1 Whittle, P.A.. Bolton-le-Moors: an Historical, Statistical, Civil and Moral Account. Bolton 1855, p. 118.Google Scholar

2 Brady, Mazière The Episcopal Succession Vol.3, p. 442 Google Scholar; B. Plumb Arundel to Zabi. 1987.

3 De Clerc A. FS pp. 34, 69, 86, 102, 107, 133 & 149.

4 CRS Vol.31 pp. 247 seq.

5 FS Vol. 1, p. 34.

6 Purcell Census pp. 64, 164.

7 McLoughlin J. History of Gorton Monastery 1861–1961.

8 Gillow Biographical Dictionary of the English Catholics, passim: The Bazaar Handbook for the Edgeley Parish, Stockport

9 Buscot W. The History of Cotton College p. 183.

10 Husenbeth History of Sedgley Park.

11 Robert F. A History of Sedgley Park and Cotton College p. 50.

12 Whitehead M. Peter Newby p. 27; Malone, J. Peter Newby Friend of all Mankind 1745–1827, Gillow Dictionary Vol.4, p. 179.Google Scholar

13 Milburn D. A. History of Ushaw College; An Old Alumnus Records and Recollections of Ushaw.

14 Hughes P. ‘The English Catholics in 1850’ in The English Catholics 1850–1950.

15 FS p. 35.

16 I am grateful to Hubert King for drawing my attention to this information from material about the Dukinfield Mission in the Shrewsbury Diocesan Archives.

17 Croskell, who was born in 1808, ordained in 1835 and died in 1902, was affectionately known to all as ‘the old Provost’. For Croskell’s reminiscences, see Memoirs of Catholic Manchester North West Catholic History Society 1997.

18 Roskell became second Bishop of Nottingham in 1853.

19 Pastoral Letter. 28 July 1851.

20 Whalley in his thesis An Historical Account of Catholic Education in England with special reference to educational activities in the Salford Diocese, M.Ed. Manchester 1938, makes the useful distinction between ‘urban’ and ‘hinterland’ areas. By hinterland he referred to the industrialised valleys in the dioceses, in contrast to the urban areas of the townships.

21 Among the priests who had worked in the area of the future Salford Diocese, Fr Joseph Curr and Fr John Dowdall had died of fever in 1847, Fr Thomas Rimmer and Fr Edward Unsworth had died in 1848, and Fr James Haggar and Fr J. F. Whittaker were among the ten priests who died in Liverpool, listed by Burke in Catholic Liverpool, p. 87. Six priests had also died of fever in the area in the 1830s: Fr William Glassbrook in 1833, Fr Henry Gillow in 1837, Fr W. Keily, Fr John Parsons and Fr John Laytham in 1838, and Fr Edward Brown in 1839.

22 Pastoral Letter 16 November 1852, 23 November 1854, Advent 1856.

23 See for example Hewitson Stonyhurst College Past and Present 1878; Gillow J Memorials of Stonyhurst College 1881; Gruggen G. & Keating J. Stonyhurst 1901; Barnes A. S. The Catholic Schools of England 1926 pp. 153–175; Chadwick H. St Omers to Stonyhurst 1961; Henderson A. The Stone Phoenix 1986; Sire H. J. A. Gentlemen Philosophers 1988, Muir J. Stonyhurst College 1992.

24 Gillespie The Christian Brothers in England especially pp. 204 seq.

25 Conroy, P. J.. ‘The Xaverian Brothers’ The Harvest July 1939 p. 205 Google Scholar; Devadder J. Rooted in History Vol.2, passim.

26 SDA Transcript of the Annals of the Presentation Convent 1836–1936, passim.

27 The English Foundations of the Sisters of Notre Dame 1895, p. 43.

28 Ibidem, p. 65.

29 ‘Loreto’ is so spelled today: nineteenth century records consistently spelled the name as ‘Loretto’.

30 Anon Rev. Mother Margaret Mary Alphonsa Ellis, pp. 27 seq. Sands London 1919.

31 As no residence was available for them on their arrival, Canon Toole and his curates moved into hired lodgings for two years until the convent was built.

32 This school needs to be carefully distinguished from the later parish and school of St Alphonsus, Brooks Bar. In the 1890s, the school was transferred from St Wilfrid’s to the newly established mission of the Holy Family, All Saints.

33 Pastoral Letter. Lent 1870; letter from Croskell n.d.: from Sisters to Mgr Boulaye n.d.; note from Turner, 10 November 1870.

34 Letter, Turner to Talbot, 24 February 1860. Archives of the Venerable English College, Rome. (Ref 663).

35 Cardinal Manning had been reluctant to let them come lest they over-extended themselves. Fr Rimmer finally persuaded him to agree, provided new postulants came forward. They did.

36 Anon Sisters of the Cross and Passion Dublin 1960; Hamer, Edna Elizabeth Prout 1820–1864, Downside 1994; ‘A Phase of the struggle for Catholic Education: Manchester and Salford in the midNineteenth Century’ RH Vol.21, No.l pp. 107 seq; ‘Provost Robert Croskell and the Sisters of the Cross and Passion’ NWCH 1998, Vol.15 pp. 28 seq; Anon Light after Darkness Mother Mary Francis, foundress of the Franciscan Missionaries of St Joseph, Bums Glasgow 1963; Sr Germaine Quiet Certainty: the Spriti of Alice Ingham 1830–1890, St Philip’s University Press, Salford 1999.

37 Lenten Pastoral, 17 February 1854.

38 Lenten Pastoral, 23 January 1856.

39 Lenten Pastoral, 5 February 1858.

40 Lenten Pastoral, 28 February 1859.

41 Lenten Pastoral, 22 February 1862.

42 Lenten Pastoral, 6 February 1863.

43 Lenten Pastoral, 19 January 1866.

44 Lenten Pastoral, 18 February 1867.

45 Lenten Pastoral, 15 February 1868.

46 Lenten Pastoral, 2 February 1872.

47 Lenten Letter, 28 March 1869.

48 Lenten Letter, 8 October 1869.

49 Lenten Letter, Lent 1870.

50 Lenten Letter, 16 February 1857.

51 Letter regarding petition to Parliament, 28 May 1857.

52 Synodal Letter, 16 July 1959.

53 Ad Clerum, 19 November 1864.

54 Pastoral Letter, 15 December 1851.

55 Pastoral Letter, Advent 1852.

56 Pastoral Letter, 16 November 1852.

57 An appeal was made in 1851 for government grant for schools. It referred to the building of impressive churches like St Chad’s, Cheetham Hill; St Wilfrid’s, Hulme; and Salford Cathedral, and suggested they gave a false impression of the Catholic community’s financial position. Catholics were so poor in fact that they could not raise their share of the funds necessary to gain the matched funding then available.

58 Letter to Bolton Clergy, 6 May 1861.

59 Ad Clerum attached to Advent Pastoral Letter, 16 November 1852.

60 Pastoral Letter, 3 October 1867.

61 Decree. 10 February 1870.

62 Ad Clerum, 17 February 1870.

63 Pastoral Letter Lent, 1870. The line regarding conspicuous display was ruled out in the archive copy of the Pastoral. One wonders how obedient all the clergy were. Fr Keating had in December 1868 resigned from Ramsbottom as it seemed he had proved too outspoken for his parishioners who opposed Fenian violence. Keating, who went to New York, was cousin to the mother of Allen, one of the ‘Manchester Martyrs’. It is unlikely that he was the only priest with sympathy for the Fenian cause.

64 Pastoral Letter, 28 July 1851.

65 The Diaries of Absolom Watkin edited by Magdalen Goffin; Alan Sutton Publishing Ltd, Stroud, 1993.

66 Ad Clerum 2 June 1858, repeated in Ad Clerum 30 May 1861.

67 Pastoral Letter, 9 November 1867.

68 Pastoral Letter, 20 May 1869.

69 For more information on the role of the CPSC, see Marmion, J.P. ‘The beginnings of the Catholic Poor Schools in England’ RH 1984 Vol.17 No.l, pp. 67 seq.Google Scholar

70 Amstein Protestantism versus Catholicism in Mid-Victorian England, p. 56.

71 Murphy, J.: The Religious Problem in English Education, Liverpool 1959.Google Scholar

72 Ad Clerum, 9 November 1858, issued from London.

73 Report, p. 178.

74 Several studies have already explored this early history of Catholic schools. Whalley, op. cit.; Connolly, Gerald P. Catholicism in Manchester and Salford Ph.D., Manchester 1980, Fizgerald, Mary Catholic Elementary Education in the Manchester area during the Nineteenth Century M.Ed., Manchester 1975, Hamer, Edna op. cit.; Lannon David, Bishop Turner and Catholic Education M.Phil. Hull, 1994; Wilcox Peter The contribution of the Catholic Church to the education of immigrant Irish in Manchester and Salford 1850–1900, M.Ed. Manchester 1992.

75 Pastoral Letter, Advent 1852.

76 Pastoral Letter, 12 February 1871.

77 Ad Clerum 8 July 1873.

78 Educational Statistics of the Diocese of Salford 1873. 4 December 1873; Vaughan Acta Vol.l. SDA.

79 Synodal Letter, 17 July 1852.

80 Letter from Turner 20 May 1854 extracted from the Jesuit Archives: T. D. Roberts i.xii. 1985 Manchester Papers.

81 In 1906 the school moved from All Saints to Victoria Park and became known as the Xaverian College. Eventually recognised as a Direct Grant Grammar School, it became a Sixth Form College under comprehensive re-organisation.

82 Stack, John A. ‘The Catholics, the Irish Delinquent and the Origins of Reformatory Schools in Nineteenth Century England and Scotland’ in RH Vol.23, No.3, May 1997 pp. 372 seq Google Scholar. See also Thomas, D. H. Reformatory and Industrial Schools: an annotated list, Newcastle Polytechnic, Newcastle on Tyne, 1986.Google Scholar

83 Lannon, David ‘Bishop Turner, the Salford Diocese and Reformatory Provision, 1854–1872’ in RH Vol.23, No.3, May 1997, pp. 389 seq.Google Scholar

84 Pastoral Letter, 21 February 1870.