Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-25wd4 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-26T21:06:48.764Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

The response of weaned piglets to dietary valine and leucine

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  12 January 2017

F. Meyer ,
C. Jansen van Rensburg  and
R. M. Gous
F. Meyer
Affiliation:
Department Animal and Wildlife Science, Faculty Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
C. Jansen van Rensburg*
Affiliation:
Department Animal and Wildlife Science, Faculty Natural and Agricultural Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0002, South Africa
R. M. Gous
Affiliation:
School of Agricultural, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg 3209, South Africa
*
†E-mail: christine.jansenvanrensburg@up.ac.za
Get access

Abstract

Valine (Val) is considered to be the fifth-limiting amino acid in a maize–soyabean meal diet for pigs. Excess leucine (Leu) levels often occur in commercial diets, which may attenuate the effect of Val deficiency because of an increased oxidation of Val. The objective of the present experiment was to determine the effect of increasing concentrations of Leu on the response of young piglets to dietary Val. In all, 75 Large White×Landrace entire male pigs, 44 days of age and with a mean starting weight of 13.5 kg, were used. Three of these were sacrificed at the start to determine their mean initial chemical composition. A summit feed first limiting in Val was serially diluted with a non-protein diluent to produce a series of five digestible Val concentrations of 11.9, 10.1, 8.3, 6.6 and 4.8 g/kg, with a sixth treatment being added to test that the feeds were limiting in Val. Three identical Val series, each with six levels of Val, were supplemented with increasing amounts of Leu (23, 45 and 67 g/kg), thus 18 treatments in total. All pigs were killed at the end of the trial after 18 days for analysis of water, protein, lipid and ash in the carcass. The levels of Val and Leu and their interaction significantly influenced all the measurements taken in the trial. Daily gain in liveweight, water and protein, and feed conversion efficiency all increased with dietary Val content, whereas feed intake decreased as both Val and Leu contents increased. The deleterious effect of increased Leu on feed intake and growth was more marked at lower levels of Val. Supplementing the feed with the lowest Val content with additional Val largely overcame the effect of excess Leu. The efficiency of utilisation of Val for protein growth was unaffected by the level of Leu in the feed, the primary response to excess Leu being a reduction in feed intake. An intake of around 9 g Val/day yielded maximal protein growth during the period from 44 to 62 days of age in pigs of the genotype used in this trial.

Keywords

valineleucinepigsgrowthfeed intake
Type
Research Article
Information
animal , Volume 11 , Issue 8 , August 2017 , pp. 1279 - 1286
Copyright
© The Animal Consortium 2017 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Agricultural Research Council 1981. The nutrient requirements of pigs. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux, Slough, UK.Google Scholar
Association of Official Analytical Chemists International 2000. Official methods of analysis of AOAC International, 17th edition. AOAC, Gaithersburg, MD, USA.Google Scholar
Baker, DH 2005. Tolerance for branched-chain amino acids in experimental animals and humans. Journal of Nutrition 135, 1585s–1590s.Google Scholar
Barea, R, Brossard, L, Le Floc’h, N, Primot, Y, Melchior, D and van Milgen, J 2009. The standardized ileal digestible valine-to-lysine requirement ratio is at least seventy percent in post weaned piglets. Journal of Animal Science 87, 935–947.Google Scholar
Burnham, D, Emmans, GC and Gous, RM 1992. Isoleucine requirements of the chicken: the effect of excess leucine and valine on the responses to isoleucine. British Poultry Science 33, 71–87.Google Scholar
Dennison, C and Gous, RM 1980. Amino acid concentrations in some South African feed ingredients. South African Journal of Animal Science 10, 9–18.Google Scholar
D’Mello, JPF and Lewis, D 1970a. Amino acid interactions in chick nutrition. 2. Interrelationships between leucine, isoleucine and valine. British Poultry Science 11, 313–323.Google Scholar
D’Mello, JPF and Lewis, D 1970b. Amino acid interactions in chick nutrition. 3. Interdependence in amino acid requirements. British Poultry Science 11, 367–385.Google Scholar
Edmonds, MS and Baker, DH 1987. Amino acid excesses for young pigs: effects of excess methionine, tryptophan, threonine or leucine. Journal of Animal Science 64, 1664–1671.Google Scholar
EFG Software 2010. Pig growth model. Retrieved on 15 November 2015 from http://www.efgsoftware.net Google Scholar
Ferguson, NS, Arnold, GA, Lavers, G and Gous, RM 2000. The response of growing pigs to amino acids as influenced by environmental temperature. 1. Threonine. Animal Science 70, 287–297.Google Scholar
Ferguson, NS, Emmans, GC and Gous, RM 1994. Preferred components for the construction of a new simulation model of growth, feed intake and nutrient requirements of growing pigs. South African Journal of Animal Science 24, 10–17.Google Scholar
Figueroa, JL, Lewis, AJ, Miller, PS, Fischer, RL, Gomez, RS and Diedrichsen, RM 2002. Nitrogen metabolism and growth performance of gilts fed standard corn-soybean meal diets or low-crude protein, amino acid-supplemented diets. Journal of Animal Science 80, 2911–2919.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fisher, C and Morris, TR 1970. The determination of the methionine requirement of laying pullets by a diet dilution technique. British Poultry Science 11, 67–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Fisher, C, Morris, TR and Jennings, RC 1973. A model for the description and prediction of the response of laying hens to amino acid intake. British Poultry Science 14, 469–484.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Gaines, AM, Kendall, DC, Allee, GL, Usry, JL and Kerr, BJ 2011. Estimation of the standardized ileal digestible valine to lysine ratio in 13 to 32 kg pigs. Journal of Animal Science 89, 736–742.Google Scholar
Gatnau, R, Zimmerman, DR, Nissen, SL, Wannemuehler, M and Ewan, RC 1995. Effects of excess dietary leucine and leucine catabolites on growth and immune responses in weanling pigs. Journal of Animal Science 73, 159–165.Google Scholar
Gloaguen, M, Le Floc’h, N, Brossard, L, Barea, R, Primot, Y, Corrent, E and van Milgen, J 2011. Response of piglets to the valine content in diet in combination with the supply of other branched-chain amino acids. Animal 5, 1734–1742.Google Scholar
Gous, RM and Morris, TR 1985. Evaluation of a diet dilution technique for measuring the response of broiler chickens to increasing concentrations of lysine. British Poultry Science 26, 147–161.Google Scholar
Harper, AE 1959. Amino acid balance and imbalance. Journal of Nutrition 68, 405–418.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Harper, AE, Benevenga, NJ and Wohlhueter, RM 1970. Effects of ingestion of disproportionate amounts of amino acids. Physiological Reviews 50, 428–558.Google Scholar
Harper, AE, Miller, RH and Block, KP 1984. Branched-chain amino acid metabolism. Annual Review of Nutrition 4, 409–454.Google Scholar
Harris, RA, Kobayashi, R, Murakami, T and Shimomura, Y 2001. Regulation of branched-chain α-keto acid dehydrogenase kinase expression in rat liver. Journal of Nutrition 131, 841–845.Google Scholar
Henry, Y, Seve, B, Colleaux, Y, Ganier, P, Saligaut, C and Jego, P 1992. Interactive effects of dietary levels of tryptophan and protein on voluntary feed intake and growth performance in pigs, in relation to plasma free amino acids and hypothalamic serotonin. Journal of Animal Science 70, 1873–1877.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kyriazakis, I and Emmans, GC 1992a. The effects of varying protein and energy intakes on the growth and body composition of pigs. 1. The effects of energy intake at constant, high protein intake. British Journal of Nutrition 68, 603–613.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kyriazakis, I and Emmans, GC 1992b. The effects of varying protein and energy intakes on the growth and body composition of pigs. 2. The effects of varying both energy and protein intake. British Journal of Nutrition 68, 615–625.Google Scholar
Landgraf, S, Susenbeth, A, Knap, PW, Looft, H, Plastow, GS, Kalm, E and Roehe, R 2006. Developments of carcass cuts, organs, body tissues and chemical body composition during growth of pigs. Animal Science 82, 889–899.Google Scholar
Langer, S and Fuller, MF 2000. Interactions among the branched-chain amino acids and their effects on methionine utilization in growing pigs: effects on nitrogen retention and amino acid utilization. British Journal of Nutrition 83, 43–48.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Le Bellego, L and Noblet, J 2002. Performance and utilization of dietary energy and amino acids in piglets fed low protein diets. Livestock Production Science 76, 45–58.Google Scholar
Lewis, AJ and Nishimura, N 1995. Valine requirement of the finishing pig. Journal of Animal Science 73, 2315–2318.Google Scholar
Liu, XT, Ma, WF, Zeng, XF, Xie, CY, Thacker, PA, Htoo, JK and Qiao, SY 2015. Estimation of the standardized ileal digestible valine to lysine ratio required for 25- to 120-kilogram pigs fed low crude protein diets supplemented with crystalline amino acids. Journal of Animal Science 93, 4761–4773.Google Scholar
Mavromichalis, I, Kerr, BJ, Parr, TM, Albin, DM, Gabert, VM and Baker, DH 2001. Valine requirement of nursery pigs. Journal of Animal Science 79, 1223–1229.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McNab, JM and Fisher, C 1984. An assay for true and apparent metabolisable energy. In Proceedings of the XVIIth World’s Poultry Congress, 8–12 August 1984, Helsinki, Finland, pp. 374–376.Google Scholar
Millet, S, Aluwé, M, Ampe, B and De Campeneere, S 2015. Interaction between amino acids on the performances of individually housed piglets. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition 99, 230–236.Google Scholar
Nemechek, JE, Tokach, MD, Dritz, SS, Goodband, RD and DeRouchey, JM 2014. Evaluation of standardized ileal digestible valine:lysine, total lysine:crude protein, and replacing fish meal, meat and bone meal, and poultry byproduct meal with crystalline amino acids on growth performance of nursery pigs from seven to twelve kilograms. Journal of Animal Science 92, 1548–1561.Google Scholar
Peganova, S and Eder, K 2003. Interactions of various supplies of isoleucine, valine, leucine and tryptophan on the performance of laying hens. Poultry Science 82, 100–105.Google Scholar
Smith, TK and Austic, RE 1978. The branched-chain amino acid antagonism in chicks. Journal of Nutrition 108, 1180–1191.Google Scholar
Van Soest, J, Robertson, JB and Lewis, BA 1991. Methods for dietary fiber, neutral detergent fiber, and nonstarch polysaccharides in relation to animal nutrition. Journal of Dairy Science 74, 3583–3597.Google Scholar
Whittemore, CT 1998. The science and practice of pig production. Blackwell Science Ltd, Oxford, UK.Google Scholar
Wiltafsky, MK, Pfaffl, MW and Roth, FX 2010. The effects of branched-chain amino acid interactions on growth performance, blood metabolites, enzyme kinetics and transcriptomics in weaned pigs. British Journal of Nutrition 103, 964–976.Google Scholar
Zhang, H, Yin, J, Li, D, Zhou, X and Li, X 2007. Tryptophan enhances ghrelin expression and secretion associated with increased food intake and weight gain in weanling pigs. Domestic Animal Endocrinology 33, 47–61.Google Scholar