Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-25wd4 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-26T15:42:34.968Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

Revisiting Hohokam Paleodemography

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

John A. McClelland
John A. McClelland*
Affiliation:
Arizona State Museum and School of Anthropology, University of Arizona, P.O. Box 210026, Tucson, AZ 85721 (jmcclell@email.arizona.edu)
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Archaeological evidence documents apparent depopulation of the Hohokam region of Southern Arizona at the end of the Classic period (A.D. 1150-1450). Major population centers were no longer occupied, and many distinctive material culture traits associated with the Hohokam tradition seem to disappear. Proposed explanations include migration, dispersion of the population into less archaeologically visible settlements, and wholesale population decline. The latter hypothesis is attractive partly because of a seminal study of paleodemography and health at the Classic-period site of Pueblo Grande in the Phoenix Basin. That study suggested that the population was not sustainable due to very low life expectancy, a very high dependency ratio of juveniles to adults, and other indicators of biological stress. A hazards analysis of the published demographic data reveals life expectancy at birth in the expected range for prehistoric populations with no evidence of a dependency crisis. Population decline at the end of the Classic period is more likely explained by reduced fertility than by increased mortality. Birth rates are sensitive to cultural and economic forces, and we should look beyond health factors in trying to account for the disappearance of Hohokam traditions.

Résumé

Résumé

La evidencia arqueológica documenta una aparente despoblación de la región Hohokam del sur de Arizona a finales del período clásico (1150-1450 d.C). Los principales centros de población ya no estaban ocupadas y muchos de los rasgos culturales distintivos materiales asociados con la tradicion Hohokam parecen desaparecer. Explicaciones propuestas incluyen la migración, la dispersión de la poblacion en los asentamientos arqueológicamente menos visibles y disminución de la población mayor. Esta última hipótesis es atractiva debido en parte a un estudio seminal de paleodemografía y la salud en el lugar de Período Clásico de Pueblo Grande en la cuenca de Phoenix. Ese estudio sugiere que la población no era sostenible debido a la muy baja esperanza de vida, una proporción muy alta dependencia de los menores a los adultos y otros indicadores de estrés biológico. Un análisis de los peligros de los datos demográficos publicados utilizando un modelo mixta Makeham revela la esperanza de vida al nacer en el rango esperado para las poblaciones prehistóricas sin evidencia de una crisis de dependencia. Las muestras de los sitios Hohokam contemporáneas en regiones cercanas siguenun patrón demográfico similar. Disminución de la población al final del período clásico es más probable explica por la reducción de lafertilidad que por el aumento de la mortalidad. Las tasas de natalidad son sensibles a lasfuerzas culturales y económicas y debemos mirar mas aliá de los factores de salud para tratar de dar cuenta de la desaparición de las tradiciones Hohokam.

Type
Articles
Information
American Antiquity , Volume 80 , Issue 3 , July 2015 , pp. 492 - 510
Copyright
Copyright © The Society for American Archaeology 2015

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References Cited

Abbott, David R. 2003 The Politics of Decline in Canal System 2. In Centuries of Decline during the Hohokam Classic Period at Pueblo Grande, edited by David R. Abbott, pp. 201–227. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Abbott, David R., Breternitz, Cory Dale, and Robinson, Christine K. 2003 Challenging Conventional Conceptions. In Centuries of Decline during the Hohokam Classic Period at Pueblo Grande, edited by David R. Abbott, pp. 3–23. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Abbott, David R., and Foster, Michael S. 2003 Site Structure, Chronology, and Population. In Centuries of Decline during the Hohokam Classic Period at Pueblo Grande, edited by David R. Abbott, pp. 24–47. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Acsádi, György, and Nemeskéri, János 1970 History of Human Life Span and Mortality. Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest.Google Scholar
Alamgir, Mohiuddin 1980 Famine in South Asia: Political Economy of Mass Starvation. Oelgeschlager, Gunn & Hain, Cambridge, Massachusetts.Google Scholar
Antonov, A. N. 1947 Children Born during the Siege of Leningrad in 1942. Journal of Pediatrics 30:250–259.Google Scholar
Auerbach, Benjamin M., and Ruff, Christopher B. 2010 Stature Estimation Formulae for Indigenous North American Populations. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 141:190–207.Google Scholar
Barnes, Ethne 1988 Inhumations Recovered from Casa Buena: Skeletal Analysis. In Excavations at Casa Buena: Changing Hohokam Land Use along the Squaw Peak Parkway, edited by Jerry B. Howard, pp. 619–691. Soils Systems Publications in Archaeology No. 11. Soil Systems, Phoenix, Arizona.Google Scholar
Bayman, James M. 2001 The Hohokam of Southwest North America. Journal of World Prehistory 15:257–311.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bocquet-Appel, Jean-Pierre 2002 Paleoanthropological Traces of a Neolithic Demographic Transition. Current Anthropology 43:637–650.Google Scholar
Bocquet-Appel, Jean-Pierre, and Naji, Stephan 2006 Testing the Hypothesis of a Worldwide Neolithic Demographic Transition. Current Anthropology 47:341–365.Google Scholar
Bongaarts, John 1980 Does Malnutrition Affect Fecundity? A Summary of Evidence. Science 208:564–569.Google Scholar
Bongaarts, John, and Cain, Mead 1982 Demographic Responses to Famine. In Famine, edited by Kevin M. Cahill, pp. 44–59. Orbis Books, Maryknoll, New York.Google Scholar
Breternitz, Cory Dale 1994 Forward. In The Pueblo Grande Project, Volume 1: Introduction, Research Design, and Testing Results, edited by Michael S. Foster, pp. ix–xi. Soil Systems Publications in Archaeology No. 20. Soil Systems, Phoenix, Arizona.Google Scholar
Buikstra, Jane E., Konigsberg, Lyle W., and Bullington, Jill 1986 Fertility and the Development of Agriculture in the Prehistoric Midwest. American Antiquity 51:528–546.Google Scholar
Caldwell, John C. 1982 Theory of Fertility Decline. Academic Press, London.Google Scholar
Chamberlain, Andrew 2006 Demography in Archaeology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Cordell, Linda S., and McBrinn, Maxine 2012 Archaeology of the Southwest. Left Coast Press, Walnut Creek, California.Google Scholar
Craig, Douglas B. 2011 Summary and Conclusions. In Archaeological and Geoarchaeological Investigations along the Santa Cruz River Floodplain: The Pima County Plant Interconnect Project, edited by Douglas B. Craig, pp. 331–348. Technical Report 09-47. Northland Research, Tempe, Arizona.Google Scholar
Dart, Allen 1989 Prehistoric Irrigation in Arizona: A Context for Canals and Related Cultural Resources. Technical Report 89–7. Center for Desert Archaeology, Tucson, Arizona.Google Scholar
Doelle, William H. 1984 The Tucson Basin during the Protohistoric Period. Kiva 49:195–211.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dongoske, Kurt, Jenkins, Leigh, and Ferguson, T. J. 1993 Understanding the Past through Hopi Oral History. Native Peoples 6(2):24–31.Google Scholar
Doyel, David E. 2007 Irrigation, Production, and Power in Phoenix Basin Hohokam Society. In The Hohokam Millennium, edited by Suzanne K. Fish and Paul R. Fish, pp. 82–89. School for Advanced Research Press, Santa Fe, New Mexico.Google Scholar
Doyel, David E. (editor) 1987 The Hohokam Village: Site Structure and Organization. Southwestern and Rocky Mountain Region of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, Glenwood Springs, Colorado.Google Scholar
Doyel, David E., Fish, Suzanne K., and Fish, Paul R. (editors) 2000 The Hohokam Village Revisited. Southwestern and Rocky Mountain Division of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, Fort Collins, Colorado.Google Scholar
Dumond, Don E. 1965 Population Growth and Cultural Change. Southwestern Journal of Anthropology 21:302–324.Google Scholar
Dyson, Tim, and Gráda, Cormac Ó 2001 Introduction. In Famine Demography: Perspectives from the Past and Present, edited by Tim Dyson and Cormac Ó Gráda, pp. 1–18. Oxford University Press, Oxford.Google Scholar
Eiselt, B. Sunday, Popelka-Filcoff, Rachel S., Andrew Darling, J., and Glascock, Michael D. 2011 Hematite Sources and Archaeological Ochres from Hohokam and O’odham Sites in Central Arizona: An Experiment in Type Identification and Characterization. Journal of Archaeological Science 38:3019–3028.Google Scholar
Fink, T. Michael 1988 The Practice of Cremation at the Yale-Sheridan Locus of Casa Buena. In Excavations at Casa Buena: Changing Hohokam Land Use along the Squaw Peak Parkway, Volume 2, edited by Jerry B. Howard, pp. 795–831. Soils Systems Publications in Archaeology No. 11. Soil Systems, Phoenix, Arizona.Google Scholar
Fink, T. Michael 1989 The Human Skeletal Remains from the Grand Canal Ruins, AZT:12:14(ASU) and AZT:12:16(ASU). In Archaeological Investigations at the Grand Canal Ruins: A Classic Period Site in Phoenix, Arizona, edited by Douglas R. Mitchell, pp. 619–704. Soil Systems Publications in Archaeology No. 12. Soil Systems, Phoenix, Arizona.Google Scholar
Fink, T. Michael 1991 Prehistoric Irrigation Canals and Their Possible Impact on Hohokam Health. In Prehistoric Irrigation in Arizona, edited by Cory D. Breternitz, pp. 61–88. Soil Systems Publications in Archaeology No. 17. Soil Systems, Phoenix, Arizona.Google Scholar
Fink, T. Michael 1994 Cremation Analysis. In The Pueblo Grande Project, Volume 6: The Bioethnography of a Classic Period Hohokam Population, edited by Dennis P. Van Gerven and Susan Guise Sheridan, pp. 189–199. Soil Systems Publications in Archaeology No. 20. Soil Systems, Phoenix, Arizona.Google Scholar
Fish, Suzanne K., and Fish, Paul R. 2007 The Hohokam Millennium. In The Hohokam Millennium, edited by Suzanne K. Fish and Paul R. Fish, pp. 1–11. School for Advanced Research Press, Santa Fe, New Mexico.Google Scholar
Fish, Suzanne K., and Nabhan, Gary Paul 1991 Desert as Context. In Exploring the Hohokam: Prehistoric Desert Peoples of the American Southwest, edited by George J. Gumerman, pp. 29–60. Amerind Foundation New World Studies Series No. 1. The Amerind Foundation, Dragoon, Arizona.Google Scholar
Frankenberg, Susan R., and Konigsberg, Lyle W. 2006 A Brief History of Paleodemography from Hooton to Hazards Analysis. In Bioarchaeology: The Contextual Analysis of Human Remains, edited by Jane E. Buikstra and Lane A. Beck, pp. 227–262. Academic Press, Amsterdam.Google Scholar
Gladwin, Harold S., and Gladwin, Winifred 1934 A Method for Designation of Cultures and Their Variations. Medallion Papers No. 15. Gila Pueblo Foundation, Globe, Arizona.Google Scholar
Goodman, Alan H., and Rose, Jerome 1990 Assessment of Systemic Physiological Perturbations from Dental Enamel Hypoplasias and Associated Histological Structures. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology 33:59–110.Google Scholar
Gumerman, George J. (editor) 1991 Exploring the Hohokam: Prehistoric Farmers of the American Southwest. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Hadley, Craig, Belachew, Tefera, Lindstrom, David, and Tessema, Fasil 2011 The Shape of Things to Come? Household Dependency Ratio and Adolescent Nutritional Status in Rural and Urban Ethiopia. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 144:643–652.Google Scholar
Hammer, Øyvind, Harper, David A.T., and Ryan, Paul D. 2001 PAST: Paleontological Statistics Software Package for Education and Data Analysis. Palaeontologia Electronica 4. Electronic resource, http://palaeo-electronica.org/2001_l/past/issuel_01.htm, accessed January 11, 2015.Google Scholar
Hart, Nicky 1993 Famine, Maternal Nutrition and Infant Mortality: A Re-examination of the Dutch Hunger Winter. Population Studies 47:27–46.Google Scholar
Haury, Emil W. 1976 The Hohokam, Desert Farmers and Craftsmen: Excavations at Snaketown, 1964–1965. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Hill, J. Brett, Clark, Jeffery J., Doelle, William H., and Lyons, Patrick D. 2004 Prehistoric Demography in the Southwest: Migration, Coalescence, and Hohokam Population Decline. American Antiquity 69:689–716.Google Scholar
Hill, Rebecca J., and Lincoln-Babb, Lorrie 2008 Hohokam Classic Period Health: Centuries of Decline? Paper presented at the 73rd Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archaeology, Vancouver.Google Scholar
Hillson, Simon, and Bond, Sandra 1997 Relationship of Enamel Hypoplasia to the Pattern of Tooth Crown Growth: A Discussion. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 104:89–104.3.0.CO;2-8>CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hoppa, Robert D., and Saunders, Shelley R. 1998 The MAD Legacy: How Meaningful is Mean-Age-at-Death in Skeletal Samples. Human Evolution 13:1–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Howard, Jerry B. 1988 Casa Buena Architectural Types and Descriptions. In Excavations at Casa Buena: Changing Hohokam Land Use Along the Squaw Peak Parkway, Volume 1, edited by Jerry B. Howard, pp. 67–143. Soil Systems Publications in Archaeology No. 11. Soil Systems, Phoenix, Arizona.Google Scholar
Howard, Jerry B., and Wilcox, David R. 1988 The Place of Casa Buena and Locus 2 in the Evolution of Canal System 2. In Excavations at Casa Buena: Changing Hohokam Land Use along the Squaw Peak Parkway, Volume 2, edited by Jerry B. Howard, pp. 903–939. Soil Systems Publications in Archaeology No. 11. Soil Systems, Phoenix, Arizona.Google Scholar
Howell, Nancy 1976 Toward a Uniformitarian Theory of Human Paleodemography. In The Demographic Evolution of Human Populations, edited by R. H. Ward and K. M. Weiss, pp. 25–40. Academic Press, London.Google Scholar
Hurlbut, Sharon A. 2003 Human Osteology and Taphonomic Analysis. In Settlement History along Pinal Creek in the Globe Highlands, Arizona, edited by David E. Doyel and Teresa L. Hoffman, pp. 133–207. Cultural Resources Report No. 112, Archaeological Consulting Services, Ltd., Tempe, Arizona.Google Scholar
Jackes, Mary 2011 Representativeness and Bias in Archaeological Skeletal Samples. In Social Bioarchaeology, edited by Sabrina C. Agarwal and Bonnie A. Glencross, pp. 107–146. Blackwell, Chichester.Google Scholar
Kane, Penny 1987 The Demography of Famine. Genus 43:43–58.Google Scholar
Karhu, Sandra L., and Amon, Julie 1994 Childhood Stress Recorded in the Enamel Defects of the Hohokam of Pueblo Grande. In The Pueblo Grande Project, Volume 6: The Ethnobiography of a Classic Period Hohokam Population, edited by Dennis P. Van Gerven and Susan Guise Sheridan, pp. 25–45. Soil Systems Publications in Archaeology No. 20. Soil Systems, Phoenix, Arizona.Google Scholar
Kohler, Timothy A., and Reese, Kelsey M. 2014 Long and Spatially Variable Neolithic Demographic Transition in the North American Southwest. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science 111: 10101–10106.Google Scholar
Kuzawa, Christopher W., and Van Gerven, Dennis P. 1994 Patterns of Age-Related Bone Loss (Osteopenia) at Pueblo Grande. In The Pueblo Grande Project, Volume 6: The Bioethnography of a Classic Period Hohokam Population, edited by Dennis P. Van Gerven and Susan Guise Sheridan, pp. 107–122. Soil Systems Publications in Archaeology No. 20. Soil Systems, Phoenix, Arizona.Google Scholar
Lee, Ronald 2003 The Demographic Transition: Three Centuries of Fundamental Change. The Journal of Economic Perspectives 17(4):167–190.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lekson, Stephen H. 2006 Review of Centuries of Decline during the Hohokam Classic Period at Pueblo Grande . American Antiquity 71:783–784.Google Scholar
Lekson, Stephen H. 2009 A History of the Ancient Southwest. School for American Research, Santa Fe, New Mexico.Google Scholar
Loendorf, Chris R., Fertelmes, Craig M., and Lewis, Barnaby V. 2013 Hohokam to Akimel O’odham: Obsidian Acquisition at the Historic Period Sacate Site (GR-909), Gila River Indian Community, Arizona. American Antiquity 78:266–284.Google Scholar
Lopez, Daniel 2007 Huhugam. In The Hohokam Millennium, edited by Suzanne K. Fish and Paul R. Fish, pp. 117–121. School for Advanced Research Press, Santa Fe, New Mexico.Google Scholar
Mabry, Jonathan B. 2000 The Red Mountain Phase and the Origins of Hohokam Villages. In The Hohokam Village Revisited, edited by David E. Doyel, Suzanne K. Fish, and Paul R. Fish, pp. 37–63. Southwestern and Rocky Mountain Division of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, Fort Collins, Colorado.Google Scholar
Mabry, Jonathan B. (editor) 2008 Las Capas: Early Irrigation and Sedentism in a Southwestern Floodplain. Anthropological Papers No. 28. Center for Desert Archaeology, Tucson, Arizona.Google Scholar
McCaa, Robert 2002 Paleodemography of the Americas: From Ancient Times to Colonialism and Beyond. In The Backbone of History: Health and Nutrition in the Western Hemisphere, edited by Richard H. Steckel and Jerome C. Rose, pp. 94–124. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
McCafferty, Kathryn E., and Mittler, Diane M. 1994 Vertebral Osteophytosis among the Classic Hohokam of Pueblo Grande. In The Pueblo Grande Project, Volume 6: The Bioethnography of a Classic Period Hohokam Population, edited by Dennis P. Van Gerven and Susan Guise Sheridan, pp. 97–106. Soil Systems Publications in Archaeology No. 20. Soil Systems, Phoenix, Arizona.Google Scholar
McClelland, John A. 2008 Health and Demography of Early Agriculturalists in Southern Arizona. In Reanalysis and Reinterpretation in Southwestern Bioarchaeology, edited by Ann L. W. Stodder, pp. 83–103. Anthropological Research Papers No. 59. Arizona State University, Tempe.Google Scholar
McGuire, Randall H. 1992 Death, Society, and Ideology in a Hohokam Community. Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado.Google Scholar
Martin, Debra L. 1994 Patterns of Health and Disease. In Themes in Southwest Prehistory, edited by George J. Gumerman, pp. 87–108. School of American Research Press, Santa Fe, New Mexico.Google Scholar
Martin, Debra L., and Goodman, Alan H. 2002 Health Conditions before Columbus: Paleopathology of Native North Americans. Western Journal of Medicine 176:65–68.Google Scholar
Merbs, Charles F. 1989 Patterns of Health and Sickness in the Precontact Southwest. In Columbian Consequences, Vol. 1: Archaeological and Historical Perspectives on the Spanish Borderlands West, edited by David Hurst Thomas, pp. 41–55. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C.Google Scholar
Minturn, Penny Dufoe 2001 Osteological Analysis of the TCAP Burial Population. In Tonto Creek Archaeological Project: Life and Death along Tonto Creek, edited by Jeffery J. Clark and Penny Dufoe Minturn, pp. 311–331. Anthropological Papers No. 24, Center for Desert Archaeology, Tucson, Arizona.Google Scholar
Mitchell, Douglas R. 1992 Burial Practices and Paleodemographic Reconstructions at Pueblo Grande. Kiva 58:89–105.Google Scholar
Mitchell, Douglas R. 1994a Introduction. In The Pueblo Grande Project, Volume 2: Feature Descriptions, Chronology, and Site Structure, edited by Douglas R. Mitchell, pp. 1–4. Soil Systems Publications in Archaeology No. 20. Soil Systems, Phoenix, Arizona.Google Scholar
Mitchell, Douglas R. 1994b An Evaluation of the Spatial Integrity of the Pueblo Grande Burial Groups. In The Pueblo Grande Project, Volume 7: An Analysis of Classic Period Mortuary Patterns, edited by Douglas R. Mitchell, pp. 71–128. Soil Systems Publications in Archaeology No. 20. Soil Systems, Phoenix, Arizona.Google Scholar
Mitchell, Douglas R. 1994c Appendix A. Selected Pueblo Grande Burial Data. In The Pueblo Grande Project, Volume 7: An Analysis of Classic Period Mortuary Patterns, edited by Douglas R. Mitchell, pp. 239–273. Soil Systems Publications in Archaeology No. 20. Soil Systems, Phoenix, Arizona.Google Scholar
Mitchell, Douglas R., and Brunson-Hadley, Judy L. 2001 An Evaluation of Classic Period Hohokam Burials and Society: Chiefs, Priests, or Acephalous Complexity? In Ancient Burial Practices in the American Southwest: Archaeology, Physical Anthropology, and Native American Perspectives, edited by Douglas R. Mitchell and Judy L. Brunson-Hadley, pp. 45–67. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Mittler, Diane M., and Van Gerven, Dennis P. 1994 Porotic Hyperostosis and Diploic Thickening at Pueblo Grande. In The Pueblo Grande Project, Volume 6: The Bioethnography of a Classic Period Hohokam Population, edited by Dennis P. Van Gerven and Susan Guise Sheridan, pp. 55–73. Soil Systems Publications in Archaeology No. 20. Soil Systems, Phoenix, Arizona.Google Scholar
Mokyr, Joel, and Gráda, Cormac Ó 2001 Famine Disease and Famine Mortality: Lessons from the Irish Experience, 1845–1850. In Famine Demography: Perspectives from the Past and Present, edited by Tim Dyson and Cormac Ó Gráda, pp. 18–43. Oxford University Press, Oxford.Google Scholar
Paine, Richard R., and Harpending, Henry C. 1996 Assessing the Reliability of Paleodemographic Fertility Estimators Using Simulated Skeletal Distributions. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 101:151–159.Google Scholar
Palkovich, Ann M. 1984 Agriculture, Marginal Environments, and Nutritional Stress in the Prehistoric Southwest. In Paleopathology at the Origins of Agriculture, edited by Mark Nathan Cohen and George J. Armelagos, pp. 425–438. University Press of Florida, Gainesville.Google Scholar
Rea, Amadeo 1997 At the Desert’s Green Edge: An Ethnobotany of the Gila River Pima. University of Arizona Press, Tucson.Google Scholar
Regan, Marcia H. 1997 Physical Anthropology of the Cline Mesa Sites. In Salado Residential Settlements on Tonto Creek: Roosevelt Platform Mound Study: Report on the Cline Mesa Sites, Cline Terrace Complex, edited by Theodore J. Oliver and David Jacobs, pp. 835–867. Anthropological Field Studies No. 38. Arizona State University Office of Cultural Resource Management, Phoenix.Google Scholar
Regan, Marcia H., and Turner, Christy G. II 1997 Physical Anthropology and Human Taphonomy of the Schoolhouse Point Mesa Sites. In The Archaeology of Schoolhouse Point Mesa: Roosevelt Platform Mound Study: Report on the Schoolhouse Point Mesa Sites, Schoolhouse Management Group, Pinto Creek Complex, edited by Owen Lindauer, pp. 631–667. Anthropological Field Studies 37, Arizona State University Office of Cultural Resource Management, Phoenix, Arizona.Google Scholar
Regan, Marcia H., Turner, Joel D. II, and Irish, Christy G. 1996 Physical Anthropology of the Schoolhouse Point Mound, U:8:241/13a. In The Place of the Storehouses: The Roosevelt Platform Mound Study: Report on the Schoolhouse Point Mound, Pinto Creek Complex, edited by Owen Lindauer, pp. 787–840. Anthropological Field Studies No. 35. Arizona State University Office of Cultural Resource Management, Phoenix.Google Scholar
Reyna, S. P. 1976 The Extending Strategy: Regulation of the Household Dependency Ratio. Journal of Anthropological Research 32:182–198.Google Scholar
Sattenspiel, Lisa, and Harpending, Henry 1983 Stable Populations and Skeletal Age. American Antiquity 48:489–498.Google Scholar
Saunders, Shelley R., and Hoppa, Robert D. 1993 Growth Deficit in Survivors and Non-Survivors: Biological Mortality Bias in Subadult Skeletal Samples. Yearbook of Physical Anthropology 36:127–151.Google Scholar
Sawchuk, Lawrence A., Tripp, Lianne, Damouras, Sotirios, and DeBono, Mark 2013 Situating Mortality: Quantifying Crisis Points and Periods of Stability. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 152:459–470.Google Scholar
Sheridan, Susan Guise 2003 Childhood Health as an Indicator of Biological Stress. In Centuries of Decline During the Hohokam Classic Period at Pueblo Grande, edited by David R. Abbott, pp. 82–106. University of Arizona Press, Tucson, Arizona.Google Scholar
Spielmann, Katherine A. (editor) 1998 Migration and Reorganization: The Pueblo TV Period in the American Southwest. Anthropological Research Papers No. 51. Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona.Google Scholar
Stevenson, Matilda Coxe 1904 The Zuni Indians: Their Mythology, Esoteric Fraternities, and Ceremonies. Annual Report of the Bureau of American Ethnology, 1901–1902 23:3–634. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.Google Scholar
Stini, William 1975 Adaptive Strategies of Human Populations under Nutritional Stress. In Biosocial Interrelations in Population Adaptation, edited by Elizabeth S. Watts, Francis E. Johnston, and Gabriel W. Lasker, pp. 19–41. Mouton, the Hague.Google Scholar
Stini, William 1988 Biocultural Strategies for Coping with Drought. In Coping with Seasonal Constraints, edited by Rebecca Huss-Ashmore, John J. Curry, and Robert K. Hitchcock, pp. 21–27. MASCA Research Papers in Science and Archaeology Vol. 5. University Museum, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia.Google Scholar
Stodder, AnnL. W. 2010 Chapter 5: Growth, Stature, and Dimorphism. In Animas-La Plata Project: Volume XV-Bioarchaeology, edited by Elizabeth M. Perry, Ann L. W. Stodder, and Charles A. Bollong, pp. 75–87. SWC A Anthropological Research Paper No. 10. SWCA Environmental Consultants, Phoenix, Arizona.Google Scholar
Stodder, Ann L. W., and Martin, Debra L. 1992 Health and Disease in the Southwest before and after Spanish Contact. In Disease and Demography in the Americas, edited by John W. Verano and Douglas H. Ubelaker, pp. 55–73. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C.Google Scholar
Turney, Omar A. 1929 Prehistoric Irrigation. Arizona State Historian, Phoenix, Arizona.Google Scholar
Van Gerven, Dennis P., and Sheridan, Susan Guise 1994a A Biocultural Reconstruction of a Classic Period Hohokam Community. In The Pueblo Grande Project, Volume 6: The Ethnobiography of a Classic Period Hohokam Population, edited by Dennis P. Van Gerven and Susan Guise Sheridan, pp. 123–128. Soil Systems Publications in Archaeology No. 20. Soil Systems, Phoenix, Arizona.Google Scholar
Van Gerven, Dennis P., and Sheridan, Susan Guise 1994b Life and Death at Pueblo Grande: The Demographic Context. In The Pueblo Grande Project, Volume 6: The Bioethnography of a Classic Period Hohokam Population, edited by Dennis P. Van Gerven and Susan Guise Sheridan, pp. 5–24. Soil Systems Publications in Archaeology, No. 20, Soil Systems, Phoenix, Arizona.Google Scholar
Van Gerven, Dennis P., and Sheridan, Susan Guise 1994c Bone Growth and Cortical Bone Maintenance at Pueblo Grande. In The Pueblo Grande Project, Volume 6: The Bioethnography of a Classic Hohokam Population, edited by Dennis P. Van Gerven and Susan Guise Sheridan, pp. 47–54. Soil Systems Publications in Archaeology No. 20. Soil Systems, Phoenix, Arizona.Google Scholar
Van Gerven, Dennis P., and Sheridan, Susan Guise (editors) 1994 The Pueblo Grande Project, Volume 6: The Bioethnography of a Classic Period Hohokam Population. Soil Systems Publications in Archaeology No. 20. Soil Systems, Phoenix, Arizona.Google Scholar
Vasey, Daniel E. 1991 Population, Agriculture, and Famine: Iceland, 1784–1785. Human Ecology 19:323–350.Google Scholar
Walker, Phillip L., Bathurst, Rhonda R., Richman, Rebecca, Gjerdrum, Thor, and Andrushko, Valerie A. 2009 The Causes of Porotic Hyperostosis and Cribra Orbitalia: A Reappaisal of the Iron-Deficiency-Anemia Hypothesis. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 139:109–125.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Wallace, Henry D. 2007 Hohokam Beginnings An The Hohokam Millennium, edited by Suzanne K. Fish and Paul R. Fish, pp. 12–21. School for Advanced Research Press, Santa Fe, New Mexico.Google Scholar
Wallace, Henry D., and Swartz, Deborah L. 2012 Human Remains and Funerary Practices at Honey Bee Village, AZ BB:9:88(ASM). In Life in the Valley of Gold: Archaeological Investigations of Honey Bee village, A Prehistoric Hohokam Ballcourt Village, edited by Henry D. Wallace, pp. 635–689. Anthropological Papers No. 48. Archaeology Southwest, Tucson, Arizona.Google Scholar
Weiss, Kenneth M. 1973 Demographic Models for Anthropology. American Antiquity 38:1–186.Google Scholar
Wood, James W., Holman, Darryl J., O’Connor, Kathleen A., and Ferrell, Rebecca J. 2002 Mortality Models for Paleodemography. In Pale-odemography: Age Distribution from Skeletal Samples, edited by Robert D. Hoppa and James W. Vaupel, pp. 129–168. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Supplementary material: PDF

McClelland Supplementary Material

Table S1

Download McClelland Supplementary Material(PDF)
PDF 42 KB
Supplementary material: PDF

McClelland Supplementary Material

Table S2

Download McClelland Supplementary Material(PDF)
PDF 52.2 KB
Supplementary material: PDF

McClelland Supplementary Material

Table S3

Download McClelland Supplementary Material(PDF)
PDF 56.2 KB
Supplementary material: PDF

McClelland Supplementary Material

Supplementary Material

Download McClelland Supplementary Material(PDF)
PDF 110.7 KB