field, 1918–1926” (Ph.D. diss., Washington University, 1970), 147–52.Google Scholar

¹⁷ Theodore Roosevelt, Jr., to Hoover, 8 April 1922: “Commerce Department; Bureau of Aeronautics; Legislation, 1922”; Charles D. Walcott to Hoover, 23 March 1921; “Aviation, 1920–1921”; Charles T. Menoher to John Weeks, 1 April 1921; “National Advisory Committee on Aeronautics, 1921–1926”; all in Commerce Papers, Hoover Library; New York Times, 20 April, 21 April 1921; Murray, Robert, The Harding Era. Warren G. Harding and His Administration (Minneapolis, 1969), 125, 164, 410–11Google Scholar; Trani, Eugene P. and Wilson, David L., Presidency of Warren G. Harding (Lawrence, 1977), 57.Google Scholar

¹⁸ Lester D. Gardner to Hoover, 18 June 1921; Hoover to Maurice Cleary, 25 June 1921; “Aviation, 1920–1921”; all in Commerce Papers, Hoover Library; New York Times, 21 June 1921; Walterman, “Air Power and Private Enterprise,” 314–15.

¹⁹ “Notes for Meeting of Air Craft Men Monday,” 16 July 1921; Clarence Stetson to Maurice G. Cleary, 8 July 1921; Luther K. Bell to Stetson, 20 July 1921; “Aviation, 1920–1921”; Samuel Bradley to Hoover, 11 April 1922; Howard Coffin to Hoover, 18 April 1922; “Commerce Department; Bureau of Aeronautics; Legislation, 1922”; all in Commerce Papers, Hoover Library; New York Times, 5 July 1921, 10 January 1923; editorial. Aviation, 20 November 1922, 683; Aircraft Yearbook of 1922, 33; Walterman, “Air Power and Private Enterprise,” 327–29.

²⁰ Luther Bell to Hoover, 12 November 1921; “Commerce Department; Bureau of Aeronautics; Legislation, 1921”; both in Commerce Papers, Hoover Library; New York Times, 20 September, 20 November 1921; House Select Committee of Inquiry, Inquiry, 815.

²¹ House Committee on Interstate and Foreign Commerce, Bureau of Civil Air Navigation in the Department of Commerce: Hearings, 68th Cong., 2d sess., 1925, pp. 20, 21; House Select Committee of Inquiry, Inquiry, 815.

²² New York Times, 10 January 1923; Walterman, “Air Power and Private Enterprise,” 328–30; Komons, Bonfires, 46, 50–53.

²³ Hoover to Howard Coffin, 18 April 1922, “Commerce Department; Bureau of Aeronautics; Legislation, 1922”; James W. Wadsworth, Jr., to Hoover, 27 November 1925; “Aviation; President's Aircraft Board, 1925 and undated”; all in Commerce Papers, Hoover Library; New York Times, 31 December 1921; Komons, , Bonfires, 46–53Google Scholar.

²⁴ Richard Emmet to William Lamb, 14 December 1921; “Commerce Department; Bureau of Aeronautics; Legislation, 1921,” Commerce Papers, Hoover Library; Osborn, Michael and Riggs, Joseph, ed., “Mr. Mac”: William P. MacCracken, Jr., on Aviation, Law, Optometry (Memphis, 1970), 33, 40–41.Google Scholar

²⁵ Samuel Bradley to William Lamb, 3 August 1922; Julius Klein to Richard Emmet, 25 May 1922; Hoover to Lamb, 2 June 1922; Lamb to Hoover, 9 June 1922, “Commerce Department; Bureau of Aeronautics; Legislation, 1922”; all in Commerce Papers, Hoover Library; Komons, , Bonfires, 57Google Scholar.

²⁶ Hoover to Samuel Winslow, 12 June 1922; Hoover to Winslow, 13 June 1922; Winslow to Hoover, 14 June 1922; Winslow to Hoover, 15 September 1922; “Commerce Department; Bureau of Aeronautics; Legislation, 1922”; all in Commerce Papers, Hoover Library; New York Times, 9 January 1923.

²⁷ Komons, , Bonfires, 55–57.Google Scholar

²⁸ Herbert Hoover, “Statement on Commercial Aviation”; “Aviation, 1925”; Hoover, “Speech Before San Francisco Chamber of Commerce,” Aviation, 1926; all in Commerce Papers, Hoover Library.

²⁹ Ibid.

³⁰ Ibid.

³¹ Ibid.

³² Ibid.

³³ “Aeronautical Chamber of Commerce Organizes,” Aviation, 2 January 1922, 6; “Annual Report of the Aeronautical Chamber of Commerce of America, Inc.,” Aviation, 19 February 1923, 219; New York Times, 1 January, 2 January 1922; Walterman, “Air Power and Private Enterprise,” 265–69, 324; Howard Mingos, “The Birth of an Industry,” 57–61.

³⁴ Howard Coffin to Hoover, October 1922; Sidney Waldon to Hoover, 20 October 1922; “Aviation, 1922–1924”; Commerce Papers, Hoover Library; House Select Committee of Inquiry, Inquiry, 1281; Komons, , Bonfires, 53–55, 58–60.Google Scholar

³⁵ Herbert Hoover, “Speech Before San Francisco Chamber of Commerce”; “Aviation, 1926”; press release, “Hoover Plans Greatly Improved Trade Service for West Coast”; “Aviation, 1922–1924”; J. Walter Drake, “Civil Aviation in the United States”; “Aviation, Commercial, 1925”; all in Commerce Papers, Hoover Library; “Annual Report of the Aeronautical Chamber of Commerce of America, Inc.,” Aviation, 19 February 1923, 219–20, 11 February 1924, 150.Google Scholar

³⁶ Department of Commerce, Tenth Annual Report of the Secretary of Commerce, 1922, 14, 157; House Select Committee of Inquiry, Inquiry, 1506–56; New York Times, 22 July 1922; “Annual Report of the Aeronautical Chamber of Commerce, Inc.,” Aviation, 19 February 1923, 220; “Aeronautical Safety Code Completed,” Aviation, 1 June 1925, 600.

³⁷ W. C. Mullendore to Hoover, 13 January 1925; “Aviation, 1925”; Jesse Jackson to Hoover, 19 March 1925; “Aviation, Commercial, 1925”; all in Commerce Papers, Hoover Library; New York Times, 12 August 1925.

³⁸ P. E. D. Nagle to Hoover, 30 January, 1 May 1925; “Aviation, 1925”; both in Commerce Papers, Hoover Library.

³⁹ Hoover to Dwight Davis, 12 August 1925; “Aviation, Los Angeles, 1925–1926”; Herbert Satterlee to Hoover, 23 November 1925; “Aviation, Commercial, 1925”; Satterlee to Hoover, 21 January 1926; Hoover to Satterlee, 25 January 1926; “Aviation, Commercial, 1926–1927”; all in Commerce Papers, Hoover Library; House Select Committee of Inquiry, inquiry, 816–17; New York Times, 12 August 1925.

⁴⁰ Harry Guggenheim to Hoover, 11 January 1926; Daniel Guggenheim to Hoover, 16 January 1926; Hoover press statement, 18 January 1926; Daniel Guggenheim Fund for the Promotion of Aeronautics, “Report Concerning the Aeronautical Situation in Europe”; “Aviation, Daniel Guggenheim fund, 1926 and Undated,” all in Commerce Papers, Hoover Library; O'Connor, Harvey, The Guggenheims: The Making of an American Dynasty (New York, 1937), 425–26.Google Scholar

⁴¹ Herbert Hoover, “Statement on Commercial Aviation,” 24 September 1925; “Aviation, 1925”; E. S. Gregg to J. Walter Drake, 19 September 1925; “Commerce Department; Bureau of Aeronautics; 1925–1926”; all in Commerce Papers, Hoover Library; New York Times, 8 May 1925; Walterman, “Air Power and Private Enterprise,” 457–58.

⁴² Henry Ford to Hoover, 14 August 1925; “Aviation, Commercial, 1925,” both in Commerce Papers, Hoover Library; Smith, Airways, 94; Nevins, Allan and Hill, Frank Earnest, Ford: Expansion and Challenge, 1915–1933 (New York, 1957), 238–45Google Scholar; Burlingame, Roger, Henry Ford, A Great Life in Brief (New York, 1969), 125–26.Google Scholar

⁴³ New York Times, 23 August, 26 August 1925; Komons, Bonfires, 67–68; Smith, Airways, 106–8.

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⁴⁸ Hoover to Hiram Bingham, 23 September 1925; James Wadsworth, Jr., to Hoover, 5 December 1925; Clarence Young to Hoover, 7 December 1925; Hoover to Wesley L. Jones, 9 December 1925; “Commerce Department; Bureau of Aeronautics; Legislation, 1925–1926”; all in Commerce Papers, Hoover Library; Congressional Record, 69th Cong., 1st sess., 828–30, 7314–17; New York Times, 9 December 1925; Komons, Bonfires, 80–81.

⁴⁹ Hoover, , Cabinet and the Presidency, 134Google Scholar; Smith, Airways, 98; Freudenthal, Aviation Business, 77.

⁵⁰ Hawley, “Three Facets of Hooverian Associationalism,” 112.