¹ IG II² 3105; Pouilloux, J., La Forteresse de Rhamnonte (1954), 111 no. 2 bisGoogle Scholar; Reinmuth, O.W., The Ephebic Inscriptions of the Fourth Century B.C. (1971), 51–5 no. 13.Google Scholar We are indebted to Dina Peppas-Delmousou and Zacharoula Karapa-Molisani for help in studying EM 4112 and permission to publish the photograph Plate 48a, to Basilis Petrakos for the photographs Plates 48c, 49a and permission to publision to publish them, to the authorities of the National Museum, Athens, for the photograph Plate 48b (published courtesy of B. Petrakos) to John Boardman for the photograph Plate 49b (by Robert Wilkins), and to Carol Lawton for discussions of the record reliefs.

² Pélékidis, C., Histoire de l'éphébie attique (1962), 119 n.1.Google Scholar

³ A point which worried Reinmuth (n.1), 53.

⁴ IG II² 2976; Reinmuth no.8 with plate VIII.

⁵ Cf. Ruschenbusch, E., ZPE 35, 1979, 173.Google Scholar See also Gallo, ASNP 10, 1980, 403–10Google Scholar; Hansen, M.H., Three Studies in Athenian Demography (Hist. Fil. Medd. Dan. Vid. Selsk. 56, 1988), 4.Google Scholar

⁶ The erasure in 3105.7 has been given to Χαιρὲφιλος Περψασῆθεν

⁷ Op. cit. (n. 5), 4–5.

⁸ BSA 50, 1955, 36.

⁹ Traill, J.S., Demos and Trittys (1986), 14–16.Google Scholar

¹⁰ Hesperia Suppl. XIX (1982), 162–9.

¹¹ For the findspot see Stais, V., AE 1891, 56Google Scholar; Petrakos, B., PAE 1976, 52, nos. 7–9.Google Scholar

¹² Three headless herms Athens NM 314, 315, 316, Petrakos, loc. cit. (n. 11), pl. 19; id. in φὶλια ᾿Επη εὶς Γεὼργιον ᾿Ε. Μυλωνᾶν 2 (1987) 321. Heads Athens NM 317, 318, Petrakos, op. cit. (n. 11), 52, nos. 10–11, pl. 20a–b; id. in φὶλια ᾿Επη 2, 322; Gard, J.-M., AntK 17, 1974, pl. 13,2–3.Google Scholar The head NM 317 is now joined to the shaft Rhamnous 164 to form a shoulder herm: Petrakos, , PAE 1982, 161, no. 1, pl. 100b.Google Scholar The herm NM 315 joins the base Rhamnous 452: Petrakos in φὶλια ᾿`Επη 2, 321. For the herm Athens NM 313 see below, n. 13. Petrakos in φὶλια `᾿Επη 2, 321–2 associates these herms with the sanctuary of Nemesis.

¹³ Stais, op. cit. (n. 11) 56–60, pl. 7; Petrakos, , PAE 1982, 161Google Scholar; id. in φὶλια `᾿Επη 2, 321. Both base and herm are of Pentelic marble. The herm is now wrongly set in the base, with the inscription flush with the right side of the figure. Height of figure to the beginning of the shaft, 70 cm, of head without neck, 15 cm. The height of the shaft is uncertain.

¹⁴ Karouzou, S., National Archaeological Museum, Collection of Sculpture (1968) 171–2.Google Scholar

¹⁵ Ashmole, B., NKJ 5, 1954, 98Google Scholar: female; id., AJA 66, 1962, 234: Kore; Pouilloux, op. cit. (n. 1) 11–12, no. 2 bis, pl. 45: allegory of tribe, followed by Jacquemin, A., BCH 108, 1984, 453CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Reinmuth, op. cit. (n. 1) 51–2, no. 17: priestess or attendant of Nemesis.

¹⁶ Hermes dressed as a traveller with short chiton, chlamys and petasos, accompanying the dead on classical reliefs: Athens NM 4502: BCH 85, 1961, 604, fig. 4; Stupperich, R., Staatsbegräbnis und Privatgrabmal im klassischen Athen (diss. Münster 1977) 163, no. 167Google Scholar; three-figure relief of Orpheus, Eurydice, Hermes: J. Boardman, Greek Sculpture: the Classical Period (1985) fig. 239,1.

¹⁷ The chlamys and petasos are specifically named as part of the ephebe's gear: Aristotle, Ath.Pol. 42.5; Pollux, Onom. 10.164. Cf. also Pélékidis, op. cit. (n. 2) 115–16; Sourvinou-Inwood, Ch., JHS 107, 1987, 135.CrossRefGoogle Scholar Ephebes in chiton and chlamys on the Parthenon frieze, e.g. West IX 17 and North XXXVII 115, Brommer, F., The Sculptures of the Parthenon (1979) pls. 58 and 80Google Scholar respectively. Compare also the Athenian archer after the shield of the Athena Parthenos, Piraeus Museum 2117+2080+2094, Th. Stefanidou-Tiberiou, Νεοαττιχὰ (1979) pl. 7. A mature soldier in short chiton, chlamys and petasos is shown on an Attic 4th-century grave-relief in Moscow, Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts, Diepolder, H., Die attischen Grabreliefs des 5. und 4. Jahrhunderts v. Chr. (1931) pl. 32.Google Scholar

¹⁸ Harrison, E.B., Archaic and Archaistic Sculpture, Athenian Agora XI (1965) 161.Google Scholar The question of the pointed headband is examined in detail by Papaioannou, A., AE 1984, 191–215.Google Scholar He rejects any connection with Hermes but reaches the conclusion that it is worn in association with games and contests.

¹⁹ The herm Athens NM 332 was dated to the 5th century B.C. by Karouzos, Ch., BCH 70, 1946, 263–70, pl. 70CrossRefGoogle Scholar, followed by Walter-Karydi, E. in Pro Arte Antiqua, Kenner, Festschrift H. (1985), 344–8, pl. 66,1 and 3Google Scholar; it is more likely of Roman date, however (see Harrison, op. cit. [n. 18] 131; 153, pl. 66e): flat chisel marks are still visible on the forehead.

²⁰ Copenhagen 3760: Beazley, ARV ² 1156,11; Papaioannou, op. cit. (n. 18) 207, no. 32. About 430 B.C. Leningrad B 4543: Metzger, H., Recherches sur l'imagerie athénienne (1965) 85Google Scholar, no. 25, pl. 38,1. About 400–375 B.C.

²¹ Stais, loc. cit. (n. 13), followed by Rhomaios, K., ADelt 9, 1924–1925, 155 n. 1.Google Scholar and Petrakos, , AE 1979, 68–9, no. 21.Google Scholar

²² The four herms were interpreted as ephebes by Lullies, R., Die Typen der griechischen Herme, (1931), 78, no. 1 and 82Google Scholar; Harrison, op. cit. (n. 18) 125–6, 161; Papaioannou, op. cit. (n. 18) 213; Wrede, H., Die antike Herme (1985) 71–2.Google Scholar

²³ E.g. the reliefs Athens NM 2958, 2946 and 2954, Palagia, , JHS 95, 1975, 181–2CrossRefGoogle Scholar and n. 29 with further examples, pl. 22b–d.

²⁴ For the style of the period see Palagia, , Hesperia 51, 1982, 99–113.CrossRefGoogle Scholar Elongated proportions are attested already in the second quarter of the 4th century, e.g. the central akroterion of the west side of the temple of Asklepios at Epidauros, Yalouris, N., Festschrift für F. Brommer (1977) 307–9, pls. 83–5.Google Scholar

²⁵ E.g. record reliefs Agora I 6524, of 337/6 B.C., Palagia, , Euphranor (1980) 61Google Scholar; 63, fig. 43; LIMC III (1986) 373, no. 7, s.v. Demokratia (O. Alexandri-Tzahou); Lawton, C., Attic Document Reliefs of the Classical and Hellenistic Periods (diss. Princeton 1984) 196–200, no. 50Google Scholar; Copenhagen, Ny Carlsberg Glyptothek 1043a and IG II² 1256, of 329/8 B.C., Zagdoun, M.-A., FdD IV 6 (1977) figs. 34–5Google Scholar; Lawton, 211–15, no. 59; Athens NM 2958, last quarter of the 4th century, Palagia, , JHS 95, 1975, 181–2, pl. 22bCrossRefGoogle Scholar; Lawton, 310–12, no. 123; LIMC IV (1988) s.v. Eutaxia, no. 1 (Palagia).

²⁶ Svoronos, J.N., Das Athener Nationalmuseum 1–2 (1908–1911) pl. 139Google Scholar; Petrakos, , PAE 1976, 53, pl. 20γ.Google Scholar

²⁷ The right-hand part still in Greece (now Rhamnous 530) consists of ex Athens NM 2331 + Rhamnous 267+457 et al. Pl. 49a illustrates the entire relief as recomposed by Petrakos with the new Rhamnous fragments minus the head of Nike (associated by Ashmole, in NKJ 10, 1959, 1–3Google Scholar): see Petrakos, , PAE 1982, 162, no. 2. pl. 101.Google Scholar BM 1953.5–30.1 was originally joined to NM 2331 (Pl. 49b after a cast in the Ashmolean Museum, Oxford) by Ashmole, NKJ 10, 3 and AJA 66, 233–4, Pl. 59 see also Ashmole, , NKJ 5, 91–9Google Scholar; Petrakos, , PAE 1976, 52–3.Google Scholar For torch-races and their pictorial representations in the 5th and 4th centuries see Metzger, H., Les Représentations dans la céramique attique du IVe siècle (1951) 351–7Google Scholar; Herbert, S. in Corinthiaca. Studies in Honour of Amyx, D.A. (1986) 29–35.Google Scholar The gymnasion at Rhamnous has been identified by Petrakos within the citadel: PAE 1981. 130–6; id. in Πραχτιχὰ Η διεθνοῦς συνεὸρὶου ὲλληνιχῆς χαὶλατινιχῆς ὲπιγραφιχῆς (Athens 1984) 334.

²⁸ Ashmole, . NKJ 5. 98.Google Scholar

²⁹ Petrakos, . PAE 1976. 53.Google Scholar We have failed to detect the letter σ on the architrave of the British Museum piece (Petrakos, ibid.).

³⁰ Smith, A.H., Catalogue of Sculpture III (1904), no. 2155, pl. 24Google Scholar; LIMC III (1986) 96. no. 3, s.v. Bendis (Z. Gočcva and D. Popov). Contrast the scene of lighting the torch at the altar on a relief of the late 4th century, dedicated by a gymnasiarch after a torch-race, Acropolis Museum 3012 + British Museum 813, Walter, O.. Beschreibung der Reliefs im kleinem Akropolismuseum in Athen (1923) nos. 213 and 213a and IG II² 2974.Google Scholar

³¹ For the age and function of sophronistai see Aristotle, Ath.Pol. 42.2–3; Pélékidis, op. cit. (n. 2) 106–8. We do not have a representation of sophronistai before the late 2nd century A.D.: cf. fragment of a record relief, Epigraphical Museum 9648, where they seem to hold branches: IG II² 2122; Collignon, M., RA 1876 II, 184–6Google Scholar; Graindor, P., Album d' inscriptions attiques (1924) no. 79, pl. 63.Google Scholar It is not surprising that Ashmole (AJA 66, 233) had been muddled by Sittlington-Sterrett, J.R., AJP 22, 1901, 415Google Scholar into thinking that the gymnasiarch organises all the torch-races in a festival. Not so for Athens, where gymnasiarchs are like choregoi and responsible for their own team.

³² Robertson, M., A History of Greek Art (1975) pl. 137cGoogle Scholar; P. Themelis in Στὴλη for N. Kontoleon (1980) 267–71, pls. 92–5.

³³ Nemesis borrows Victoria's wings only in Roman times: Paus. 1.33.7; Chapoutier, F., BCH 48, 1924, 287–303CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Karagiorghis, V. and Vermeule, C.C., Sculptures from Salamis I (1964) 12, no. 4, pl. 12Google Scholar; Daux, G., BCH 88, 1964, 496–506Google Scholar; Petrakos, , PAE 1976, 52–3Google Scholar; Klose, D.O., Die Münzprägung von Smyrna in der römischen Kaiserzeit (1987) 28–9.Google Scholar

³⁴ Beazley, ARV ² 1331,1; Para 480; Add 182; Kron, U., Die zehn attischen Phylenheroen, AM Beiheft 5, 1976, 193Google Scholar; 240; 279, pl. 27,6.

³⁵ Ashmole, , NKJ 5, 96–9.Google Scholar For the shared cult of Nemesis and Themis at Rhamnous: Wilhelm, A., ÖJh 32, 1940, 200–9Google Scholar; Pouilloux, op. cit. (n. 1) 150–1; Mantis, A., Πϱοβλήματα τῆς εἰκονογϱαφίας τῶν ἱεϱέῶν ἱεϱέῶν και τῶν ἱεϱέιων ατὴν άϱχαία ἑλληνικὴ τέχνη (diss. Thessaloniki 1983) 132–45Google Scholar; Petrakos in Πραχτιχἀ Η διεθνοῦς συνεδρὶου 327–8; id. in φὶλια ᾿`Επη 2, 320–6. See also IG II² 2869, 3109, 3462 and 4638.

³⁶ Ashmole, , AJA 66, 233–4CrossRefGoogle Scholar, followed by Robertson, op. cit. (n. 32) 378; Petrakos, , PAE 1976, 52–3.Google Scholar In NKJ 10, 98 Ashmole admits that there is no evidence for a cult of Demeter and Kore at Rhamnous. Our relief is not included in the iconographical study of Demeter and Kore in Attic art by Peschlow-Bindokat, A., JdI 87, 1972, 60–157.Google Scholar

³⁷ Petrakos, loc. cit. (n. 36). Relief Munich 197: Peschlow-Bindokat, op. cit. (n. 36) 113–14, fig. 37; Neumann, G., Probleme des griechischen Weihreliefs (1979) 57, 59, pl. 32b.Google Scholar

³⁸ Cf. Kabus-Jahn, R., Studien zu Frauenfiguren des vierten Jahrhunderts vor Christus (1963) 1–22Google Scholar; ead., AntP XI (1972) 69–73, pls. 41–4; Peschlow-Bindokat, op. cit. (n. 36) 137–8, S 8–12, figs. 44–5.

³⁹ Athena: Rospigliosi, Athena, LIMC II (1984) 981Google Scholar, no. 257, s.v. Athena (P. Demargne); relief Athens NM 1467 and IG II² 97 of the 370s, Süsserott, H.K., Griechische Plastik des 4. Jahrhunderts vor Christus (1938) pl. 3,2Google Scholar; Cargill, J., The Second Athenian League, Empire or Free Alliance? (1981) 68–76Google Scholar; Lawton, op. cit. (n. 25) 161, no. 30; relief Acropolis Museum 3367+2542 + Epigraphical Museum 8024 and IG II² 1743, Walter, op. cit. (n. 30) 38, no. 55; Meritt, B.D., Traill, J.S., Inscriptions. The Athenian Councillors, Athenian Agora XV (1974) 29–30, no. 7Google Scholar; Kron, op. cit. (n. 34) 101–2; 262, K 33; Lawton, op. cit. (n. 25) 272, no. 94.

⁴⁰ Artemis: votive relief, Delphi Museum 8874+1101+3851, Zagdoun, op. cit. (n. 25) 36, no. 9, figs. 23–4. Cf. also Roman copy of a prototype of about 400 B.C., from the temple of Artemis at Aulis, Thebes Museum BE 63, Demakopoulou, K. and Konsola, D., Archaeological Museum of Thebes (1981) 79, pl. 41.Google Scholar

⁴¹ Unidentified goddesses and personifications: votive relief, Acropolis Museum 2447+2605+4734, Walter, op. cit. (n. 30) no. 76; Neumann, op. cit. (n. 37) 61 n. 35,2, pl. 37a; Epigraphical Museum 6907a and IG II² 34 of 384/3 B.C., Süsserott, op. cit. (n. 39) pl. 3,1; Lawton, op. cit. (n. 25) 156, no. 27. Compare also an unidentified goddess of similar type holding a phiale in the fragment of an early 4th-century record relief of Aphytis, Athens NM, Süsser ott, pl. 2,4; Meriti, B.D., Hesperia 36, 1967, 57–8CrossRefGoogle Scholar, no. 3, pl. 19; Lawton, 268, no. 90.

⁴² Petrakos in Στὴλη for Kontoleon, 404, pl. 188, id. in Πραχτιχἀ Η διεθνοῦς συνεδρὶου 333–4 IG II² 13102a.

⁴³ Cf. Early Classical Athena in the Prado, Blanco, A., Catalogo de la Escultura 1 (1957) no. 24, pl. 6,7Google Scholar; J. Boardman, J. Dörig, W. Fuchs, M. Hirmer, Greek Art and Architecture (n.d.) pl. 169 left. Athena Medici, G. Despinis, ᾿Αχρὸλιθα (1975) passim; J. Boardman, Greek Sculpture: the Classical Period (1985) fig. 200.

⁴⁴ The earliest dated example is on the sarcophagus of mourning women in Istanbul Museum, dated 367–358 B.C., Fleischer, R., Der Klagefrauensarkophag aus Sidon (1983) 35, pl. 20.Google Scholar The fragment of a grave relief in Munich, Glyptothek 482 is variously dated between 380 (Pfuhl, E. and Möbius, H., Die ostgriechischen Grabreliefs [1977] 24, no. 50, pl. 13Google Scholar) and 340 B.C. (Ohly, D., The Munich Glyptothek [1974] 41, no. 7).Google Scholar

⁴⁵ Only a few examples need be cited here. Apulian red-figure of the 340s and 330s: Helen on pelike Kassel T 723, Trendall, A.D. and Cambitoglou, A., The Red-figured Vases of Apulia 2 (1982) 481,15, pl. 172Google Scholar; Helen on volute krater, Geneva HR 44, Cambitoglou, A., Aellen, C. and Chamay, J., Le Peintre de Darius et son milieu (1986) 99Google Scholar; Hebe on situla Genoa 1177, Trendall and Cambitoglou, op. cit., 518,188, pl. 187,3; Persephone on volute-krater Munich 3297, Trendall and Cambitoglou, op. cit., 533,282, pl. 194; Rhodope on calyx-krater, Basle S 34, Schmidt, M., Trendall, A.D. and Cambitoglou, A., Eine Gruppe Apulischer Grabvasen in Basel (1976) 94–103, pl. 23.Google Scholar The peplos with low kolpos is occasionally worn by older women, e.g. priestess with key on amphora Leningrad 1705, Cambitoglou, Aellen and Chamay, op. cit., 75; one of the reclining women at the left corner of the west pediment of the temple of Zeus at Olympia, presumably a replacement of the 4th century B.C., Ashmole, B. and Yalouris, N., Olympia (1967) pl. 64.Google Scholar

⁴⁶ Attic red-figure fragment in Boston, Museum of Fine Arts: Furtwängler, A., Reichhold, K., Griechische Vasenmalerei 2 (1909) fig. 24Google Scholar (the upper part of the figure does not belong). The figure in low kolpos on Neo-Attic reliefs is notoriously difficult to identify: Rome, Terme 126374: Giuliano, A., ed., Museo Nazionale Romano, le sculture I, i (1979) 28–9, no. 28Google Scholar; Piraeus Museum 2119: Stefanidou-Tiberiou, op. cit. (n. 17) 28, no. 40; 96–7, pl. 27. Because of the appropriateness of her dress for brides, Edwards, C.M. has identified her with Basilinna as the bride of Dionysos in Athens (Greek Votive Reliefs to Pan and the Nymphs [diss. New York 1985] 97).Google ScholarDespinis, G. prefers to see her as Eileithyia (Παϱθενωνεια [1982] 107–8).Google Scholar

⁴⁷ Themis may be shown with Nemesis (named) attending Helen's seduction by Paris on the Attic red-figure pointed amphoriskos Berlin (West) 30036 of about 430 B.C., Beazley, ARV ² 1173,1; Para 459; Add 166. This identification was proposed by Shapiro, A., Boreas 9, 1986, 12, pl. 1,3Google Scholar on account of Themis' frequent association with the origins of the Trojan War in Attic vase-painting (cf. infra, n. 49).

⁴⁸ Mantis, loc. cit. (n.35) argues that the dedication involves both goddesses.

⁴⁹ For the iconography of Themis see Hamdorf, F.W., Griechische Kultpersonifikationen der Vorhellenistischen Zeit (1964) 108–10Google Scholar; E.B. Harrison in Festschrift Brommer 155–61; Palagia, op. cit. (n.24) 110—11. Themis as oracle wrapped up in her cloak, with Aigeus: cup Berlin (West) F2538 of the 440s, Beazley, ARV ² 1269,5; Para 471; Add 177. Themis as oracle, with Zeus, before the Trojan War: pelike? St. 1793, about 340 B.C., Beazley, ARV ² 1476,2. Themis in chiton girded over the shoulders and himation, with Bendis: skyphos Tübingen F 2 of about 420–410, Harrison, 158–9, pl. 42,3; LIMC III 96, no. 2, s.v. Bendis. Themis in transparent chiton girded over the shoulders, with Eris, at the judgement of Paris: calyx-krater Leningrad St. 1807 of about 400: Beazley, ARV ² 1185,7; Para 460; Add 167; Harrison, pl. 42,4.

⁵⁰ Palagia, , Hesperia 51, 1982, 110.CrossRefGoogle Scholar The same line of argument was pursued independently by Mantis, op. cit. (n. 35) 133–4

⁵¹ Harrison, Festschrift Brommer 155–61.

⁵² IG II² 3109; Harrison, op. cit. (n. 51) 157. pl. 43,1; Palagia, op. cit. (n. 50) 105–6, pl. 33d–e. According to Webster, T.B.L., Hellenistic Art (1967) 64 and MantisGoogle Scholar, op. cit. (n. 35) 132–44, the dedicatory inscription need not identify the figure with Themis and she may be a plain orans. Doubts about the identity of the figure are equally expressed by Petrakos, in Φίλια Ἔπη 2, 322Google Scholar: ‘the so-called Themis’. There is still room for debate.

⁵³ For the cubit as Nemesis' attribute cf. Anth.Pal. 16.223–4.

⁵⁴ For the apple bough and phiale cf. Paus. 1.33.3. The statuary type was recognised and reconstructed by G. Despinis, Συμβολὴ στὴ μελὲτη τοῦ ἒργου τοῦ ᾿Αγοραχ ρὶτου (1971). According to Paus, 1.33.7 the Rhamnousian Nemesis was represented as a lover of Zeus and mother of Helen; she was therefore directly involved in the cause of the Trojan War. Her involvement in the Trojan War is paralleled by the Rhamnousian legend that Nemesis punished the Persians for landing at Marathon: Paus. 1.33.2; Petrakos in Πϱακτικὰ H' διεθνοῦς συνεδϱίου, 327–8; id. in φὶλια `᾿Επη 2, 305. For Themis and the Trojan War see supra, n. 47 and 49.

⁵⁵ The position is summarised by Petrakos, in Archaische und klassische griechische Plastik (1986) 89–107.Google Scholar

⁵⁶ Supra, n. 47. Roman representations of Nemesis show enormous variety: cf. supra, n. 33, also Schweitzer, B., JdI 46, 1931, 175–246Google Scholar; Treu, G., Olympia III (1897) 237–9, pl. 59.2–3.Google Scholar

⁵⁷ Themis as the second consort of Zeus and mother of the Horai and Moirai: Hesiod, Theogony 901–6. For Nemesis see supra, n. 54.

⁵⁸ Pouilloux (n.1) 111, endorsed by Habicht, C., AM 76, 1961, 144 n.3.Google Scholar

⁵⁹ Deubner, L., Attische Feste (1932), 230.Google Scholar

⁶⁰ Another, very doubtful, was suggested by Lewis, , Hesperia 28, 1959, 243.Google Scholar

⁶¹ Pouilloux (n.1), 130 no. 15, lines 27–28.

⁶² Habicht (n.58) 145. The dedication on this rectangular pillar fitted into a slot 105 by 160 mm. in section and 80 mm. deep.

⁶³ A naked warrior with Corinthian helmet named ΜΟΝΙΧΟΣ appears with other Attic heroes in an Amazonomachy on an Attic red figure squat lekythos by Aison, Naples RC 239 (Beazley, ARV ² 1174, 6; Paralipomena 460; Addenda 166; Arias, P.E., Shefton, B.B., Hirmer, M., A History of Greek Vase Painting (1962), pl. 205Google Scholar; Παλαιοκϱασσᾶ, Λ., Το ἱεϱὸ τῆς Ἀϱτέμιδος Μουνιχίας (diss. Thessaloniki 1983), 24Google Scholar)