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Types of Artificial Cranial Deformation in the Eastern United States

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  25 January 2017

Georg K. Neumann
Georg K. Neumann*
Affiliation:
Museum of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
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Extract

In order to secure accurate information on the distribution of artificial cranial deformation, both in time and in space, as an aid to cultural reconstructions, and to the allocation of burials and archaeological features associated with burials, a series of diagrams illustrating six types of deformation found in the eastern United States are given in Fig. 37. Another type, the lambdoid deformation of the Chaco Canyon region of New Mexico, is merely included for comparison with natural lambdoid flattening and obelionic deformation. All these finer distinctions of types of artificial deformation and a number of others have been previously recognized and have appeared in print, but only those that were found to be characteristic of groups of people have been accepted, thereby eliminating individual variations. No distinction has been made between unintentional and intentional deformation since it is often difficult to decide this question in series of crania of groups of people who deformed the skulls only mildly, nor are the various cradling practices producing the different types of deformation considered here.

Type
Research Article
Information
American Antiquity , Volume 7 , Issue 3 , January 1942 , pp. 306 - 310
Copyright
Copyright © The Society for American Archaeology 1942

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References

1 I am indebted to the curatorial staffs of the U. S. National Museum, the University of Chicago, the Peabody Museum of Harvard University, the Museum of Archaeology of the University of Kentucky, the University of Tennessee, the Archaeological Laboratory of the Alabama Museum of Natural History, the American Museum of Natural History, and the Dickson Mound Museum, for their kindness in allowing me to examine their collections; the first four of the named institutions for the use of eight skulls for illustrative purposes; and to Dr. T. D. Stewart of the U. S. National Museum for the craniograph diagram reproduced as Fig. 37, 9 in this paper. The numbers of the skulls illustrated are: Fig. 37, 1—U.S.N.M. No. 345,889, male, Canal Point, Fla.; Fig. 37, 2— U. of C. No. Tvl-1 , male, Tazewell County, Illinois; Fig. 37, 3—U.S.N.M. No. 327,101, male, Chaco Canyon region; Fig. 37, 4—P.M.H. No. 27,205, male, Brentwood, Tenn.; Fig. 37, 5 and 6—U.S.N.M. No. 115,464, female, Lynxville, Wis.; Fig. 37, 7—U.K.M.A. No. 22–17, male, Norris Basin, Tenn.; Fig. 37, 8—U.S.N.M. No. 243,051, female, Vicksburg, Miss.; and Fig. 37, 9 and 10—U.S.N.M. No. 362,447, female, Nachitoches, La.

2 Stewart, 1939a and 1939b.

3 Griffin and Neumann, N. D.

4 Hooton, 1922, pp. 101, 107–108.

5 Stewart, 1940, p. 15.

6 Stewart, 1939b, p. 10; and 1941.

7 Goldstein, 1940, pp. 312–313.