Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-qxdb6 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-26T16:09:56.362Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

NETWORKS AND CHURCH BUILDING IN THE AEGEAN: CRETE, CYPRUS, LYCIA AND THE PELOPONNESE

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  27 April 2017

Rebecca Sweetman
Rebecca Sweetman*
Affiliation:
University of St Andrews
*
rs43@st-andrews.ac.uk
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Studies of Christianisation in mainland Greece have indicated different processes, planned and unplanned, of religious change. Memory and tradition were drawn on to help situate the earliest churches within existing social and religious structures without creating significant tension. Using the methodology developed for the study of the Peloponnese, the aim of this work is to examine three topographically and politically distinct regions (Crete, Cyprus and Lycia) to assess the extent to which various network connections provided a conduit for religious change throughout the Late Antique period.

Δίκτυα και ανόρθωση εκκλησιών στο Αιγαίο: Κρήτη, Κύπρος, Λυκία και Πελοπόννησος.

Οι μελέτες για τον εκχριστιανισμό της ηπειρωτικής Ελλάδας έχουν αναδείξει την διαδικασία θρησκευτικής αλλάγής, που ήταν είτε σχεδιασμένη είτε όχι. Η διαδικασία θρησκευτικής αλλαγής χρησιμοποίησε τη συλλογική μνήμη και την παράδοση για να τοποθετήσει τις πρώτες εκκλησίες μέσα στις υπάρχοντες κοινωνικές και θρησκευτικές δομές χωρίς να δημιουργήσει μεγάλες εντάσεις. Χρησιμοποιώντας τη μεθοδολογία που αναπτύχθηκε στη μελέτη της Πελοποννήσου, εξετάζουμε τρεις τοπογραφικές και πολιτικά αυτόνομες περιοχές (Κρήτη, Κύπρος, Λυκία) για να εκτιμήσουμε το βαθμό στον οποίο οι συνδέσεις δικτύων λειτούργησαν ως αγωγός θρησκευτικής αλλαγής κατά την περίοδο της Ύστερης Αρχαιότητας.

Μετάφραση: Χ. Κωνσταντακοπούλου

Type
Articles
Information
Annual of the British School at Athens , Volume 112 , November 2017 , pp. 207 - 266
Copyright
Copyright © The Council, British School at Athens 2017 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

REFERENCES

Alcock, S.E. 1993. Graecia Capta: The Landscapes of Roman Greece (Cambridge).Google Scholar
Arce, J. 2011. ‘The end of temples in Roman Spain’, in Lavan and Mulryan (eds) 2011, 111–34.Google Scholar
Bar, D. 2008. ‘Continuity and change in the cultic topography of Late Antique Palestine’, in Hahn, J. Emmel, S. and Getter, U. (eds), From Temple to Church. Destruction and Renewal of Local Cultic Topography in Late Antiquity (Leiden), 275–98.Google Scholar
Bayburtluoğlu, C. 2005. Arykanda. An Archaeological Guide (Istanbul).Google Scholar
Bayliss, R. 2004. Provincial Cilicia and the Archaeology of Temple Conversion (BAR International Series 1281; Oxford).Google Scholar
Bean, G. 1978. Lycian Turkey. An Archaeological Guide (London).Google Scholar
Berryman, P. 1999. ‘Churches as winners and losers in the network society’, Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs 41.4, 21–34.Google Scholar
Blanton, R.E. 2000. The Hellenistic, Roman, and Byzantine Settlement Patterns of the Western Coastlands of Rough Cilicia (BAR International Series 879; Oxford).Google Scholar
Bowden, H. 2009. ‘Cults of Demeter Eleusinia and the transmission of religious ideas’, in Malkin, Constantakopoulou and Panagopoulou (eds) 2009, 70–82.Google Scholar
Bowden, W. 2004. ‘Epirus and Crete: architectural interaction in Late Antiquity’, in Livadiotti, M. and Simiakaki, I. (eds), Creta romana e protobizantina: Atti del convegno internazionale Iraklion, 23–30 settembre 2000 (Padua), 787–800.Google Scholar
Bowden, W., Lavan, L. and Machado, C. (eds) 2004. Recent Research on the Late Antique Countryside (Late Antique Archaeology 2; Leiden).Google Scholar
Bowersock, G.W., Brown, P. and Grabar, O. (eds) 1999. Late Antiquity. A Guide to the Post-Classical World (Harvard).Google Scholar
Brughmans, T. 2010. ‘Connecting the dots: towards archaeological network analysis’, OJA 29.3, 277–303.Google Scholar
Caraher, W. 2003. ‘Church, society and the sacred in Early Christian Greece’ (unpublished PhD thesis, University of Ohio State).Google Scholar
Caraher, W. 2007. ‘Epigraphy, liturgy, and imperial policy on the Justinianic Isthmus’, delivered at the conference ‘Half a century on the Isthmus’, 14–17 June 2007, Athens (unpublished).Google Scholar
Caraher, W. 2008. The Archaeology of the Mediterranean World (available online <http://mediterraneanworld.typepad.com/the_archaeology_of_the_me/2008/03/the-early-chris.html> accessed May 2016).+accessed+May+2016).>Google Scholar
Caraher, W. 2011. Provisional Catalogue of Cypriot churches with study notes (available online <http://www.scribd.com/doc/51453082/A-Provisional-Catalogue-of-Cypriot-Churches-with-Study-Notes-and-Bibliography-2011#scribd> accessed May 2016).+accessed+May+2016).>Google Scholar
Caseau, B. 2004. ‘The fate of rural temples in Late Antiquity and the Christianisation of the countryside’, in Bowden, Lavan and Machado (eds) 2004, 105–44.Google Scholar
Chen, W. and D'Souza, R.M. 2011. ‘Explosive percolation with multiple giant components’, Physical Review Letters 106, 115701, 1–4.Google Scholar
Christie, N. and Augenti, A. (eds) 2012. Vrbes Extinctae. Archaeologies of Abandoned Classical Towns (Farnham).Google Scholar
Collar, A. 2009. ‘Network theory and religious innovation’, in Malkin, Constantakopoulou and Panagopoulou (eds) 2009, 144–57.Google Scholar
Dally, O. and Ratté, C. (eds) 2011. Archaeology and the Cities of Asia Minor in Late Antiquity (Michigan).Google Scholar
Davis, T. and Stewart, C.A. 2014. ‘A brief history of Byzantine archaeology on Cyprus’, in Stewart, Davis and Carr, Weyl (eds) 2014, 17–28.Google Scholar
Deligiannakis, G. 2016. The Dodecanese and the Eastern Aegean Islands in Late Antiquity, ad 300–700 (Oxford Monographs on Classical Archaeology; Oxford).Google Scholar
D'Souza, R., Borgs, C., Chayes, J., Berger, N. and Kleinberg, R. 2007. ‘Emergence of tempered preferential attachment from optimization’, PNAS vol. 104 no. 15, 6112–17.Google Scholar
Dijkstra, J. 2011, ‘The fate of temples in Late Antique Egypt,’ in Lavan and Mulryan (eds) 2011, 389–438.Google Scholar
Di Vita, A. 1996–7. ‘Atti della scuola 1996–97’, ASAtene 1996–7, 74–5, 467–584.Google Scholar
Drake, H. (ed) 2006. Violence in Late Antiquity: Perceptions and Practices (Burlington).Google Scholar
Efthymiadis, S. with Déroche, V. (with contributions by Binggeli, A. and Aïnalis, Z.) 2011. ‘Greek hagiography in Late Antiquity (fourth–seventh centuries)’, in Efthymiadis, S. (ed), Ashgate Research Companion to Byzantine Hagiography Vol. 1 (Farnham), 35–94.Google Scholar
Elton, H. 2007. Temple to Church. The Transformation of Religious Sites from Paganism to Christianity in Cilicia (Istanbul).Google Scholar
Falkener, E. 1854. Theatres and other Remains in Crete. From a MS History of Candia by Onorio Belli in 1586 (London).Google Scholar
Foss, C. 1990. History and Archaeology of Byzantine Asia Minor (Aldershot).Google Scholar
Foss, C. 1994. ‘The Lycian coast in the Byzantine age’, DOP 48, 1–52.Google Scholar
Foss, C. 1996. Cities, Fortresses, and Villages of Byzantine Asia Minor (Aldershot).Google Scholar
Fowden, G. 1990. ‘Religious developments in Late Roman Lycia’, in Sakellariou, E. (ed), Ποικιλία (Μελετήματα 10; Athens), 343–70.Google Scholar
Frantz, A. 1965. ‘From paganism to Christianity in the temple of Athens’, DOP 19, 187–205.Google Scholar
Frend, W.H.C. and Johnston, D.E. 1962. ‘The Byzantine Basilica church at Knossos’, ABSA 57, 168–238.Google Scholar
Gallimore, S.C. 2015. An Island Economy: Hellenistic and Roman Pottery from Hierapytna, Crete (New York).Google Scholar
Gartzonika, E. 2009 ‘Martyrs and their Holy Loci in the Balkan Peninsula: a preliminary historical-geographical approach’, in Rakocija, M. (ed), NIŠ AND BYZANTIUM, The Collection of Scientific Works VII (seventh Symposium, Niš [Serbia] 3–5 June 2008; Nis), 129–40.Google Scholar
Gough, M. 1954. ‘A temple and church at Ayaş (Cilicia)’, AnatSt 4, 49–64.Google Scholar
Gough, M. 1972. ‘The Emperor Zeno and some Cilician churches’, AnatSt 22, 199–212.Google Scholar
Gough, M. (ed) 1985. Alahan. An Early Christian Monastery in Southern Turkey. Based on the work of Michael Gough (Toronto).Google Scholar
Gregory, T.E. 1986. ‘The survival of paganism in Christian Greece: a critical essay’, AJP 107, 229–42.Google Scholar
Hahn, J., Emmel, S. and Gotter, U. (eds) 2008. From Temple to Church. Destruction and Renewal of Local Cultic Topography in Late Antiquity (Leiden).Google Scholar
Harrison, R.M. 1963. ‘Churches and chapels in central Lycia’, AnatSt 13, 117–51.Google Scholar
Harrison, R.M. (ed. Young, W.) 2001. Mountain and Plain: From the Lycian Coast to the Phrygian Plateau in the Late Roman and Early Byzantine Period (Michigan).Google Scholar
Hild, F. and Hellenkemper, H. 1990. Tabula Imperii Byzantini 5, Kilikien und Isaurien. (Vienna).Google Scholar
Hill, S. 1996. The Early Byzantine Churches of Cilicia and Isauria (Birmingham Byzantine and Ottoman Monographs; Birmingham).Google Scholar
Hohlfelder, R. 2005. ‘Aperlae in Lycia: ancient maritime life beyond the great harbours’, Classics Ireland 12 (available online <http://www.classicsireland.com/2005/hohlfelder.html> accessed May 2016).Google Scholar
Ingold, T. 2007. Lines: A Brief History (London).Google Scholar
Işik, F. 2000. Patara. The History and Ruins of the Capital City of the Lycian League (Antalya).Google Scholar
Kalokyres, K.A. 1956. “’Ανασκαφὴ βυζαντινῆς βασιλικῆς ἐν Βυζαρίῳ Κρήτης”, Prakt, 250–61.Google Scholar
Kingsley, S. and Decker, M. (eds) 2001. Economy and Exchange in the East Mediterranean during Late Antiquity (Oxford).Google Scholar
Knappett, C. 2011. An Archaeology of Interaction. Network Perspectives on Material Culture and Society (Oxford).Google Scholar
Krautheimer, R. (rev. Krautheimer, R. and Curcic, S.) 1986. Early Christian and Byzantine Architecture (Yale).Google Scholar
Kulikowski, M. 2004. Late Roman Spain and its Cities (Baltimore).Google Scholar
Lavan, L. (ed) 2001. Recent Research in Late-Antique Urbanism. (JRA supp. series 42; Portsmouth R.I.).Google Scholar
Lavan, L. and Mulryan, M. (eds) 2011. The Archaeology of Late Antique Paganism (Late Antique Archaeology, Vol. 7; Leiden).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lavan, L., Özgenel, L., and Sarantis, A. (eds) 2007. Housing in Late Antiquity. From Palaces to Shops (Leiden).Google Scholar
Leadbetter, B. 2006. ‘Coercion, resistance and “The Command Economy” in Late Roman Aperlae’, in Drake, H. (ed), Violence in Late Antiquity: Perceptions and Practices (Burlington), 113–26.Google Scholar
Livadiotti, M. and Simiakaki, I. (eds) 2004. Creta romana e protobizantina: Atti del convegno internazionale Iraklion, 23–30 settembre 2000 (Padua).Google Scholar
Livingstone, E. (ed) 1997. Papers Presented at the Twelfth International Conference on Patristic Studies Held in Oxford 1995 (Studia Patristica XXIX; Leuven).Google Scholar
Maguire, R. 2012. ‘Late Antique basilicas on Cyprus’ (unpublished PhD thesis, University of East Anglia).Google Scholar
Malkin, I., Constantakopoulou, C. and Panagopoulou, K. (eds) 2009. Greek and Roman Networks in the Mediterranean (London).Google Scholar
Manning, S., Manning, A., Tomber, R., Sewell, D.A., Monsks, S.J., Ponting, M.J. and Ribeiro, E.C. 2002. The Late Roman Church at Maroni-Petrera. Survey and Salvage Excavations 1990–1997 and Other Traces of Roman Remains in the Lower Maroni Valley, Cyprus (Nicosia).Google Scholar
Megaw, A.H.S. 2007. Kourion. Excavations in the Episcopal Precinct (Dumbarton Oaks Studies XXXVIII; Washington DC).Google Scholar
Michaelides, D. 1989. ‘The Early Christian mosaics of Cyprus’, The Biblical Archaeologist Vol. 52 no. 4 (‘From Ruins to Riches: CAARI on Cyprus’), 192–202.Google Scholar
Mitchell, S. 1993. Anatolia: Land, Men and Gods in Asia Minor. Volume 2: The Rise of the Church (Oxford).Google Scholar
Mitford, T.B. 1990. ‘The cults of Roman Cyprus’, ANRW II.18.3, 2176–211.Google Scholar
Oikonomou-Laniado, A. 2003. Argos Paléochrétienne. Contribution à l’étude du Péloponnèse Byzantin (BAR International Series 1173; Oxford).Google Scholar
Papacostas, T. 2001. ‘The economy of Late Antique Cyprus’, in Kingsley, and Decker, (eds) 2001, 107–28.Google Scholar
Papalexandrou, A. 2012. ‘Polis/Arsinoë in Late Antiquity: a Cypriot town and its sacred sites’, in Johnson, M., Ousterhout, R. and Papalexandro, A. (eds), Approaches to Byzantine Architecture and its Decoration. Studies in Honour of Slobodan Ćurčić (Farnham), 27–46.Google Scholar
Papalexandrou, A. and Caraher, A. 2012. ‘Arsinoe in Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages’, in Childs, W., Smith, J. and Padgett, M. (eds), City of Gold. Archaeology of Polis Chrysochous, Cyprus (New Haven), 233–49.Google Scholar
Pashley, R. 1837. Travels in Crete (London).Google Scholar
Patterson, J. 1992. ‘Settlement, city and elite in Samnium and Lycia’, in Rich, J. and Wallace-Hadrill, A. (eds), City and Country in the Ancient World (London), 150–72.Google Scholar
Procopiou, E. 2014. ‘The Katalymata ton Plakoton: new light from the recent archaeological research in Cyprus’, in Stewart, Davis and Carr, Weyl (eds) 2014, 69–98.Google Scholar
Rapp, C. 2014. ‘Christianity in Cyprus in the fourth to seventh centuries: chronological and geographical frameworks,’ in Stewart, Davis and Carr, Weyl (eds) 2014, 29–38.Google Scholar
Rautman, M. 2002. ‘From polytheism to Christianity in the temples of Cyprus’, in Callaway, C. (ed.), Ancient Journeys. A Festschrift in Honour of Eugene Numa Lane (The STOA, available online <http://www.stoa.org/hopper/text.jsp?doc=Stoa:text:2001.01.0014> accessed May 2016.)Google Scholar
Rautman, M. 2003. A Cypriot Village of Late Antiquity. Kalavasos-Kopetra in the Vasilikos Valley (JRA Supplementary Series 52; Portsmouth).Google Scholar
Rautman, M. 2014. ‘The Troodos in twilight: a provincial landscape in the time of Justinian’, in Stewart, Davis and Carr, Weyl (eds) 2014, 39–56.Google Scholar
Roux, G. 1998. Salamine de Chypre – Tome 15, La basilique de la Campanopétra (Paris).Google Scholar
Rutherford, I. 2009. ‘Network theory and theoric networks’, in Malkin, Constantakopoulou and Panagopoulou, (eds) 2009, 24–38.Google Scholar
Saffrey, H.S. 1997. ‘Theology as science (third to sixth centuries)’, in Livingstone, E.A. (ed.), Papers Presented at the Twelfth International Conference on Patristic Studies Held in Oxford 1995 (Studia Patristica XXIX; Leuven), 321–38.Google Scholar
Sanders, G.D.R. 2004. ‘Problems in interpreting urban and rural settlement in southern Greece, A.D. 365–700’, in Christie, N. (ed.), Landscapes of Change: Rural Evolutions in Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages (Aldershot), 163–93.Google Scholar
Sanders, G.D.R. 2005. ‘Archaeological evidence for early Christianity and the end of Hellenic religion in Corinth’, in Schowalter, D.N. and Friesen, S.J. (eds), Urban Religion in Roman Corinth. Interdisciplinary Approaches (Harvard), 419–42.Google Scholar
Sanders, I.F. 1982. Roman Crete. An Archaeological Survey and Gazetteer of Late Hellenistic, Roman and Early Byzantine Crete (Warminister).Google Scholar
Saradi, H. and Eliopoulos, D. 2011. ‘Late paganism and Christianisation in Greece’, in Lavan, and Mulryan, (eds) 2011, 263–309.Google Scholar
Sears, G. 2011. ‘The fate of temples in North Africa,’ in Lavan, and Mulryan, (eds) 2011, 229–62.Google Scholar
Speiser, J. 1976. ‘La christianisation des sanctuaires païens en Grèce’, in Jantzen, U. (ed.), Neue Forschungen in griechischen Heiligtümern (Tübingen), 309–20Google Scholar
Stewart, A.C. 2008. ‘Domes of Heaven. The domed basilicas of Cyprus’ (unpublished PhD thesis, University of Indiana).Google Scholar
Stewart, C.A., Davis, T.W. and Weyl Carr, A. (eds) 2014. Cyprus and the Balance of Empires. Art and Archaeology from Justinian I to the Coeur de Lion. (CAARI Monograph Series 5; Boston).Google Scholar
Stiros, S.C. and Papageorgiou, S. 2001. ‘Seismicity of western Crete and the destruction of the town of Kisamos at ce 365: archaeological evidence’, Journal of Seismology 5, 381–97.Google Scholar
Sweetman, R.J. 2004. ‘Late Antique Knossos: understanding the development of the city: evidence of mosaics and religious architecture’, ABSA 99, 315–54.Google Scholar
Sweetman, R.J. 2009. ‘Acropolis Basilica, Sparta: the broader research issues,’ in Cavanagh, W.G., Gallou, C. and Georgiadis, M. (eds), Proceedings of the International Conference Sparta and Laconia from Prehistory to Pre-Modern (BSA Studies 16; London), 331–42.Google Scholar
Sweetman, R.J. 2010. ‘Christianisation of the Peloponnese: the topography and function of Late Antique churches’, Journal of Late Antiquity Vol. 3.2, 203–61.Google Scholar
Sweetman, R.J. 2013. The Mosaics of Roman Crete. Art, Archaeology and Social Change (New York).Google Scholar
Sweetman, R.J. 2015a. ‘Memory, tradition and Christianisation of the Peloponnese’, AJA 119.4, 501–31.Google Scholar
Sweetman, R.J. 2015b ‘The Christianisation of the Peloponnese: the case for emergent change’, ABSA 110, 285–319.Google Scholar
Sweetman, R.J. forthcoming. ‘Macedonia, Greece and the Aegean’, in Caraher, W., Davies, T. and Pettegrew, D. (eds), The Oxford Handbook of Early Christian Archaeology (Oxford).Google Scholar
Sweetman, R.J. and Katsara, E. 2002. ‘The Sparta Basilica Project 2000 – preliminary report’, ABSA 97, 429–68.Google Scholar
Talloen, P. and Vercauteren, L. 2011. ‘The fate of temples in Late Antique Anatolia,’ in Lavan, and Mulryan, (eds) 2011, 347–288.Google Scholar
Themelis, P. 2004. ‘The Polis. East Excavation sector I’, in Stampolidis, N. (ed.), Eleutherna: Polis, Acropolis, Necropolis (Athens), 49–81.Google Scholar
Tobin, J. 2004. Black Cilicia. A Study of the Plain of Issus During the Roman and Late Roman Periods (BAR International Series 1275; Oxford).CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tsougarakis, D. 1988. Byzantine Crete: From the Fifth Century to the Venetian Conquest (Historical Monographs 4; Athens).Google Scholar
Tzavella, E. 2014. ‘Christianisation of Attica. The topography of Early Christian churches’, Pharos 20.2, 121–58.Google Scholar
Urano, S. n.d. [2013] Late Antique and Byzantine Basilica in Tlos, Lycia, 2013 (available online <http://www.academia.edu/4890176/Late_Antique_and_Byzantine_Basilica_in_Tlos_Lycia_2013> accessed May 2016).Google Scholar
Vannini, P. 2012. Ferry Tales: Mobility, Place, and Time on Canada's West Coast (New York).Google Scholar
Vroom, J. 2004. ‘Late Antique Pottery, settlement and trade in the east Mediterranean: a preliminary comparison of ceramics from Limyra (Lycia) and Boeotia,’ in Bowden, Lavan and Machado, (eds) 2004, 281–335.Google Scholar
Whitelaw, T. and Morgan, C. 2009. ‘Central Crete (Nomos of Herakleion)’, AR 55, 90–7.Google Scholar
Whitley, J., Germanidou, S., Urem-Kotsou, D., Dimoula, A., Nikolakopoulou, I., Karnava, A. and Evely, D. 2007. ‘Archaeology in Greece 2006–7’, Archaeological Reports 53, 1–122.Google Scholar
Zavagno, L. 2009. Cities in Transition: Urbanism in Byzantium Between Late Antiquity and the Early Middle Ages (500–900 ad) (Oxford).Google Scholar