^{page 224 note 1} I have to thank Sir Arthur Evans not merely for the invitation to publish his finds, and for an invaluable collection of photographs and drawings, but also for the suggestion that I should continue the exploration of the neighbourhood in 1927, a suggestion which proved exceedingly fruitful, as the vases from the single new tomb here published shew; I am also greatly indebted to him for advice and assistance of many kinds in the summer of 1929, during a visit to Knossos, and for a generous contribution towards the cost of publishing some of the vases in colours.

The expenses of the excavation were covered by grants from the Ireland fund of Oxford University and from Christ Church. For this invaluable assistance I wish here to express my gratitude. I have, further, to thank my sister, Miss Leonora Payne, for making the drawings shewn in Figs. 1, 2,8, 9, 32, 33, and for help with some of the other drawings; Miss M. Hartley, for taking a number of measurements and for other help; and Mr. J. D. S. Pendlebury for taking several of the photographs here reproduced. Professor Beazley most kindly read the proofs.

The great number of the vases which it seemed essential both to describe and to illustrate has made it impossible to discuss the contents of these tombs at length. I have been forced to confine myself to a summary treatment, in the hope of returning later to the more general questions which are involved.

^{page 226 note 1} B.S.A. vi. 82, no. 1Google Scholar.

^{page 226 note 2} 1929.

^{page 226 note 3} A late Minoan tomb was found at the south end of this bank: the antechamber contained three late Minoan vases of the type Forsdyke, Cat. of Vases in the Brit. Mus. i. 142Google Scholar, Fig. 188, no. 812, and a pair of earrings of the type B.S.A. xxviii, Pl. XVIII, 7Google Scholar.

^{page 227 note 1} Cf. B.S.A. vi. 83Google Scholar.

^{page 228 note 1} Untersuchungen zur Chronologie der geometrischen Stile in Griechenland, i. 51Google Scholar.

^{page 230 note 1} It would be possible to form a rough idea of the number of burials of each period from the existing number of cinerary vases; but it is, of course, often difficult to say whether a vase was a cinerary vase or merely an offering, for quite small vases were used for ashes, at any rate in the Greek period. It appears, however, that in tomb B there were at least five protogeometric burials and rather more than twenty geometric (there are fragments of geometric vases which were too inconsiderable to be catalogued below); there are at least twenty-one orientalising vases of cinerary type, but, as I have said, it is not very likely that each of these represents a burial.

^{page 231 note 1} Many of these were found in the north-west area of the Palace; on the site of the temple described in the Palace of Minos, ii. i, 5 ff.Google Scholar, a good deal of Greek pottery was found, some of which is archaic.

^{page 231 note 2} Some geometric was found by Forsdyke in the Mavro Spelio cemetery in 1927 (B.S.A. xxviii. p. 247Google Scholar).

^{page 232 note 1} Information kindly supplied by Miss Hartley.

^{page 232 note 2} A regular type of the protogeometric period, derived from Mycenaean (cf. p. 268); a fragment from a similar Late Mycenaean vase is shewn in Fig. 36. A good Attic fragment with precisely the same rim; Graef, , Akropolisvasen, Pl. 9, 273Google Scholar.

^{page 233 note 1} Another shape directly derived from Mycenaean : see p. 268.

^{page 233 note 2} On the shape, see p. 268.

^{page 234 note 1} The neckless ovoid pithos is characteristic of North-Central Crete (Knossos, Anopolis, Stavrakia, Episkopi) and is rare in the west and elsewhere (B.S.A. xii. 28Google Scholar: cf. the Argive vases from Tiryns, Tiryns, i. Pl. 19, 5 and p. 133Google Scholar, Fig. 7; Rhodian, , Jahrbuch, 1886, 136Google Scholar; and Theran such as Dragendorff, , Thera, ii. 186Google Scholar, Fig. 379A, and Pottier, , Vases du Louvre, i. Pl. 10, A266Google Scholar). The low-necked pithos of protogeometric shape is very rare in the geometric period in Crete: possible geometric examples are Dragendorff, op. cit. p. 57, Fig. 193; p. 61, Fig. 212; p. 177, Fig. 368. The type with higher neck (Fig. 4) is, of course, common in several geometric fabrics. The four-handled neckless pithos (Pl. VII, 6, 9) is almost confined to Knossos; I know of one example from Anopolis, Ath. Mitt. 1897, 243, Fig. 13Google Scholar; for the disposition of the handles, cf. Late Minoan vases such as Seager, Pachyammos, Pl. XII, 2, etc.

^{page 239 note 1} It must have been copied from metal or wicker-work: at any rate, it must have originated in a material which could be bent to the required shape. Such feet are still used for garden chairs, etc.

^{page 239 note 2} Dr. Kunze tells me there is a second Cycladic example in the museum of Mykonos.

^{page 239 note 3} Perhaps the earliest examples of the shape are Trojan : cf. C.V.A. Louvre, i. FA, Pl. II, 6Google Scholar. It occurs in Syria (Gezer, iii. Pl. 82, 1; Liverpool Annals, vi. Pl. 26, dGoogle Scholar), and is, no doubt, to be regarded as a specifically Cypro-Palestinian form.

^{page 241 note 1} Compare the closely similar volutes, similarly used, on the Melian vase, Dugas, Cér. des Cyclades, Pl. IX.

^{page 244 note 1} Cf. the sarcophagus from Hagia Triada, Bossert, , Altkreta ², Fig. 72Google Scholar (on the altar); Evans, , Palace of Minos, ii. 2, pp. 524, 729Google Scholar; the lion gate, etc.

^{page 244 note 2} Cf. A.J.A. 1905, Pl. 15 (Corinthian geometric); Argive Heraeum, ii. p. 118, Fig. 43Google Scholar; another in the British Museum, where there is also a b.f. example.

^{page 245 note 1} Cf., for example, the tripod with birds on the handles on the vase Jahrbuch, 1918, 185, Fig. 48Google Scholar, and the bronze tripod-handle with birds, Olympia, iv. Pl. 29, no. 638; cf. also ibid. Pl. 27, no. 539, and Pl. 28, no. 573, and text, p. 79, inv. 1047. See also Furtwängler, , Kleine Schriften, i. 350Google Scholar.

^{page 245 note 2} Cf., for example, Olympia, iv. Pl. 34, especially A; Lamb, , Greek and Roman Bronzes, pp. 44 ff.Google Scholar; Schwendemann, , Jahrbuch, 1921, 121 ffGoogle Scholar.

^{page 248 note 1} Cf., for example, Myres, , Cesnola Handbook, p. 67Google Scholar, nos. 517–519; there is a large globular jug with a plastic bull's head as spout at the Villa Ariadne, from Fortezza: it belongs to the beginning of the orientalising period, and shews strong Cypriot influence in the decoration.

^{page 249 note 1} See p. 276.

^{page 250 note 1} Wace, and Thompson, , Prehistoric Thessaly, 211, Fig. 146Google Scholar.

^{page 251 note 1} Cf. another Minoan example from Hagia Triada (Evans, , Palace of Minos, i. 181Google Scholar, Fig. 129, d), and Minoan vases such as Maraghiannis, , Antiq. Crétoises, iii. Pl. 42Google Scholar.

^{page 254 note 1} The two-handled form goes further back in Crete: cf., for example, Evans, , Prehistoric Tombs, p. 123Google Scholar, Fig. 117, top right.

^{page 254 note 2} It appears in the islands also at a very early date: cf. B.S.A. xvii. Pl. VI, lower row.

^{page 254 note 3} A certain protogeometric example is shewn in Necrocorinthia, Fig. 3 left.

^{page 257 note 1} I do not know if the vase in Leyden, Brants, Cat. Pl. XII, 3 is Cretan or protocorinthian.

^{page 257 note 2} Cf. B.S.A. xxv. Pl. X. a; Pl. XI. h, 1.

^{page 257 note 3} Cf. Johansen, , Vases Sicyoniens, pp. 66 ffGoogle Scholar.

^{page 259 note 1} E.g. Deltion, 1916, 42Google Scholar, Fig. 44, 6, from Phaleron.

^{page 259 note 2} E.g. Ath. Mitt. 1903, 115 ffGoogle Scholar. Figs. 24–7, from Thera; Wace, and Thompson, , Prehistoric Thessaly, 210Google Scholar, Fig. 145, from Theotokou.

^{page 259 note 3} Evans, , Palace of Minos, ii. i, Pl. IX. a–cGoogle Scholar; Forsdyke, , Cat. of Vases in the Brit. Mus. i. i, p. 86Google Scholar, Fig. 107 ff.; Pl. IX. A 460, etc.

^{page 259 note 4} E.g. the cup by Theozotos, , Hoppin, , Black-figure Vases, p. 352Google Scholar; red-figure cup in South Kensington, Jacobsthal, Ornamente, Pl. LXXIII. b–c. Prof. Beazley tells me of a b.f. example of the same shape in Munich (2002 : J. 1260); compare also late sixth-century cups like N.Y., Shapes, p. 21, left lower, but this type is not found with a single handle like that of the early cups.

^{page 262 note 1} On the shape, see my Necrocorinthia, Cat. s.v. no. 673.

^{page 265 note 1} A few Cretan plastic vases are discussed by Maximova in Les Vases Plastiques, but the group is there treated very summarily. It is an interesting group and I therefore append a short list of the types known to me. (i) Owl-vases: C.V.A. Oxford, Pl. III, 1–4, from Knossos; in the text I have mentioned other Cretan owl-vases of three different types. (2) Pear with coiled snake, from Milatos (C.V.A. Oxford, Pl. III, 5–6). (3) Eagle-vase, from Praisos (Maximova, Pl. X, 40). (4) Bird-askoi (op. cit. Pl. X, 38–9): a Cypriot type, which has an analogy in the Rhodian vase, C.V.A. Copenhagen, ii. B and D, Pl. LXV, 8, and in the Attic( ?) vase Maximova, Pl. XI, 43. (5) Bull-vase in Oxford mentioned below. (6) The Lion vase here discussed. (7) Vase in the shape of a cylindrical figure from Kissamo (Polyrrhenium) : C.V.A. Oxford, Pl. II, 1–3. (8) Lion-vase from Afrati (Liverpool Annals, 1925, Pl. IIGoogle Scholar). (9) Squatting figure with hydria, from Adhromyloi (B.S.A. xii. p. 46, Fig. 23Google Scholar). (10) Bronze vase in Oxford from the Idaean cave: the vase is in the shape of a male head; it will shortly be published by Kunze in connection with the Cretan shields.

^{page 266 note 1} In Pl. XXV, 4, I have restored some of the white dots. In the final cleaning at the Museum a good many disappeared; they can be seen unrestored above the sphinx in Pl. XXV, 5. The black lines in the drawing represent incisions, the faint lines unincised contours.

^{page 267 note 1} Cf. for instance, B.S.A. xii. 33Google Scholar.

^{page 268 note 1} For the globular pyxis, cf. Forsdyke, , Catalogue of the Vases in the Brit. Museum, i. i, p. 130, Fig. 173Google Scholar; for the others there is no need to quote parallels.

^{page 268 note 2} B.S.A. xxv. Pl. IX, a; Forsdyke, Pl. XVI, A 1024.

^{page 269 note 1} Concentric semicircles drawn free-hand are, of course, very common before the protogeometric period, and the protogeometric concentric semicircles may simply be a geometrised version of these; complete concentric circles would be a natural further development. They are, however, found much earlier in the near East (e.g. Gjerstadt, , Studies in Prehistoric Cyprus, pp. 108, 148–9Google Scholar; Frankfort, , Studies, ii. Pl. VII, 2 and 4)Google Scholar.

^{page 269 note 2} A characteristic feature of the protogeometric group is the practice of decorating medium-sized and large vases with broad bands arranged at considerable intervals: cf., for instance, Pl. V, 5–6; Pl. VI, 1, 3, 6 (n.b. the undecorated neck of the last); this practice is directly derived from the late Mycenaean period (cf. B.S.A. xxv. Pls. VI, b; IX, a; X, d, etc.), and is not characteristic of geometric proper.

^{page 269 note 3} Evans, , Palace of Minos, ii. i, 136, Figs. 69–70, 1–5Google Scholar; note especially the motives shewn in Fig. 70, 2–5.

^{page 269 note 4} Hall, E. H., Vrokastro (Pennsylvania, 1917)Google Scholar.

^{page 271 note 1} Mal. u. Zeichn. i. 86Google Scholar.

^{page 272 note 1} i. 91. The connection between Rhodes and Knossos is occasionally very close (compare the pithos from Camiros, , Jahrbuch, 1886, 136Google Scholar (B.C.H. 1912, 497, Fig. 1Google Scholar) with our Pl. VII, 3), and there is a general resemblance of character as well as in several motives used in the two styles. But I know of no Rhodian geometric vases as fully developed as no. 28 (Fig. 9) or indeed as the amphora, Pl. VII, 8.

^{page 274 note 1} On these, see pp. 239 f.

^{page 276 note 1} See no. 60 bis.

^{page 276 note 2} The vase from Kavousi, , A.J.A. 1901, 146Google Scholar, Fig. 9, is probably also an import from central Crete.

^{page 276 note 3} A rare group of exceptions to this rule are the cups of the type Johansen, , Vases Sicyoniens, Pl. IX, 2Google Scholar.

^{page 277 note 1} Compare the almost equally clumsy geometric oinochoe, no. 78.

^{page 277 note 2} See my remarks in the text to Pl. III, 7–8 of the C.V.A.

^{page 277 note 3} The oinochoe is the only one with traces of added colour.

^{page 277 note 4} On bucchero see Pfuhl, , Mal. u. Zeichn. i. 152 ffGoogle Scholar.

^{page 277 note 5} Furtwängler, , Aegina, p. 448, no. 152Google Scholar.

^{page 277 note 6} Brit. Mus. A, 633, 634.

^{page 277 note 7} C.V.A. II B and D, Pl. LXV, 2.

^{page 277 note 8} Jahrbuch, 1886, 150, 3037Google Scholar. There is another in the British Museum.

^{page 278 note 1} Hall, , Vrokastro, pp. 109, 171, Pl. XXVIGoogle Scholar. Fragments from Knossos.

^{page 280 note 1} See p. 239.

^{page 280 note 2} See p. 248.

^{page 280 note 3} See my Necrocorinthia, p. 270.

^{page 280 note 4} The polychrome vases were first described, shortly after the discovery of the first examples, by Evans, , The Times, July 15, 1907Google Scholar; cf. also Mackenzie, , B.S.A. xiii. 443Google Scholar; Karo, , A. Anz. 1908, 122Google Scholar; Johansen, , Vases Sicyoniens, 59, note 1Google Scholar; Pfuhl, , Mal. u. Zeichn. i. 87Google Scholar; Hall, , Civilisation of Greece in the Bronze Age, 261 and 270–1Google Scholar.

^{page 280 note 5} A few monochrome vases from Knossos are slipped (e.g. Pl. X, 5), but this is exceptional, and the slip is always much thinner. The unslipped polychrome vase is the pithos, Pls. XVII–XIX.

^{page 281 note 1} Not from any of the tombs here published, but from a tomb in Hogarth's (southern) group which was excavated in 1929.

^{page 281 note 2} Cf. Fig. 11a.

^{page 282 note 1} P. 239.

^{page 284 note 1} The cup, Pottier, , Album, ii. Pl. 68, F 68Google Scholar; Heinemann, , Landschaftliche Elemente, pp. 66 ff.Google Scholar; Pfuhl, iii. Fig. 212. Another equally remarkable East Greek ‘landscape’—a scene in a vineyard on a vase of the Northampton group—will be published in the second fascicule of the Oxford Corpus Vasorum.

^{page 284 note 2} From an early orientalising vase recently acquired by the British Museum.

^{page 284 note 3} C.V.A. Brit. Mus. ii. c, c, Pl. V. 6; Pl. VI. 3; vase in Leyden (Brants, Cat. Pl. XI, 40).

^{page 286 note 1} I am indebted to Sir Arthur Evans for this observation.

^{page 286 note 2} C.V.A. Oxford, ii. Pl. I, 9.

^{page 286 note 3} Several types are collected by Langlotz, in Antike Plastik, p. 116, Figs. 3–6Google Scholar; the gold reliefs and the stele are later than our vase, the New York vase is a little earlier.

^{page 287 note 1} Ath. Mitt. 1906, Pl. 23Google Scholar.

^{page 287 note 2} Liverpool Annals, 1925, Pl. VIbGoogle Scholar.

^{page 287 note 3} Antike Plastik, p. 114, Fig. 1.

^{page 288 note 1} It may, of course, be by chance—that is, through the difficulty of relating the figures in a small field—that she seems to be touching the man's chin in the gesture of supplication. The fact that she is bared to the waist would conform well with the literary version of the story.

^{page 288 note 2} The raised wing must not be taken for a second body, as there is only one pair of feet; for the form of the wing, compare Fig. 7.

^{page 288 note 3} On these see my Necrocorinthia, p. 51, note 8; the motive is not found in the East except at an extremely early period (cf. Menant, , Glypt. Orientale, 60–61, Figs. 26–27)Google Scholar. If seems therefore that there must be a connection between the Minoan and Greek examples.

^{page 289 note 1} Pls. VII, 5; XVIII; XVI; XXIII; Figs. 8–9, 37; B.S.A. viii. Pl. IXd, and the companion piece from Fortezza (p. 276); a pithos from Fortezza, now at Knossos; a lost krater from Milatos; a stamnos from Anopolis; cf. also Hall, , Vrokastro, 96, Fig. 52AGoogle Scholar; 98, Fig. 53A; Jahrbuch, 1899, p. 37, Fig. 15Google Scholar; p. 39, Fig. 21.

^{page 289 note 2} It seems to occur on the vase, Myres, , Handbook of the Cesnola Collection, 287Google Scholar, no. 1701 (lowest row, right hand half).

^{page 290 note 1} Ath. Mitt. 1903, Beilage, 27, 1–3; p. 186, Fig. 51; Dragendorff, , Thera, ii. 201, Fig. 402Google Scholar; 204, Fig. 411A.

^{page 290 note 2} Furtwängler, 19 (Bossert, , Ornament, Pl. IV, 8Google Scholar); cf. also Graef, , Akropolisvasen, Pl. VII, 221Google Scholar; Ἐϕ. Ἀρχ. 1914, 110, Fig. 17Google Scholar.

^{page 290 note 3} E.g. Leyden 41 (Brants, Cat. Pl. II).

^{page 290 note 4} This possibility is strengthened by the fragment Evans, , Palace of Minos, ii. 1, 137Google Scholar, Fig. 70A, which belongs to the early protogeometric period (see p. 269).

^{page 290 note 5} Dragendorff, , Thera, ii. 204, Fig. 411BGoogle Scholar.

^{page 291 note 1} Syria, v. Pl. XXIX, 3.

^{page 291 note 2} On the motive see Schweitzer, , Ath. Mitt. 1918, 37, note 1Google Scholar; Johansen, , Vases Sicyoniens, pp. 58–59Google Scholar.

^{page 292 note 1} Johansen, op. cit. 121, Figs. 82, 83.

^{page 292 note 2} Ibid., Fig. 84.

^{page 292 note 3} Orsi, and Halbherr, , Museo Italiano, ii. Pl. IXGoogle Scholar; Winter, , Kunstgeschichte in Bildern, 107, 2Google Scholar.

^{page 292 note 4} Johansen, op. cit. 122, Fig. 89.

^{page 292 note 5} Compare, for example, Layard, , Monuments of Nineveh, i. Pl. LXXXIV, 15Google Scholar.

^{page 292 note 6} Compare the gold cup from Mycenae, Evans, , Palace of Minos, i. 242, Fig. 183A, 7 and 8Google Scholar; I am indebted to Sir Arthur Evans for this observation.

^{page 293 note 1} Ath. Mitt. 1897, 234, Fig. 2Google Scholar; B.S.A. viii. 242, Fig. 9Google Scholar.

^{page 293 note 2} Ibid., loc. cit.; see also Schweitzer, , Ath. Mitt. 1918, 42, note 2Google Scholar.

^{page 293 note 3} Ibid., Pl. VI; Buschor², 43, Fig. 27; Schweitzer speaks of this vase as Cypriot, but wrongly, as technique and patterns shew (Ath. Mitt. 1918, loc. cit.).

^{page 294 note 1} Hogarth, Ephesus, Pl. VIII, etc.; Ath. Mitt. 1897, 279Google Scholar, Fig. 12 (Payne, , Necrocorinthia, Pl. II, and p. 9, note 2Google Scholar).

^{page 294 note 2} (a) Opposing triangles— or , with elaborations—which are found in Greek geometric and elsewhere, passim (cf. Schweitzer, , Ath. Mitt. 1918, 57)Google Scholar. (b) , etc. likewise universally common: in Greek geometric, when used vertically, the two are often combined, e.g. C.V.A. Copenhagen, iii. H, Pl. LXXII, 3. It is the horizontal application of the motive, with a single central member—in fact the scheme shewn above—which is peculiar to the polychrome style of Knossos.

^{page 294 note 3} C.V.A. Brit. Mus. II. c, c, Pl. IV, 12. Schweitzer, , A.M. 1918, 57Google Scholar, derives this ornament of which we are speaking from the Mycenaean ‘mussel’ (Furtwängler-Loeschcke, , Myk. Thongef. Pl. III, 10Google Scholar; Ἐϕ. Ἀρχ 1898, 73, Fig. 13Google Scholar; C.V.A. Copenhagen, iii. A, Pl. LXIII, 5); it is true that his Fig. 9 is explicable as a derivative of this motive, but in the vast majority of instances the wavy lines are lacking, and the motive is best explained as a simple abbreviation of the diamond-sequence, with the first and third diamonds halved.

^{page 294 note 4} Op. cit. Pl. IV, 16–18; cf. Myres, , Cesnola Handbook, 65Google Scholar, nos. 501 (left panel), 504–5, 541, 608, 613 (vertical), etc.

^{page 294 note 5} C.V.A. Brit. Mus. Pl. XII, 1, 2, 6; cf. also Myres, op. cit. 86, 696, 699; Ath. Mitt. 1918, 57Google Scholar, Fig. 9 (geometric or orientalising); C.V.A. Louvre, ii. c, b, Pl. XIX, 1–3Google Scholar; 6; Pl. XVIII. 4–6.

^{page 295 note 1} C.V.A. Louvre, ii. c, b, Pl. XVIII, 4–6Google Scholar; C.V.A. Brit. Mus. ii. c, c, Pl. VII, 1.

^{page 295 note 2} Cesnola Handbook, 82, no. 669 (cf. 598).

^{page 295 note 3} C.V.A. Brit. Mus. ii. c, c, Pl. V, 2.

^{page 296 note 1} Ath. Mitt. 1918, 56Google Scholar; Schweitzer compares the stirrup-vase from Enkomi, , Excavations, 36, Fig. 64, no. 1009Google Scholar. It may be (cf. Fig. 40, c) a debasement of the well-known Minoan architectural motive of semicircles separated by a vertical band; we find it, however, already in the Palace-style amphora from Pylos, Bossert, , Altkreta, Fig. 259Google Scholar (shoulder-chain).

^{page 296 note 2} Relief-pithos from Prinia, (A.J.A. 1901, Pl. XIII, 10–11)Google Scholar; vases from Praisos, (B.S.A. xii. 30)Google Scholar; oinochoe from Afrati, (Liverpool Annals, 1925, Pl. VI, A)Google Scholar; bronze mitra from Axos in Canea (here the bees hang from flowers); cf. also a primitive gold bee from Afrati, and another from Crete, also archaic and of gold, in the British Museum, Marshall, , Cat. of Jewellery, Pl. XIV, no. 1239Google Scholar.

^{page 296 note 3} C.V.A. Brit. Mus. ii. c, c, Pl. XII, 14Google Scholar.