In 1915 (Bull. Ent. Res. vi, p. 131) Theobald described an Aphid taken on violets in Africa as Neotoxoptera violae. He has also recorded a statement by Davis that it probably is Rhopalosiphum violae, Pergande, 1900 (The Entomologist, xlix, p. 149).

The pupa is bilaterally symmetrical, that is, setae occur in similar situations on each side of the body, so that it will suffice to describe the arrangement on one side only. The setae on the two sides of the same pupa, however, often vary as regards their sub-divisions, and similar variations occur between different individuals; as an example, in Table I are shown some of the variations that were found in ten pupae taken at random. An examination of a larger number would have revealed a wider range. As a rule, a seta which is sometimes single, sometimes divided, is longer when single. For example, in one pupa the seta at the posterior angle of

the seventh segment was single on the right side, double on the left; the former measuring 266μ, and the latter only 159μ in length. This fact is not specifically mentioned in the descriptions which follow, but should be understood.

Medical Officers and others interested in tropical sanitation often find great difficulty in rapidly identifying adult mosquitos. Four Anophelines have been found in the Zanzibar Protectorate, two of these being well-known malaria carriers. The identification of the two latter with the aid of a pocket lens is quite simple.

The work of Dr. J. J. Simpson (Bull. Ent. Res. v, pp. 1–36 and Bull. Ent. Res. viii, pp. 193–214) has added largely to the knowledge of the bionomics of the larger blood-sucking insects of the Gold Coast, especially of the Northern Territories of the Colony, yet up to the present time, with the exception of the records obtained from one or two stations, singularly little is known with regard to the distribution in the Northern Territories of the smaller blood-sucking insects such as mosquitos and “sandflies.”

The danger of the introduction of yellow fever into Oriental countries has been the subject of much discussion since Sir Patrick Manson first drew attention to it in 1903. In 1911 Major (now Lt.-Col.) S. P. James, I.M.S., was deputed by the Government of India to study the conditions in the endemic areas of Central America, and in the principal sea-ports between that country and India. His report, published in 1913, was a most valuable contribution to our knowledge of the problems surrounding this subject. Among other recommendations, Major James suggested that further inquiry should be made with reference to the occurrence of Stegomyia fasciata in Far Eastern ports.

Through the courtesy of Dr. G. A. K. Marshall I have had the opportunity of examining specimens of a beetle belonging to the subfamily Hispinae of the Chrysomelidae, which is reported to be injurious to oil palms (Elaeis guineensis, Jacq.) in the Gold Coast. Concerning this insect Mr. W. H. Patterson, Government Entomologist in the Gold Coast, writers as follows:—“The beetle has suddenly become a pest, being reported as having destroyed all the expanded foliage of many thousands oil palms in one district. A similar epidemic occurred in 1909, but entirely disappeared during the following rainy season, since which time the beetle has been very rare”. From this it would appear that the extent of damage is considerable when the insect becomes numerous. Although Mr. Patterson does not indicate the nature of the damage there is no doubt that the larvae mine into the young shoots and the adults defoliate the young leaves. In a recent work (Hispinae and Cassidinae, Fauna of Brit. Ind., London 1919, pp. 10–18) I have reviewed all the Hispid pests of plants useful to man. Only two African Hispids have hitherto been noted as harmful, and these attack maize in East Africa.

In three previous papers (Bull. Ent. Res. vii, pp. 1–18; viii, pp. 73–91; and viii, pp. 135–154) we have described early stages of a number of West African mosquitos collected at Accra and at other places in the Gold Coast. The present paper deals with a few more early stages of mosquitos, for the most part collected by one of us (A.I.) in the Northern Territories of the Gold Coast, and thus fills in a gap or two in the knowledge of the life-histories of these insects.

Female. Dorsum nude and densely chitinised. Marsupium occupying practically the whole of the interior. Venter (sternites) remaining attached to the food-plant. Legs and antennae present. Cephalic margin with a strongly developed clypeus, lying prone over the mentum. Abdominal stigmata present.

The history of tsetse-fly in Southern Rhodesia up to the present year (1918) continues on the whole to be one of expansion, although on the other hand one small, but important, belt appears to have become extinct. In addition, a fly area in the Moçambique Company's territory has extended up to our eastern border, with the result that serious losses of cattle from trypanosomiasis have occurred on the farms in that region. Detailed reports on the advance or retrogression of Glossina morsitans in other parts of Africa appear to be lacking, and it is felt that in view of the position of this territory in relation to tsetse-fly a review of the situation to the present day may not be without general interest.

For the last few months I have been using a beech tree-hole in Epping Forest as a source of supply of Anopheles plumbeus; and it has been our custom to collect larvae from the hole and transfer them to the laboratory at Sandwich, where the development is continued under artificial conditions. In this way we have been able to obtain large numbers of Anopheles plumbeus and Ochlerotatus geniculatus, together with the recently discovered Orthopodomyia albionensis as an associate. Not long after finding the Orthopodomyia, I was surprised to find yet another species from the same tree-hole, two male Stegomyia fasciata, emerging from the tank containing the mixed larvae from Epping Forest. The speciemens were of normal size, and we now have them preserved in our collection here.