Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-2lccl Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-26T17:16:00.429Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

1.2 Post-Ruminal Digestion and the Utilization of Nitrogen

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 February 2018

D. B. Lindsay  and
D. G. Armstrong
D. B. Lindsay
Affiliation:
ARC Institute of Animal Physiology, Babraham, Cambridge, CB2 4AT
D. G. Armstrong
Affiliation:
Department of Agricultural Biochemistry, University of Newcastle-upon-Tyne
Get access

Extract

The preceding paper has detailed our current understanding of the processes of N digestion in the ruminant animal as they relate to the events occurring within the reticulo-rumen. It is the purpose of this paper to consider the processes of digestion occurring principally within the small intestine and to comment on the significance of events occurring within the caecum and colon in so far as they relate to nitrogen digestion. The fate of amino acids subsequent to their absorption from the gastro-intestinal tract will also be discussed, in particular the way they are catabolized and whether this limits their availability for the synthesis of protein. Reference will also be made to purine and pyrimidine nitrogen; these products arise from the considerable content of nucleic acids in the microbial mass which leaves the reticulo-rumen and undergoes digestion in the small intestine.

Type
1. Interrelationships Between Nitrogen and Energy Metabolism in Ruminants
Information
BSAP Occasional Publication , Volume 6: Forage Protein in Ruminant Animal Production , 1982 , pp. 13 - 22
Copyright
Copyright © British Society of Animal Production 1982

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Antoniewicz, A. M., Heinemann, W. W. and Hanke, E. M. 1980. The effect of changes in intestinal flow of nucleic acids on allantoin excretion in the urine of sheep. In Protein Metabolism and Nutrition, E.A.A.P. Publ. 27 (ed. Oslage, H. J. and Rohr, K.), pp. 142–148. Braunschweig, F.R. Germany.Google Scholar
Agricultural Research Council. 1980. The Nutrient Requirements of Ruminant Livestock. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, Farnham Royal.Google Scholar
Armstrong, D. G. 1976. Proteinverdauung und absorption bei Monogastric und Wiederkäuërn. Uber. Tierenährung 4: 1–24.Google Scholar
Armstrong, D. G. 1980. Some aspects of nitrogen digestion in the ruminant and their practical significance. The 2nd Tom Miller Memorial Lecture, North of Scotland Agricultural College, Aberdeen, pp. 1–16.Google Scholar
Armstrong, D. G. 1981. Digestion and Utilisation of Energy. In Nutritional Limits to Animal Production from Pastures, C.S.I.R.O. Symposium, Brisbane, Australia. In press.Google Scholar
Armstrong, D. G. and Hutton, K. 1975. Fate of nitrogenous compounds entering the small intestine. In Digestion and Metabolism in the Ruminant (ed. McDonald, I. W. and Warner, A. C. I.), pp. 432–447. Univ. New England Publ. Unit, Armidale, N.S.W., Australia.Google Scholar
Armstrong, D. G., Savage, G. P. and Harrison, D. G. 1977. Digestion of nitrogenous substances entering the small intestine with particular reference to amino acids in ruminant livestock. In Protein Metabolism and Nutrition (ed. Tamminga, S.), pp. 55–60. Centre for Agric. Publ. and Documentation, Wageningen, Holland.Google Scholar
Armstrong, D. G. and Smithard, R. R. 1979. The fate of carbohydrate in the small and large intestine of the ruminant. Proc. Nutr. Soc. 38: 283–294.Google Scholar
Ben-Ghedalia, D., Tagari, H. and Bondi, L. 1974. Protein digestion in the intestine of sheep. Br. J. Nutr. 31: 125–142.Google Scholar
Boekholt, H. A. 1976. Nitrogen metabolism of the lactating cow and the role of gluconeogenesis from amino acids. Meded. Landbau, Wageningen 76(10): 1–207.Google Scholar
Bruckental, I., Oldham, J. D. and Sutton, J. D. 1980. Glucose and urea kinetics in cows in early lactation. Br. J. Nutr. 44: 33–45.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Burris, W. R., Bradley, N. W. and Boling, J. A. 1974. Amino acid availability of isolated rumen microbes as affected by protein supplement. J. Anim. Sci. 38: 200–205.Google Scholar
Chalmers, M. I., Grant, I., Annand, M. G. and White, F. 1977. Free amino-nitrogen used as a monitor for the uptake and movement of amino acids in sheep. J. agric. Sci., Camb. 89:541–550.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Clarke, E. M. W., Ellinger, G. M. and Phillipson, A. T. 1966. The influence of diet on the nitrogenous components passing to the duodenum and through the lower ileum of the sheep. Proc. Roy. Soc. Br. 166:63–79.Google Scholar
Coehlo Da Silva, J. F., Seely, R. C., Thomson, D. J., Beever, D. E. and Armstrong, D. G. 1972. The effect on sheep of physical form and stage of growth on the sites of digestion of a dried grass. Br. J. Nutr. 28: 43–61.Google Scholar
Combe, E., Attaix, D. and Arnal, M. 1979. Protein turnover in the digestive tract of the lamb throughout development. Ann. Rech Vét. 10: 436–439.Google Scholar
Dawson, R. M. C., Grime, D. W. and Lindsay, D. B. 1981. On the insensitivity of sheep to the almost complete destruction of dietary choline before alimentary-tract absorption. Biochem. J. 196:499–504.Google Scholar
Dukhin, T. P. 1980. Nitrogen absorption in the intestine of calves. In Protein Metabolism and Nutrition, E. A.A.P. Publ. 27 (ed. Oslage, H. J. and Rohr, K.), pp. 540–552. Braunschweig, F.R. Germany.Google Scholar
Egan, A. R. and MacRae, J. C. 1979. Amino acid catabolism and gluconeogenesis in sheep. Ann. Rech. Vét. 10: 376–378.Google Scholar
Elliott, R. and Little, D. A. 1977a. The true absorption of cyst(e)ine from the ovine small intestine. Br. J. Nutr. 37: 285–287.Google Scholar
Elliott, R. and Little, D. A. 1977b. Fate of cyst(e)ine synthesised by microbial activity in the ruminant caecum. Aust. J. Biol. Sci. 30: 203–206.Google Scholar
Ellis, W. C. and Pfander, W. H. 1965. Rumen microbial polynucleotide synthesis and its possible role in ruminant nutrition. Nature (Lond.) 205: 974–975.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fauconneau, G. and Michel, M. C. 1970. The role of the gastrointestinal tract in the regulation of protein metabolism. In Mammalian Protein Metabolism (ed. Munro, H. N.), pp. 481–516. Academic Press, N.Y. and London.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Harrison, D. G., Beever, D. E., Thomson, D. J. and Osbourn, D. F. 1973. The influence of diet upon the quantity and types of amino acids entering and leaving the small intestine of the sheep. J. agric. Sci., Camb. 81: 391–401.Google Scholar
Harrison, D. G. and McAllan, A. B. 1980. Factors affecting microbial growth yields in the reticulo-rumen. In Digestive Physiology and Metabolism in Ruminants (ed. Ruckebusch, Y. and Thivend, P.), pp. 205–226. MTP Press Ltd., Lancaster.Google Scholar
Heitmann, R. N. and Bergman, E. N. 1978. Glutamine metabolism, interorgan transport and glucogenicity in the sheep. Am. J. Physiol. 234: E197–E203.Google Scholar
Heitmann, R. N. and Bergman, E. N. 1980. Integration of amino acid metabolism in sheep: effects of fasting and acidosis. Am. J. Physiol. 239: E248–E254.Google Scholar
Hume, I. D., Jacobson, D. R. and Mitchell, G. E. 1972. Quantitative studies in amino acid absorption in sheep. J. Nutr. 102: 495–501.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jouany, J. P. and Thivend, P. P. 1972. Évolution postprandiale de la composition glucidique des corps microbiens du rumen en fonction de la nature des glucides du regime. Ann. Biol. anim. Biochem. Biophys. 12: 673–677.Google Scholar
Liebholz, J. 1969. Effect of diet on the concentration of free amino acids, ammonia and urea in the rumen liquor and blood plasma of the sheep. J. Anim. Sci. 29: 628–633.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Liebholz, J. 1971. The absorption of amino acids from the rumen of the sheep. I. The loss of amino acids from solutions placed in the washed rumen in vivo . Aust. J. agric. Res. 22: 639–645.Google Scholar
Lindsay, D. B. 1978. Gluconeogenesis in ruminants. Trans. Biochem. Soc. 6: 1152–1156.Google Scholar
Lindsay, D. B. 1979. Is gluconeogenesis from amino acids important in ruminants? In Protein metabolism in the ruminant (ed. Buttery, P. J.), pp. 7.1–7.9. Agricultural Research Council, London.Google Scholar
Lindsay, D. B. 1980. Amino acids as energy sources. Proc. Nutr. Soc. 39: 53–59.Google Scholar
Lindsay, D. B. 1981. Relationships between amino acid catabolism and protein anabolism in the ruminant. Proc. Fed. Am. Soc. exp. Biol. In press.Google Scholar
Lindsay, D. B. and Buttery, P. J. 1980. Metabolism in muscle. In Protein deposition in animals (ed. Buttery, P.J. and Lindsay, D. B.), pp. 125–146. Butterworths, London and Boston.Google Scholar
Lindsay, J. R., Hogan, J. P. and Donnelly, J. B. 1980. The digestion of protein from forage diets in the small intestine of the sheep. Aust. J. agric. Res. 31: 589–600.Google Scholar
Lindsay, J. R., Hogan, J. P. and Weston, R. H. 1978. Amino acid supplementation of an oat grain diet and wool growth. Proc. Nutr. Soc. Aust. 3:76.Google Scholar
Lobley, G. E., Milne, V., Lovie, J. M., Reeds, P. J. and Pennie, K. 1980. Whole body and tissue protein synthesis in cattle. Br. J. Nutr. 43:491–502.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McAllan, A. M. and Smith, R. H. 1974. Carbohydrate metabolism in the ruminant. Bacterial carbohydrates formed in the rumen and their contribution to digesta entering the duodenum. Br. J. Nutr. 31: 77–88.Google Scholar
MacRae, J. C. and Reeds, P. J. 1980. Prediction of protein deposition in ruminants. In Protein deposition in animals (ed. Buttery, P. J. and Lindsay, D. B.), pp. 225–249. Butterworths, London and Boston.Google Scholar
MacRae, J. C. and Ulyatt, M. J. 1974. Quantitative digestion of fresh herbage by sheep. II. The sites of digestion of some nitrogenous constituents. J. agric. Sci., Camb. 82:309–319.Google Scholar
Martin, A. K. 1970. The urinary aromatic amino acids excreted by sheep given S24 perennial ryegrass cut at six stages of maturity. Br. J. Nutr. 24: 943–959.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Neill, A. R., Grime, D. W., Snoswell, A. M., Northrop, A. J., Lindsay, D. B. and Dawson, R. M. C. 1979. The low availability of dietary choline for the nutrition of sheep. Biochem. J. 180:559–565.Google Scholar
Nolan, J. V., Norton, B. W. and Leng, R. A. 1976. Further studies of the dynamics of nitrogen metabolism in sheep. Br. J. Nutr. 35:127–147.Google Scholar
ØRskov, E. R., Fraser, C. and McDonald, I. 1972. Digestion of concentrates by sheep. 4. The effects of urea on digestion, nitrogen retention and growth in young lambs. Br. J. Nutr. 27:491–501.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ørskov, E. R., MacLeod, N. A. and Grubb, D. A. 1980. New concepts of basal N metabolism in ruminants. In Protein metabolism and nutrition, E.A.A.P. Publ. 27(ed. Oslage, H. J. and Rohr, K.), pp. 451–456. Braunschweig, F.R. Germany.Google Scholar
Phillipson, A. T. 1964. The digestion and absorption of nitrogenous compounds in the ruminant. In Mammalian protein metabolism, Vol. 1 (ed. Munro, H. N. and Allison, J. B.), pp. 71–103. Academic Press, London, U.K. and N.Y., USA.Google Scholar
Reilly, P. E. B. and Ford, E. J. H. 1971. The effects of different dietary contents of protein on amino acid and glucose production and on the contribution of amino acids to gluconeogenesis in sheep. Br. J. Nutr. 26: 249–263.Google Scholar
Roth, F. X. and Kirchgessner, M. 1980. Contribution of dietary nucleic acids to the N metabolism. In Protein metabolism and nutrition, E.A.A.P. Publ. 27 (ed. Oslage, J. H. and Rohr, K.), pp. 120–134. Braunschweig, F.R. Germany.Google Scholar
Rowe, J. B. and James, S. 1981. Measurement of cell turnover in the gastrointestinal wall of sheep using single injections of [6−3H] thymidine. Proc. Nutr. Soc. In press.Google Scholar
Smith, R. H., Salter, D. N., Sutton, J. D. and McAllan, A. B. 1975. Synthesis and digestion of microbial nitrogen compounds and VFA production in the rumen. In Tracer Studies in Non-protein Nitrogen for Ruminants 11. pp. 81–93. Int. Atomic Energy Agency, Vienna, Austria.Google Scholar
Tagari, H. and Bergman, E. N. 1978. Intestinal disappearance and portal blood appearance of amino acids in sheep. J. Nutr. 108:790–803.Google Scholar
Twombly, J. and Meyer, J. H. 1961. Endogenous nitrogen secretions into the digestive tract. J. Nutr. 74:453–460.Google Scholar
Walker, A. C. U., Weekes, T. E. C. and Armstrong, D. G. 1979. The absorption of amino acid from the gastro-intestinal tract. In Protein metabolism in the ruminant (ed. Buttery, P. J.), pp. 2.1–2.8. Agric. Res. Council, London.Google Scholar
Wolff, J. E. and Bergman, E. N. 1972a. Metabolism and interconversion of five plasma amino acids by tissues of the sheep. Am. J. Physiol. 223: 447–454.Google Scholar
Wolff, J. E. and Bergman, E. N. 1972b. Gluconeogenesis from plasma amino acids in fed sheep. Am. J. Physiol. 223: 455–460.Google Scholar
Wolff, J. E., Bergman, E. N. and Williams, H. H. 1972. Net metabolism of plasma amino acids by liver and portal-drained viscera of fed sheep. Am. J. Physiol. 223:438–446.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed