Hostname: page-component-5c6d5d7d68-7tdvq Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-08-07T04:16:19.607Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

3.2 Utilization of Conserved Forages

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 February 2018

P. C. Thomas*
Affiliation:
Department of Nutrition and Metabolism, Hannah Research Institute, Ayr, KA6 5HL
Get access

Extract

From the late autumn until the spring, a large proportion of the ruminant livestock in the United Kingdom, dairy cows especially, are housed indoors or sheltered and given rations of hay or silage ad libitum with supplementary feeds to provide additional energy and protein. During this period, feeding costs form the major portion of the total cost of meat and milk production and decisions about the type and quality of the conserved forage and about the amount and composition of the concentrate are of crucial economic importance. Against this background, this paper discusses the utilization of forage crude protein and considers in particular the factors influencing the supply of amino acids absorbed from the animal's gut and the implications of the use of supplementary concentrate feeds.

Type
3. The Nitrogen Supplied by and the Supplementation of Fresh and Conserved Forages
Copyright
Copyright © British Society of Animal Production 1982

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Agricultural Research Council. 1980. The Nutrient Requirements of Ruminant Livestock. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, Farnham Royal.Google Scholar
Armstrong, D. G. 1980. Net efficiencies (in vivo) of microbial N synthesis in ruminant livestock. In Proceedings 3rd Symposium Protein Metabolism and Nutrition (ed. Oslage, H. J. and Rohr, K.), Vol. II, pp. 400411. Europ. Assoc. Anim. Prod. Publ. No. 27, Braunschweig, Germany.Google Scholar
Barry, T. N. 1976. The effectiveness of formaldehyde treatment in protecting dietary protein from rumen microbial degradation. Proc. Nutr. Soc. 35: 221229.Google Scholar
Barry, T. N., Fennessy, P. F. and Duncan, S. J. 1973. Effect of formaldehyde treatment on the chemical composition and nutritive value of silage. III. Voluntary intake, liveweight gain and wool growth in sheep fed silages with and without intraperitoneal supplementation with D — L-methionine. N.Z. J. agric. Res. 16: 6468.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barry, T. N., Cook, J. E. and Wilkins, R. J. 1978. The influence of formic acid and formaldehyde additives and type of harvesting machine on the utilization of nitrogen in lucerne silages. 1. The voluntary intake and nitrogen retention of young sheep consuming silages with and without intraperitoneal supplements of D — L-methionine. J. agric. Sci., Camb. 91: 701715.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beever, D. E., Thomson, D. J., Pfeffer, E. and Armstrong, D. G. 1971. The effect of drying and ensiling grass on its digestion in sheep. Sites of carbohydrate and energy digestion. Br. J. Nutr. 26: 123134.Google Scholar
Beever, D. E., Thomson, D. J. and Cammell, S. B. 1976. The digestion of frozen and dried grass by sheep. J. agric. Sci., Camb. 86:443452.Google Scholar
Beever, D. E., Thomson, D. J., Cammell, S. B. and Harrison, D. G. 1977. The digestion by sheep of silages made with and without the addition of formaldehyde. J. agric. Sci., Camb. 88: 6170.Google Scholar
Castle, M. E. and Watson, J. N. 1976. Silage and milk production. A comparison between barley and groundnut cake as supplements to silage of high digestibility. J. Br. GrassldSoc. 31: 191195.Google Scholar
Chalupa, W. 1975. Rumen bypass and protection of protein and amino acids. J. Dairy Sci. 58: 11981218.Google Scholar
Chamberlain, D. G. and Thomas, P. C. 1979. Ruminai nitrogen metabolism and the passage of amino acids to the duodenum in sheep receiving diets containing hay and concentrates in various proportions. J. Sci. Fd Agric. 30: 677686.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chamberlain, D. G. and Thomas, P. C. 1980. Protein digestion in cows and sheep given silage diets. In Proceedings 3rd Symposium on Protein Metabolism and Nutrition (ed. Oslage, H. J. and Rohr, K.), Vol. II, pp. 422431. Europ. Assoc. Anim. Prod. Publ. No. 27, Braunschweig, Germany.Google Scholar
Chamberlain, D. G. and Thomas, P. C. 1981. The effect of intravenous supplements of L-methionine on milk yield and composition in cows given silage-cereal diets. J. Dairy Res. (In press).Google Scholar
Chamberlain, D. G., Thomas, P. C. and Wait, M. K. 1981. The effect of the rate of addition of formic acid to grass at ensilage on the subsequent digestion of the silage in the rumen and intestines of sheep. Grass and Forage Sci. (In press).Google Scholar
Clark, J. H. 1975. Lactational responses to post-ruminal administration of proteins and amino acids. J. Dairy Sci. 58: 11781197.Google Scholar
Czerkawski, J. W. 1978. Reassessment of efficiency of synthesis of microbial matter in the rumen. J. Dairy Sci. 61: 12611273.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Egan, A. R. and Rogers, Q. R. 1978. Amino acid imbalance in ruminant lambs. Aust. J. agric. Res. 29: 12631279.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ferguson, K. A. 1975. The protection of dietary proteins and amino acids against microbial fermentation in the rumen. In Digestion and Metabolism in the Ruminant (ed. McDonald, I. W. and Warner, A. C. I.), pp. 448464. Univ. New England Pub-lishing Unit, Armidale, Australia.Google Scholar
Gow, B. G., Ranawana, S. S. E., Kellaway, R. C. and Mcdowell, G. H. 1979. Responses to post-ruminal infusions of casein and arginine and to dietary protein supplements in lactating goats. Br. J. Nutr. 41:371382.Google Scholar
Harrison, D. G., Beever, D. E., Thomson, D. J. and Osbourn, D. F. 1973. The influence of diet upon the quantity and types of amino acids entering and leaving the small intestine of sheep. J. agric. Sci., Camb. 81: 391401.Google Scholar
Harrison, D. G. and McAllan, A. B. 1980. Factors affecting microbial growth yields in the reticulo-rumen. In Digestive Physiology and Metabolism in Ruminants (ed. Ruckebusch, Y. and Thivend, P.), pp. 205226. MTP Press, Lancaster.Google Scholar
Harrop, C. J. F. 1974. Nitrogenous components of the abomasal secretions. J. agric. Sei., Camb. 83: 249257.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hogan, J. P. and Weston, R. H. 1970. Quantitative aspects of microbial protein synthesis in the rumen. In Physiology of Digestion and Metabolism in the Ruminant (ed. Phillipson, A. T.), pp. 474485. Oriel Press, Newcastle-upon-Tyne.Google Scholar
Hume, I. D. 1974. The proportion of dietary protein escaping degradation in the rumen of sheep fed various protein concentrates. Aust. J. agric. Res. 25: 155165.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hume, I. D. and Purser, D. B. 1974. Ruminai and post-ruminal protein digestion in sheep fed on subterranean clover harvested at four stages of maturity. Aust. J. agric. Res. 26: 199208.Google Scholar
Ikwuegbu, O. A. and Sutton, J. D. 1981. The effect of concentration of linseed oil supplements on digestion and microbial synthesis in the stomach of sheep. Proc. Nutr. Soc. (In press).Google Scholar
Kelly, N. C. and Thomas, P. C. 1975. The effect of intravenous infusions of methionine on the voluntary intake of grass silage by sheep. J. Br. Grassld Soc. 30: 237239.Google Scholar
Kelly, N. C., Thomas, P. C. and Chamberlain, D. G. 1980. The effect of dietary inclusion of protein on milk secretion and nitrogen retention in cows given silage-barley diets. Proc. Nutr. Soc. 39: 62A.Google Scholar
Knight, R., Sutton, J. D., Mcallan, A. B. and Smith, R. H. 1978. The effect of dietary lipid supplementation on digestion and synthesis in the stomach of sheep. Proc. Nutr. Soc. 37: 14A.Google Scholar
Lindsay, D. B. and Armstrong, D. G. 1982. Post-ruminal digestion and the utilization of nitrogen. In Forage protein in ruminant animal production (ed. Thomson, D. J., Beever, D. E. and Gunn, R. G.), Occ. Publ. Br. Soc. Anim. Prod. No. 6.Google Scholar
Lindsay, J. R. and Hogan, J. P. 1972. Digestion of two legumes and rumen bacterial growth in de-faunated sheep. Aust. J. agric. Res. 23: 321330.Google Scholar
Macrae, J. C. 1980. In Proceedings 3rd Symposium on Protein Metabolism and Nutrition (ed. Oslage, H. J. and Rohr, K.), Vol. III, pp. 8891, Europ. Assoc. Anim. Prod. Publ. No. 27, Braunschweig, Germany.Google Scholar
McDonald, P. and Edwards, R. A. 1976. The influence of conservation methods on digestion and utilization of forages by ruminants. Proc. Nutr. Soc. 35:201212.Google Scholar
McMeniman, N. P. and Armstrong, D. G. 1979. The flow of amino acids into the small intestine of cattle when fed heated and unheated beans (Vicia faba). J. agric. Sci., Camb. 93: 181183.Google Scholar
Mathers, J. C. and Miller, E. L. 1981. Quantitative studies of food protein degradation and the energetic efficiency of microbial protein synthesis in the rumen of sheep given chopped lucerne and rolled barley. Br. J. Nutr. 45: 587604.Google Scholar
Miller, E. L. 1973. Evaluation of foods as sources of nitrogen and amino acids. Proc. Nutr. Soc. 32: 7984.Google Scholar
Morgan, C. A., Edwards, R. A. and McDonald, P. 1980. Effect of energy and nitrogen supplements on the metabolism and intake of silage. In Forage Conservation in the 80's (ed. Thomas, C. J.), pp. 363368. Occ. Symp. No. 11, Br. Grassld Soc, Maidenhead.Google Scholar
Oldham, J. D., Lobley, G. E., König, B. A., Parker, D. S. and Smith, R. W. 1980. Amino acid metabolism in lactating dairy cows early in lactation. In Proceedings 3rd Symposium on Protein Metabolism and Nutrition (ed. Oslage, H. J. and Rohr, K.), Vol. II, pp. 458464. Europ. Assoc. Anim. Prod. Publ. No. 27, Braunschweig, Germany.Google Scholar
Ørskov, E. R., Grubb, D. A. and Kay, R. N. B. 1977. Effect of postruminal glucose or protein supplementation on milk yield and composition in Friesian cows in early lactation and negative energy balance. Br. J. Nutr. 38: 397405.Google Scholar
Osbourn, D. F., Beever, D. E. and Thomson, D. J. 1976. The influence of physical processing on the intake, digestion and utilization of dried herbage. Proc. Nutr. Soc. 35: 191200.Google Scholar
Reis, P. J. 1979. Effects of amino acids on the growth and properties of wool. In Physiological and Environmental Limitations to Wool Growth (ed. Black, J. L. and Reis, P. J.), pp. 223242. Univ. New England Publishing Unit, Annidale, Australia.Google Scholar
Rogers, G. L., Bryant, A. M. and McLeay, L. M. 1979. Silage and dairy cow production. III. Abomasal infusions of casein, methionine and glucose, and milk yield and composition. N.Z. J. agric. Res. 22:533541.Google Scholar
Schwab, C. G., Satter, L. D. and Clay, A. B. 1976. Responses of lactating dairy cows to abomasal infusion of amino acids. J. Dairy Sci. 59: 12541270.Google Scholar
Siddons, R. C., Evans, R. T. and Beever, D.E. 1979. The effect of formaldehyde treatment before ensiling on the digestion of wilted grass silage by sheep. Br. J. Nutr. 42: 535548.Google Scholar
Thomas, P. C. 1973. Microbial protein synthesis. Proc. Nutr. Soc. 32: 8591.Google Scholar
Thomas, P. C. 1977. Ruminai fermentation and the flow of nitrogen compounds to the duodenum. In Protein Metabolism and Nutrition (ed. Tamminga, S.), pp. 4750. Centre for Agricultural Publishing and Documentation, Wageningen, The Netherlands.Google Scholar
Thomas, P. C. 1978. Measurement of the flow of digesta in the postruminal gut. In Ruminant Digestion and Feed Evaluation (ed. Osbourn, D. F., Beever, D. E. and Thomson, D. J.), pp. 3.13.10. Agricultural Research Council, London.Google Scholar
Thomas, P. C. 1980. Influence of nutrition on the yield and content of protein in milk: dietary protein and energy supply. In Factors Affecting the Yields and Contents of Milk Constituents of Commercial Importance (ed. Moore, J. H. and Rook, J. A. F.), pp. 142151. International Dairy Federation, Brussels, Belgium.Google Scholar
Thomas, P. C., Chamberlain, D. G., Kelly, N. C. and Wait, M. K. 1980. The nutritive value of grass silages. Digestion of nitrogenous constituents in sheep receiving diets of grass silage and grass silage and barley. Br. J. Nutr. 43: 469479.Google Scholar
Thomson, D. J. and Beever, D. E. 1980. The effect of conservation and processing on the digestion of forages by ruminants. In Digestive Physiology and Metabolism in Ruminants (ed. Ruckebusch, Y. and Thivend, P.), pp. 291308. MTP Press, Lancaster.Google Scholar
Thomson, D. J., Beever, D. E., Lonsdale, C. R., Haines, M. J., Cammell, S. B. and Austin, A. R. 1981. The digestion by cattle of grass silage made with formic acid and formic acid-formaldehyde. Br. J. Nutr. 46: 193207.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Trenkle, A. 1978. Relation of hormonal variations to nutritional studies and metabolism of ruminants. J. Dairy Sci. 61: 281293.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ulyatt, M. J. and Egan, A. R. 1979. Quantitative digestion of fresh herbage by sheep. V. The digestion of four herbages and prediction of sites of digestion. Л agric. Sci., Camb. 92: 605612.Google Scholar
Unsworth, E. F. and Stevenson, M. H. 1978. Preliminary studies on the digestion of silages by surgically modified sheep. Rec. Agric. Res. 26: 6368.Google Scholar
Weller, R. A. and Pilgrim, A. F. 1974. Passage of protozoa and volatile fatty acids from the rumen of the sheep and from a continuous in vitro fermentation system. Br. J. Nutr. 32: 341351.Google Scholar
Weston, R. H. and Hogan, J. P. 1968. The digestion of pasture plants by sheep. II. The digestion of ryegrass at different stages of maturity. Aust. J. agric. Res. 19: 963979.Google Scholar
Williams, A. P. and Smith, R. H. 1974. Concentrations of amino acids and urea in the plasma of the ruminating calf and estimation of the amino acid requirements. Br. J. Nutr. 32: 421433.Google Scholar