1 The University of California field expedition of 1929–1930 with Carl O. Sauer in charge (Donald Brand, assistant, and A. L. Kroeber and Gottfried Heifer, part-time participants) carried out the first survey of the area. On the basis of this survey the University of California sent Isabel T. Kelly (assisted by F. S. Hulse) to Sinaloa, 1935, where excavations were carried out in the Culiacan and Chametla areas, and further testing was done by Kelly at Culiacan in 1939. In the years 1931 to date Sauer and, since 1939, Kelly have carried on surveys in Nayarit, Jalisco, Colima, and southwestern Michoacin, and some excavations have been made under the direction of Kelly. The Sinaloa work has been published as follows:

Sauer, Carl and Brand, Donald, “Aztatlán, Prehistoric Mexican Frontier on the Pacific Coast,” Ibero-Americana: 1, 1932.Google Scholar

Kelly, Isabel T., “Excavations at Chametla, Sinaloa,” Ibero-Americana: 14, 1938.Google Scholar

Kelly, Isabel T.: Report on Culiacán excavations. in press since 1938 at University of California Press, Berkeley.Google Scholar

Kelly, Isabel, “The Relationship between Tula and Sinaloa,” Revista Mexicana de Estudios Antropológicos, t. V, Nums. 2-3, pp. 199–207, 1941.Google Scholar

In October of 1937 the American Museum of Natural History sent Gordon F. Ekholm into the Mexican West Coast area, where he and his wife carried out a survey of Sonoraand northern Sinaloa, 1937-39, and excavated in the Guasave area, Sinaloa, as well as in Sonora. Published material on this work includes:

Ekholm, Gordon F., “Results of an Archeological Survey of Sonora and Northern Sinaloa,” Revista Mexicana de Estudios Antropológicos, t. III, No. 1, pp. 7–10,1939.Google Scholar

Ekholm, Gordon F., “The Archaeology of Northern and Western Mexico,” The Maya and Their Neighbors. pp. 320–330, New York, 1940.Google Scholar

Ekholm, Gordon F., “Prehistoric ‘Lacquer’ from Sinaloa,” Revista Mexicana de Estudios Antropológicos, t. IV, Nums. 1-2, pp. 10–15, 1940.Google Scholar

Ekholm, Gordon F., “Tula and Northwestern Mexico,” Revista Mexicana de Estudios Antropológicos, t. V, Nums. 2-3, pp. 193–198, 1941.Google Scholar

Ekholm, Gordon F., “Excavations at Guasave, Sinaloa,” Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History, Vol. 38, Pt. 2, 1942.Google Scholar

2 Among the better historical and anthropological writings on Sinaloa are the following items and the sources utilized by them:

Bancroft, Hubert Howe History of the North Mexican States, 1531–1889. 2 vols., San Francisco, 1884–1889.Google Scholar

Diguet, Leon, “Le Chimalhuacan et ses Populations avant la Conquete Espagnole,” JSAP, n.s., 1:1–57, 1903.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lloyd Mecham, J.. Francisco it Ibarra and Nueva Vizcaya. Durham, 1927. Google Scholar

Beals, Ralph L., “The Comparative Ethnology of Northern Mexico before 1750,” Ibero-Americana: 2, 1933.Google Scholar

Sauer, Carl, “The Road to Cibola,” Ibero-Americana: 3, 1932.Google Scholar

Beals, Ralph L., “The Acaxee, a Mountain Tribe of Durango and Sinaloa,” Ibefb-Americana: 6, 1933.Google Scholar

Sauer, Carl, “The Distribution of Aboriginal Tribes and Languages in Northwestern Mexico,” Ibero-Americana: 5, 1934.Google Scholar

Kroeber, A. L., “Uto-Aztecan Languages of Mexico,” Ibero-Americana: 8, 1934.Google Scholar

Carl Sauer, B., “Aboriginal Population of Northwestern Mexico,” Ibero-Americana: 10, 1935.Google Scholar

3 Some of the material in this paragraph is based on passing noteB of seldom more than a sentence or two, e.g., Dewey, Palmer, and Nelson, in governmental reports. Most of the information has been gleaned from observations in museums and conversations with many individuals in the United States, Mexico, and even South America (several engineers, geologists and railroadmen who had worked in Sinaloa). Among the publications of more than one page are:

Guillemin Tarayre, E., Rattort sur L'Exploration Mintralogiqtu des Regions Mexicaines Suivie des Notes Archtologiques et Elhnographiques.. Paris, 1867, 1869.Google Scholar

Howarth, O. H., “On the Rock Inscriptions of Sinaloa,” JAI, Vol. 23, pp. 225–232, 1894.Google Scholar

Toro, Alfonso, “Una Nueva Zona Arqueológica en Sinaloa,” Andes del Museo National de Arautología, Historia y Etnografía, 4 Ep., t. 3, pp. 57–58, 1925.Google Scholar

4 Unfortunately, aside from a few brief articles in ephemeral media, there exist few accounts of the archaeologic work, 1880–1942, in western and southwestern Mexico, from Durango to western Guerrero. Representative items are:

Bancroft, Hubert H., The Native Races of the Pacific States, Vol. IV Antiquities. San Francisco, 1883 Google Scholar. Léon, Nicolas (edited, and many articles in) Anales del Museo Michoacano. 3 vols., Morelia, 1888–1891 Google Scholar. Navarrete, Francisco Plancarte y, “Archaeologic Explorations in Michoacan, Mexico,” American Anthropologist, o.s.. Vol. 6, pp. 77–84. 1893.Google Scholar

Starr, Frederick, The Little Pottery Objects of Lake Chapala, Mexico. University of Chicago, Department of Anthropology Bulletin 2, 1897.Google Scholar

Starr, Frederick, “Stone Images from Tarascan Territory, Mexico,” American Anthropologist, o.s., Vol. 10, pp. 45–47, 1897.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Diguet, Léon, “Note sur Certaines Pyramides des Environs d'lxtlan (Mexique),” L'Anthropologie, t. 9, pp. 660–665. 1898 Google Scholar. Lumholtz, Carl and Hrdlička, Ales, “Marked Human Bones from a Prehistoric Tarasco Indian Burial Place in the State of Michoacan, Mexico,” Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History, Vol. X, pp. 61–80, 1898.Google Scholar

Lumholtz, Carl, Unknown Mexico.. 2 vols., New York, 1902.Google Scholar

Batres, Leopoldo Visita a los Monumentos Arqueológicos de “La Quemada,” Zacatecas. Mexico, 1903.Google Scholar

Hrdlička, Ales, “The Region of the Ancient ‘Chichimecs,’ with Notes on the Tepecanos and the Ruin of La Quemada, Mexico,”American Anthropologist, n.s.. Vol. 5, pp. 385–440. 1903.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

León, Nicolás Los Tarascos. Mexico, 1904.Google Scholar

Breton, Adela, “Some Obsidian Workings in Mexico,” Proceedings Thirteenth ICA, 1902. pp. 265–268, New York, 1905.Google Scholar

Seler, Eduard, “Die Alten Bewohner der Landschaft Michuacan,” Gesammelte Abhandlungen. Vol. 3, pp. 33–156, Berlin, 1908.Google Scholar

Gamio, Manuel, “Los Monumentos Arqueológicos de las Inmediaciones de Chalchihuites, Zacatecas,” Anales del Museo National. 3 Ep., t. 2, pp. 469–492, Mexico, 1910.Google Scholar

Spinden, H. J., “An Ancient Sepulcher at Placeres del Oro, State of Guerrero, Mexico,” American Anthropologist, n.s., Vol. 13, pp. 29–55,1911.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Pepper, George H., “Yacatas of the Tierra Caliente, Michoacán, Mexico,” Holmes Anniversary Volume, pp. 415–420, 1916.Google Scholar

Rubio, Pascual Ortiz, Historia de Michoacán. Morelia, 1920.Google Scholar

Galindo, Miguel, “Bosquejo de la Geograféa Arqueológica del Estado de Colima,” Anales del Museo Nacional, 4 Ep., t. 1, pp. 165–178, 1922.Google Scholar

Mena, Ramón and Aguirre, Porfirio, “La Nueva Zona Arqueológica, Chupicuaro, Guanajuato,” Revista Mcxicana de Estudios Histcricos, t. 1, pp. 55–64, 1927.Google Scholar

Saville, Marshall H., “Ceremonial Axes from Western Mexico,” Indian Notes, Vol. 5, pp. 280–293, 1928.Google Scholar

Noguera, Eduardo, Ruinas Araueológicas del Norte de Mexico. Mexico, 1930.Google Scholar

Caso, Alfonso, “Informa Preliminar de las Exploraciones Realizadas en Michoacán,” Anales del Museo Nacional. 4 Ep., t. 6, pp. 446–452. Mexico, 1930.Google Scholar

Noguera, Eduardo, “Exploraciones Arqueológicas en las Regiones de Zamora y Patzcuaro, Estado de Michoacán,” Anales del Museo Nacional, 4 Ep., t. 7, pp. 89–103, 1931.Google Scholar

de la Torre, F. Medina, “Monumentos Arqueológicos en el Oriente del Estado de Jalisco,” Boletin de la Junta Auxiliar Jalisciense de la Sociedad Mcxicana de Geog. y Estad., t. 3, pp. 217–226, 1934.Google Scholar

Florea, JoséRamírez, “La Arqueología en el Sur de Jalisco,” Boletin de la Junta Auxiliar Jalisciense de la Soc. Mex.de Geog. y Estad., t. 4, 1935.Google Scholar

Disselhoff, H. D., “Trachtstücke und Geräte der Bewohner das alten Colima,” Baessler Archiv, Vol. XIX, Pls. 1-2, pp. 16–21, 1936.Google Scholar

Alden Mason, J., “Late Archaeological Sites in Durango, Mexico, from Chalchihuites to Zape,” Twentyfifth Anniversary Studies, Philadelphia Anthropological Society, Vol. 1, pp. 127–146, 1937.Google Scholar

Brand, Donald D., “Notes on the Geography and Archaeology of Zape, Durango,” So Live the Works of Men, Seventieth Anniversary Volume Honoring Edgar Lee Hewett. pp. 75–105, Albuquerque, 1939.Google Scholar

de la Borbolla, Daniel R., “Antropología Tzintzuntzan-Ihuatzio,” Revista Mcxicana de Estudios Antropológicos, t. 3, pp. 99–121, 1939.Google Scholar

Acosta, Jorge R., “Exploraciones Arqueológicas Realizadas en el Estado de Michoacán durante los Años de 1937 y 1938,” Revista Mcxicana de Estudios Anlropológicos, t. 3, pp. 85–98, 1939.Google Scholar

Brand, Donald D., “Recent Archaeologic and Geographic Investigations in the Basin of the Río Balsas, Guerrero and Michoacán,” Proceedings Twenty-Seventh ICA, 1939. Mexico, 1943.Google Scholar

5 For geographic background, in addition to Sauer and Brand: Astatlán, already cited, the interested reader would profit from:

Bell, P. L. and Bentley Mackenzie, H. Mexican West Coast and Lower California. D.C., Special Agents Series 220, Washington, 1923.Google Scholar

Waibel, Leo, “Die Nordwestlichen Küstenstaaten von Mexico,” Geographiscke Zeitschrift. Vol. 33, Leipzig, 1927.Google Scholar

Paliza, Juan L., El Estado de Sinaloa. Culiacán, 1928.Google Scholar

Ward, R. de C. and Brooks, Ch., “The Climates of North America: Mexico,” Handbuch dor Klimatologie. Vol. II, Pt. J, Berlin, 1936.Google Scholar

Brand, Donald D., “Notes to Accompany a Vegetation Map of Northwest Mexico,” University of New Mexico Bulletin 280, 1936.Google Scholar

Pfeifer, Gottfried, “Sinaloa und Sonora,” Mitteilungen der Geographischen Gesellschaft in Hamburg, Vol. 46, pp. 289–460, 1939.Google Scholar