Hostname: page-component-77c89778f8-swr86 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-19T12:28:22.214Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

6.1 The Adoption of a Protein System in Nutritional Advisory Work

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 February 2018

B. R. Cottrill*
Affiliation:
A.D.A.S., Block A, Government Buildings, Coley Park, Reading, Berkshire, RG1 6DT
Get access

Extract

The concept of feeding standards for farm livestock has developed in Europe during the last two centuries (Tyler, 1975). During that time, and in the light of both experimental findings and on-farm observations, feeding standards have continued to evolve both in concept and detail. Such developments are exemplified in the recent publications by the Agricultural Research Council (1980), Hagemeister and Kaufmann (1974), Burroughs, Trenkle and Vetter (1974), and Jarrige, Journet and Vérité (1978) containing new proposals for the evaluation of dietary protein for ruminants. In view of these developments, the time is right to consider the adoption of a new protein system in nutritional advisory work.

Type
6. The Need for and the Value of Proposed Schemes in Practice
Copyright
Copyright © British Society of Animal Production 1982

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Agricultural Research Council. 1965. The Nutrient Requirements of Farm Livestock. No. 2. Ruminants. London: H.M.S.O. Google Scholar
Agricultural Research Council. 1980. The Nutrient Requirements of Ruminant Livestock. p. 121. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, Farnham Royal.Google Scholar
Balch, C. C. and Campling, R. C. 1965. Rate of passage of digesta through the ruminant alimentary tract. In Physiology of digestion in the ruminant (ed. Dougherty, R. W.), pp. 108123. Butterworths, Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
Baldwin, R. L., Koong, L. J. and Ulyatt, M. J. 1977. A dynamic model of ruminant digestion for evaluation of factors affecting nutritive value. Agric. Syst. 2: 255288.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ballinger, P. J. and Alderman, G. 1980. Report on CEC Workshop on methodology of analysis of feedingstuffs for ruminants. M.A.F.F., London.Google Scholar
Black, J. L., Faichney, G. J., Beever, D. E. and Howarth, B. R. 1982. Alternative systems for assessing the nitrogen value of feeds for ruminants. In Forage Protein in Ruminant Animal Production (ed. Thomson, D. J., Beever, D. E. and Gunn, R. G.), Occ. Publ. Br. Soc. Anim. Prod. No. 6.Google Scholar
Burroughs, W. D., Trenkle, A. and Vetter, R. L. 1974. A system for protein evaluation for cattle and sheep involving metabolisable protein (amino acids) and urea fermentation potential of feedstuffs. Veterinary Medicine. Small Animal Clinician 69: 713722.Google Scholar
Burroughs, W. D., Nelson, D. K. and Mertens, D. R. 1975a. Protein physiology and its application in the lactating cow; the metabolisable protein feeding standard. J. Anim. Sci. 41: 933944.Google Scholar
Burroughs, W. D., Nelson, D. K. and Mertens, D. R. 1975b. Evaluating of protein nutrition by metabolisable protein and urea fermentation potential. J. Dairy Sci. 58:611619.Google Scholar
Buttery, P. J. 1977. Aspects of the biochemistry of rumen fermentation and their implication in ruminant productivity. In Recent advances in animal nutrition — 1977 (ed. Haresign, W. and Lewis, D.), pp. 824. Butterworths, London.Google Scholar
Chandler, P. T., Brown, C. A., Johnston, R. P., MacLeod, G. E., McCarthy, R. D., Moss, B. R., Rakes, A. H. and Salter, L. D. 1976. Protein and methionine hydroxy analog for lactating cows. J. Dairy Sci. 59: 18971909.Google Scholar
Chalmers, M. I. and Synge, R. L. M. 1954. Ruminai ammonia formation in relation to the protein requirement of sheep. II. Comparison of casein and herring-meal supplements. J. agric. Sci., Camb. 44:263269.Google Scholar
Church, D. C. 1970. Passage of digesta through the gastro intestinal tract. In Digestive physiology and nutrition of ruminants (ed. Church, D. C.), p. 85. Oregon State University Book Stores, Oregon.Google Scholar
Cottrill, B. R. and Osbourn, D. F. 1977. The effect of source of nitrogen and energy supplementation on the utilization of maize silage by calves. Anim. Prod. 24:127128 (Abstr.).Google Scholar
Cottrill, B. R., Beever, D. E., Austin, A. R. and Osbourn, D. F. 1982. The effect of protein and non-protein supplements to maize silage on protein supply in young cattle. Br. J. Nutr. (Submitted).Google Scholar
Donaldson, Elizabeth, Offer, N. W. and Thompson, J. K. 1980. The degradability of feed proteins in the rumen. In Proc. of 4th Study Conference of the Scottish Agricultural Colleges, December 1980 (ed. Greenhalgh, J. F. D.), p. 68. COS AC, Aberdeen.Google Scholar
Earle, D. E. 1980. The choice of animal species or strain for protein quality evaluation experiments. Thesis, Aberdeen Univ. Google Scholar
Eliman, M. E. and Orskov, E. R. 1982. Effects of the feeding level of grass on the rate of outflow of protein supplements from the rumen of sheep. Proc. Nutr. Soc. (In press).Google Scholar
Evans, R. E. 1960. Rations for livestock, 15th ed. London: H.M.S.O. (Bull. Minist. Agric. Fish. Fd, Lond. No. 48).Google Scholar
Folman, Y., Neumark, H., Kiam, M. and Kaufmann, W. 1981. Performance, rumen and blood metabolites in high yielding cows fed varying protein per cents and protected soya. J. Dairy Sci. 64: 759768.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gardner, R. W. and Park, R. L. 1973. Protein requirements of cows fed high concentrate rations. J. Dairy Sci. 56: 380394.Google Scholar
Gil, L. A., Shirley, R. L. and Moore, J. E. 1973. Effect of methionine hydroxy analog on bacterial protein synthesis from urea and glucose, starch or cellulase by rumen microbes in vitro. J. Anim. Sci. 37:159163.Google Scholar
Gordon, F. J. 1979. The effect of protein content on the response of lactating cows to the level of concentrate feeding. Anim. Prod. 25: 181191.Google Scholar
Hagemeister, H. and Kaufmann, W. 1974. Der Einflus der rationsgestaltung auf die Verfug-bankeit von Protein-N bzw. Aminosaure-N in Darm der Milchkuh. Kinder Milchwintoch. For-schungsber. 26: 199.Google Scholar
Harrison, D. G., Beever, D. E., Thomson, D. J. and Osbourn, D. F. 1975. Manipulation of rumen fermentation in sheep by increasing the rate of flow of water from the rumen. J. agric. Sci., Camb. 85:93101.Google Scholar
Harrison, D. G., Beever, D. E., Thomson, D. J. and Osbourn, D. F. 1976. Manipulation of fermentation in the rumen. J. Sci. Fd Agric. 57: 617620.Google Scholar
Hungate, R. E. 1966. The rumen and its microbes. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Huntington, G. B., Britton, R. A. and Prior, R. L. 1981. Feed intake, rumen fluid volume and turnover, nitrogen and mineral balance and acid-base status of wethers changed from low to high concentrate diets. J. Anim. Sci. 52: 13761387.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jackson, M. G. 1981. Who needs feeding standards? Anim. FdSci. Tech. 6: 101104.Google Scholar
Jarrige, R., Journet, M. and Vérité, R. 1978. Azote. In Alimentation des Ruminants. 1NRA Publication, 78000 Versailles.Google Scholar
Ling, J. R. and Buttery, P. J. 1978. The simultaneous use of ribonucleic acid, 35S, 2, 6-diamino-pimelic acid and 2-aminoethylphosphonic acid as markers for microbial nitrogen entering the duodenum of sheep. Br. J. Nutr. 39: 165179.Google Scholar
McDonald, I. 1981. A revised model for the estimation of protein degradability in the rumen. J. agric. Sci., Camb. 96: 251252.Google Scholar
McDonald, I. W. 1952. The role of ammonia in ruminai digestion of protein. Biochem. J. 51: 8690.Google Scholar
MacHlin, L. J. 1976. The role of growth hormone in improving animal production. In Anaerobic Agents in Animal Production (ed. Lu, F. C. and Kendel, J.), pp. 4352. FAO/WHO Symposium, Rome, March 1975.Google Scholar
Maeng, W. J. and Baldwin, R. L. 1976. Factors influencing rumen microbial growth rates and yields: Effect of amino acid additions to a purified diet with nitrogen from urea. J. Dairy Sci. 59: 648655.Google Scholar
M. A. F. F. 1976. Nutrient Allowances and Composition of Feedingstuffs for Ruminants. LGR 21. Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food (Publications), Pinner, Middlesex.Google Scholar
Mahadevan, S., Erfle, J. D. and Saver, F. D. 1980. Degradation of soluble and insoluble proteins by Bacteroides amylophilus protease and by rumen micro-organisms. J. Anim. Sci. 50:723728.Google Scholar
Manda, T., 1979. Evaluation of nutritive value of forages by golden hamster. Jap. agric. Res. Quart. 13: 110115.Google Scholar
Mathers, J. C. and Aitchison, Elizabeth M. 1981. Direct estimation of the extent of contamination of food residues by microbial matter after incubation within synthetic fibre bags in the rumen. J. agric. Sci., Camb. 96: 691693.Google Scholar
Mehrez, A. Z. and Ørskov, E. R. 1977. A. study of the artificial fibre bag technique for determining the digestibility of feeds in the rumen. J. agric. Sci., Camb. 88:645650.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mehrez, A. Z., Ørskov, E. R. and Opstvedt, J. 1980. Processing factors affecting degradability of fish meal in the rumen. J. Anim. Sci. 50: 737744.Google Scholar
Mertens, D. R. 1977. Importance and measurement of protein insolubility in ruminant diets. Proc. 1977 Georgia Nutr. Conf. for the Feed Indust. pp. 3036.Google Scholar
Miller, E. L. 1977. Evaluating the protein contribution of feedstuffs for ruminants. In Fish meal in animal feeding. Proc. 4th Europ. Symp. International Association of Fish Meal Manufacturers, pp. 5168. Potters Bar, England.Google Scholar
Nolan, J. V., Norton, B. W. and Leng, R. A. 1976. Further studies of the dynamics of nitrogen metabolism in sheep. Br. J. Nutr. 35: 127147.Google Scholar
Oldham, J. D., Hart, I. C. and Bines, J. A. 1979. Blood hormone and metabolic responses to increased protein supply to the intestines of lactating. goats and cows. Rep. Nat. Inst. Res. Dairying, 1977-78. p. 107.Google Scholar
Oldham, J. D., Hart, I. C. and Bines, J. A. 1981. Protected protein feeding and blood hormone concentrations in lactating cows. Rep. Nat. Inst. Res. Dairying, 1980. p. 58.Google Scholar
Oldham, J. D. and Smith, T. 1982. Protein/energy interrelationships for growing and for lactating cattle. In Protein Content of Feedstuffs for Ruminants: Applications to Feed Formulation (ed. Miller, E. L., Pike, I. H. and Van Es, E. J. H.), Butterworths, London. (In press).Google Scholar
Oltjen, R. R. 1971. Non-protein nitrogen for ruminants. Proc. 1971 Maryland Nutr. Conf. Fd Manuf., pp. 711. Washington, D.C. Google Scholar
Ørskov, E. R., Hovell, F. D. DeB. and Mould, F. 1980. The use of the nylon bag technique for the evaluation of feedstuffs. Trop. Anim. Prod. 5: 195213.Google Scholar
Paton, R. A., McCarthy, R. D. and Griel, L. C. 1968. Lipid synthesis by rumen microorganisms. 1. Stimulation by methionine in vitro . J. Dairy Sci. 51: 13101311.Google Scholar
Paton, R. A., McCarthy, R. D. and Griel, L. C. 1970. Lipid synthesis by rumen microorganisms. Further characterization of the effects of methionine. J. Dairy Sci. 53: 460465.Google Scholar
Pichard, G. and van Soest, P. J. 1977. Protein solubility of ruminant feeds. Proc. Cornell Nutr. Conf. pp. 9198.Google Scholar
Robinson, J. J., McHattie, I., Calderon Cortes, J. F. and Thompson, J. L. 1979. Further studies on the response of lactating ewes to dietary protein. Anim. Prod. 29: 257269.Google Scholar
Roffler, R. E., Satter, L. D., Hardie, A. R. and Tyler, W. J. 1978. Influence of dietary protein concentration on milk production by dairy cattle during early lactation. J. Dairy Sci. 61: 14221428.Google Scholar
Roy, J. H. B., Balch, C. C., Miller, E. L., Ørskov, E. R. and Smith, R. H. 1977. Calculation of the N-requirement for ruminants from nitrogen metabolism studies. In Protein metabolism and nutrition. Proc. 2nd Int. Symp. PUDOC Crn Agric. Publ. Doc, pp. 126129. Wageningen, Holland.Google Scholar
Russell, J. B. and hespell, R. B. 1981. Microbial rumen fermentation. J. Dairy Sci. 64: 11531169.Google Scholar
Russo, S. L., Shenk, J. S., Barnes, R. F. and Moore, J. E. 1981. The weanling meadow vole as a bioassay of forage quality of temperate and tropical grasses. J. Anim. Sci. 52: 12051210.Google Scholar
Smith, R. H. 1979. Synthesis of microbial nitrogen compounds in the rumen and their subsequent digestion. J. Anim. Sci. 49: 16041614.Google Scholar
Smith, R. H. 1982. The ARC system for assessing the nitrogen value of feeds for ruminants. In Forage Protein in Ruminant Animal Production (ed. Thomson, D. J., Beever, D. E. and Gunn, R. G.), Occ. Publ. Br. Soc. Anim. Prod. No. 6.Google Scholar
Sriskandarajah, N., Kellaway, R. C. and Leibholz, Jane 1981. Retention times in the rumen of roughages and a protein supplement. J. agric. Sci., Camb. 97: 231232.Google Scholar
Stern, M. D. and Hoover, W. H. 1979. Methods for determining and factors affecting rumen microbial protein synthesis: A review. J. Anim. Sci. 49: 15901603.Google Scholar
Tamminga, S. 1978. Measurement of microbial protein synthesis in the rumen. In Rumen Fermentation and Feed Evaluation (ed. Osbourn, D. F., Beever, D. E. and Thomson, D. J.), p. 51. Agricultural Research Council, London.Google Scholar
Tamminga, S. 1979. Protein degradation in the fore-stomachs of ruminants. J. Anim. Sci. 49: 16151630.Google Scholar
Treacher, R. J., Little, W., Collis, K. A. and Stark, A. J. 1976. The influence of dietary protein on milk production and blood composition of high yielding dairy cows. J. Dairy Res. 43:357369.Google Scholar
Trenkle, A. H. 1980. Amino acid metabolism and hormonal control during growth. In Digestive Physiology and Metabolism in Ruminants (ed. Ruckebusch, Y. and Thivend, P.), pp. 505522. MTP Press Ltd., Lancaster, England.Google Scholar
Tyler, C. 1975. Albrecht Thaer's Hay Equivalents: fact or fiction. Nutr. Abstr. Rev. 45: 111.Google Scholar
Vérité, R., Journet, M. and Jarrige, R. 1979. A new system for the protein feeding of ruminants: The PDI system. Livest. Prod. Sci. 6: 349367.Google Scholar
Waldo, D. R. and Goering, H. K. 1979. Insolubility of proteins in ruminant feeds by four methods. J. Anim. Sci. 49:15601568.Google Scholar
Webster, A. J. F. 1982. Forage protein and the performance and health of the dairy cow. In Forage Protein in Ruminant Animal Production (ed. Thomson, D. J., Beever, D. E. and Gunn, R. G.), Occ. Publ. Br. Soc. Anim. Prod. No. 6.Google Scholar
Whittemore, C. T. 1977. The prediction of growth responses in pigs. In Recent Advances in Animal Nutrition (ed. Haresign, W. and Lewis, D.), pp. 158166. Butterworths, London.Google Scholar
Wohlt, J. E., Sniffen, C. J., Hoover, W. H., Johnson, L. L. and Walker, C. K. 1976. Nitrogen metabolism in wethers as affected by dietary protein solubility and amino acid profile. J. Anim. Sci. 42: 12801289.Google Scholar