Hostname: page-component-77c89778f8-m42fx Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-07-19T17:06:15.492Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false
  • English
  • Français

COUPLING LITHIC SOURCING WITH LEAST COST PATH ANALYSIS TO MODEL PALEOINDIAN PATHWAYS IN NORTHEASTERN NORTH AMERICA

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 June 2018

Jonathan C. Lothrop ,
Adrian L. Burke ,
Susan Winchell-Sweeney  and
Gilles Gauthier
Jonathan C. Lothrop*
Affiliation:
New York State Museum, CEC 3140, Albany, NY 12230, USA
Adrian L. Burke
Affiliation:
Département d'Anthropologie, Université de Montréal, 3150 rue Jean-Brillant, Montreal, QC H3T 1N8, Canada (adrian.burke@umontreal.ca; gilles.gauthier@umontreal.ca)
Susan Winchell-Sweeney
Affiliation:
New York State Museum, CEC 3140, Albany, NY 12230, USA (Susan.Winchell-Sweeney@nysed.gov)
Gilles Gauthier
Affiliation:
Département d'Anthropologie, Université de Montréal, 3150 rue Jean-Brillant, Montreal, QC H3T 1N8, Canada (adrian.burke@umontreal.ca; gilles.gauthier@umontreal.ca)
*
(Jonathan.Lothrop@nysed.gov, corresponding author)
Get access Rights & Permissions [Opens in a new window]

Abstract

Projections of Paleoindian range mobility in the late Pleistocene are typically inferred from straight-line distances between toolstone sources and sites where artifacts of these raw materials have been found. Often, however, these sourcing assessments are not based on geologic analysis, raising the issue of correct source ascription. If sites of similar age can be linked to a toolstone source through geologic study, and direct procurement of toolstone can be inferred, geographic information systems (GIS) modeling of travel routes between the source and those sites can reveal route segments of annual rounds and aspects of landscape use. In the Hudson Valley of eastern New York, Paleoindian peoples exploited Normanskill chert outcrops for toolstone during the late Pleistocene. Here, we combine X-ray fluorescence sourcing results that link Normanskill chert artifacts at Paleoindian sites to the West Athens Hill source outcrop in the Hudson Valley with GIS least cost path analysis to model seasonal pathways of late Pleistocene peoples in northeastern North America.

Les hypothèses sur l’étendue de la mobilité des Paléoindiens à la fin du Pléistocène sont généralement inférées à partir de la distance à vol d'oiseau de la source d'une matière première au site archéologique où cette matière a été retrouvée. Cependant, l'identification d'une matière lithique n'est que rarement basée sur une étude géologique, ce qui soulève la question de l'attribution exacte de la source. Si des sites d'un âge comparable peuvent être reliés à une source de matière première lithique à l'aide d'une étude géologique et que l'acquisition directe de la matière peut être inférée, une modélisation SIG des voies de déplacement entre la source et les sites peut révéler des segments de routes reliées à des cycles annuels et à des aspects particuliers de l'utilisation du paysage. Dans la vallée de la rivière Hudson dans l'est de l’État de New York, les Paléoindiens ont exploité les affleurements de chert Normanskill pour fabriquer des outils durant le Pléistocène tardif. Dans cette étude, nous combinons l'analyse par fluorescence aux rayons X qui relie les artéfacts en chert Normanskill trouvés sur les sites paléoindiens à la carrière de West Athens Hill dans la vallée de la Rivière Hudson avec une analyse du trajet de moindre coût qui modélise les trajets saisonniers des groupes du Pléistocène tardif dans le Nord-Est de l'Amérique du Nord.

Type
Articles
Information
American Antiquity , Volume 83 , Issue 3 , July 2018 , pp. 462 - 484
Copyright
Copyright © 2018 by the Society for American Archaeology 

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References Cited

Anderson, David G. 2012 Least Cost Pathway Analysis and Archaeological Research: Approaches and Utility. In Least Cost Analysis of Social Landscapes: Archaeological Case Studies, edited by White, Devon A. and Surface-Evans, Sarah L., pp. 239–258. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Anderson, David G., and Gillam, J. Christopher 2000 Paleoindian Colonization of the Americas: Implications from an Examination of Physiography, Demography, and Artifact Distribution. American Antiquity 65:43–66.Google Scholar
Bamforth, Douglas B. 2002 High-Tech Foragers? Folsom and Later Paleoindian Technology on the Great Plains. Journal of World Prehistory 16:55–98.Google Scholar
Bamforth, Douglas B. 2014 Clovis Caches and Clovis Knowledge of the North American Landscape: The Mahaffy Cache, Colorado. In Clovis Caches: Recent Discoveries and New Research, edited by Huckell, Bruce B. and Kilby, J. David, pp. 39–60. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Batten, David C. 2007 Least-Cost Pathways, Exchange Routes and Settlement Patterns in Late Prehistoric East-Central New Mexico. In Digital Discovery: Exploring New Frontiers in Human Heritage, CAA 2006, edited by Clark, Jeffrey T. and Hagemeister, Emily M., pp. 167–174. Proceedings of the 34th Conference of Computer Applications and Quantitative Methods in Archaeology, Fargo, North Dakota. Archaeolingua, Budapest, Hungary. Electronic document, http://proceedings.caaconference.org/paper/cd16_batten_caa2006/, accessed June 4, 2015.Google Scholar
Bevan, Andrew 2011 Computational Models for Understanding Movement and Territory. In Sistemas de Información Geográfica y Análisis Arquelógico del Territorio, edited by Herrera, V. Mayoral and Pérez, S. Celestino, pp. 383–394. Simposio, V Internacional de Arqueología de Mérida, Anejos de Archivo Español de Arqueología. Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas, Merida, Mexico.Google Scholar
Binford, Lewis R. 1979 Organization and Formation Processes: Looking at Curated Technologies. Journal of Anthropological Research 35:255–273.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Black, David 2011 Background, Discussion and Recommendations for Extending the Analysis of Lithic Materials Used by Paleoindians at the Debert and Belmont Sites. In Ta'n Wetapeksi'k: Understanding from Where We Come. Proceedings of the 2005 Debert Research Workshop, Debert, Nova Scotia, Canada, edited by Bernard, Tim, Rosenmeier, Leah, and Farrell, S. L., pp. 111–128. Eastern Woodland Print Communications for the Confederacy of Mainland Mi'kmaq, Truro, Nova Scotia, Canada.Google Scholar
Boulanger, Matthew T., Buchanan, Briggs, O'Brien, Michael J., Redmond, Brian G., Glascock, Michael D., and Eren, Metin I. 2015 Neutron Activation Analysis of 12,900-Year-Old Stone Artifacts Confirms 400–510+ km Clovis Tool-Stone Acquisition at Paleo Crossing (33Me274), Northeast Ohio, U.S.A. Journal of Archaeological Science 53:550–558.Google Scholar
Bradley, James W., Spiess, Arthur, Boisvert, Richard, and Boudreau, Jeff 2008 What's the Point? Modal Forms and Attributes of Paleoindian Bifaces and the New England–Maritimes Region. Archaeology of Eastern North America 36:119–172.Google Scholar
Brody, Hugh 1981 Maps and Dreams: Indians and the British Columbian Frontier. Douglas and McIntyre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.Google Scholar
Brumbach, Hetty Jo 1987 A Quarry/Workshop and Processing Station on the Hudson River in Pleasantdale, New York. Archaeology of Eastern North America 15:59–84.Google Scholar
Brumbach, Hetty Jo, and Weinstein, Judith 1999 Material Selection, Rejection, and Failure at Flint Mine Hill: An Eastern New York State Chert Quarry. Northeast Anthropology 58:1–25.Google Scholar
Burch, Ernest S. Jr. 1991 Herd Following Reconsidered. Current Anthropology 32:439–445.Google Scholar
Burke, Adrian L. 2006 Paleoindian Ranges in Northeastern North America Based on Lithic Raw Materials Sourcing. In Notions de Territoire et de Mobilité: Exemples de L'Europe et des Premières Nations en Amérique Du Nord Avant Le Contact Européen, edited by Bressy, Céline, Burke, Ariane, Chalard, Pierre, and Martin, Hélène, pp. 77–89. Études et Recherches Archéologiques de l'Université de Liège, Liège, Belgium.Google Scholar
Burke, Adrian L., Gauthier, Gilles, and Chapdelaine, Claude 2014 Refining the Paleoindian Lithic Source Network at Cliche-Rancourt Using XRF. Archaeology of Eastern North America 41:101–128.Google Scholar
Calogero, Barbara L. 1992 Lithic Misidentification. Man in the Northeast 43:87–90.Google Scholar
Calogero, Barbara L., Philpotts, Anthony R., and Gramly, Richard M. 2015 A Petrographic Study of Paleo-American Tool Materials, Deerfield, Massachusetts. Manuscript on file, Tilton Library, Deerfield, Massachusetts.Google Scholar
Cassedy, Daniel F. 1998 From the Erie Canal to Long Island Sound: Technical Synthesis of the Iroquois Pipeline Project, 1989–1993. Garrow and Associates, Inc., Atlanta, Georgia. Submitted to Iroquois Gas Transmission System, L.P., Shelton, Connecticut. Copies available from Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation, Albany, New York.Google Scholar
Chapdelaine, Claude (editor) 2012 Late Pleistocene Archaeology and Ecology in the Far Northeast. Texas A&M University Press, College Station.Google Scholar
Chapman, Henry 2006 Landscape Archaeology and GIS. History Press, Gloucestershire, United Kingdom.Google Scholar
Clarkson, Chris 2008 Lithics and Landscape Archaeology. In Handbook of Landscape Archaeology, edited by Bruno, David and Thomas, Julian, pp. 490–501. Left Coast Press, Walnut Creek, California.Google Scholar
Crock, John G., and Robinson, Francis W. IV 2012 Maritime Mountaineers: Paleoindian Settlement Patterns on the West Coast of New England. In Late Pleistocene Archaeology and Ecology in the Far Northeast, edited by Chapdelaine, Claude, pp. 48–76. Texas A&M University Press, College Station.Google Scholar
Dyke, Arthur S. 2004 An Outline of North American Deglaciation with Emphasis on Central and Northern Canada. In Quaternary Glaciations—Extent and Chronology, Part II, edited by Ehlers, Jürgen and Gibbard, Philip L., pp. 373–424. Developments in Quaternary Science 2. Elsevier, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.Google Scholar
Ellis, Christopher J. 1989 The Explanation of Northeastern Paleoindian Lithic Procurement Patterns. In Eastern Paleoindian Lithic Resource Use, edited by Ellis, Christopher J. and Lothrop, Jonathan C., pp. 139–164. Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado.Google Scholar
Ellis, Christopher J. 2008 The Fluted Point Tradition and the Arctic Small Tool Tradition: What's the Connection? Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 27:298–314.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Ellis, Christopher J. 2011 Measuring Paleoindian Range Mobility and Land Use in the Great Lakes/Northeast. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 30:385–401.Google Scholar
Ellis, Christopher J., and Lothrop, Jonathan C. (editors) 1989 Eastern Paleoindian Lithic Resource Use. Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado.Google Scholar
Eren, Metin I., and Andrews, Brian N. 2013 Were Bifaces Used as Mobile Cores by Clovis Foragers in the North American Lower Great Lakes Region? An Archaeological Test of Experimentally Derived Quantitative Predictions. American Antiquity 78:166–180.Google Scholar
Fisher, Donald W. 1977 Correlation of the Hadrynian, Cambrian and Ordovician Rocks in New York State. Map and Chert Series No. 25. University of the State of New York, Albany.Google Scholar
Fisher, Donald W., Isachsen, Yngvar W., and Rickard, Lawrence V. 1970 Geologic Map of New York, Hudson Mohawk Sheet. University of the State of New York, State Education Department, Albany.Google Scholar
Fogelman, Gary, and Poirier, Richard 1990 The Poirier Paleo Site in Northampton County, Pennsylvania. Indian Artifact Magazine 9 (2):28–31, 45.Google Scholar
Funk, Robert E. 2004 An Ice Age Quarry-Workshop: The West Athens Hill Site Revisited. Bulletin 504. New York State Museum, New York State Education Department, Albany.Google Scholar
Funk, Robert E., and Wellman, Beth 1984 The Corditaipe Site: A Small Isolated Paleoindian Camp in the Upper Mohawk Valley. Archaeology of Eastern North America 12:72–80.Google Scholar
Gardner, William M. 1989 An Examination of Culture Change in the Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene. In Paleoindian Research in Virginia: A Synthesis, edited by Wittkofski, J. Mark and Reinhardt, Theodore R., pp. 5–52. Special Publication No. 19. Archaeological Society of Virginia, Cortland.Google Scholar
Gauthier, Gilles, and Burke, Adrian L. 2010 Geochemical Report: Geochemical Signature, Mahan Site. Manuscript on file, Adrian L. Burke, Département d'Anthropologie, Université de Montréal, Montreal, Canada.Google Scholar
Gauthier, Gilles, and Burke, Adrian L. 2011 The Effects of Surface Weathering on the Geochemical Analysis of Archaeological Lithic Samples Using Non-Destructive Polarized Energy Dispersive XRF. Geoarchaeology 26:269–291.Google Scholar
Gauthier, Gilles, Burke, Adrian L., and LeClerc, Mathieu 2012 Assessing XRF for the Geochemical Characterization of Radiolarian Chert Artifacts from Northeastern North America. Journal of Archaeological Science 39:2436–2451.Google Scholar
Gramly, R. Michael 1988 Paleoindian Sites South of Lake Ontario, Western and Central New York State. In Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene Paleoecology and Archaeology of the Eastern Great Lakes Region, edited by Laub, Richard S., Miller, Norton G., and Steadman, David W., pp. 265–280. Bulletin 33. Buffalo Society of Natural Sciences, Buffalo, New York.Google Scholar
Gramly, R. Michael 2005 The Upper/Lower Wheeler Dam Sites: Clovis in the Upper Magalloway River Valley, Northwest Maine. Amateur Archaeologist 11(1–2):25–46.Google Scholar
Gramly, R. Michael 2014 The Sugarloaf Site: A Major Fluted Point, Paleo-American Encampment. Persimmon Press, North Andover, Massachusetts.Google Scholar
Hatch, James W. 1994 Structure and Antiquity of Prehistoric Jasper Quarries in the Reading Prong, Pennsylvania. Journal of Middle Atlantic Archaeology 10:23–46.Google Scholar
Henriksen, Georg 2009 I Dreamed the Animals—Kaniuekutat: The Life of an Innu Hunter. Berghan Books, New York.Google Scholar
Herzog, Irmela 2013 The Potential and Limits of Optimal Path Analysis. In Computational Approaches to Archaeological Spaces, edited by Bevan, Andrew and Lake, Mark, pp. 179–211. Left Coast Press, Walnut Creek, California.Google Scholar
Herzog, Irmela 2014 Least-Cost Paths—Some Methodological Issues. Internet Archaeology 36. DOI:10.11141/ia.36.5, accessed January 22, 2015.Google Scholar
Holland, John D., and Ashton, Roger 1999 The Flately Brook Quarry: A Source of Normanskill Chert Located in Washington County, New York. New York State Archaeological Association Bulletin 115:13–16.Google Scholar
Ingbar, Eric E. 1994 Lithic Material Selection and Technological Organization. In The Organization of North American Prehistoric Chipped Stone Tool Technologies, edited by Carr, Philip J., pp. 45–56. Archaeological Series 7. International Monographs in Prehistory, Ann Arbor, Michigan.Google Scholar
Kantner, John 2012 Realism, Reality, and Routes: Evaluating Cost-Surface and Cost-Path Algorithms. In Least Cost Analysis of Social Landscapes, edited by White, Devon A. and Surface-Evans, Sarah L., pp. 225–238. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Kelly, Robert L. 2013 The Lifeways of Hunter-Gatherers: The Foraging Spectrum. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kilby, J. David 2014 Direction and Distance in Clovis Caching: Movement of People and Lithic Raw Materials on the Clovis-Age Landscape. In Clovis Caches: Recent Discoveries and New Research, edited by Huckell, Bruce B. and Kilby, J. David, pp. 201–216. University of New Mexico Press, Albuquerque.Google Scholar
Kitchel, Nathaniel R. 2016a Tracing the Paths of Those Who Came First; An Evaluation of Continental Scale Colonization Models in the Glaciated Northeast. Unpublished PhD dissertation, Department of Anthropology, University of Wyoming, Laramie.Google Scholar
Kitchel, Nathaniel R. 2016b Questioning the Visibility of the Landscape Learning Process during the Paleoindian Colonization of Northeastern North America. Journal of Archaeological Science. DOI:10.1016/j.jasrep.2016.10.009, accessed January 15, 2018.Google Scholar
Kitchel, Nathaniel R. 2017 Rhyolite Use during the Fluted Point Period in New England and Southern Québec. PaleoAmerica 3:288–298.Google Scholar
Koldehoff, Brad, and Loebel, Thomas J. 2009 Clovis and Dalton: Unbounded and Bounded Systems in the Midcontinent of North America. In Lithic Materials and Paleolithic Societies, edited by Adams, Brian and Blades, Brooke S., pp. 270–288. Wiley-Blackwell, West Sussex, United Kingdom.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Krievs, Andre, and Bouchard, Jay W. 1992 Data Recovery (Phase III Archaeological Study), Iroquois Gas Transmission System Site, 198-3-1/3-2. Hartgen Archaeological Associates, Inc., Troy, New York. Submitted to Iroquois Gas Transmission System, L.P., Shelton, Connecticut. Copies available from Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation, Albany, New York.Google Scholar
Laccetti, Michael F. 1989 The Meier Site: A Chert-Knapping Workshop at Flint Mine Hill, Coxsackie, New York. Bulletin of the New York State Archaeological Association 98: 25–35.Google Scholar
Landing, Ed 1988 Depositional Tectonics and Biostratigraphy of the Western Portion of the Taconic Allochthon, Eastern New York State. In The Canadian Paleontology in Biostratigraphy Seminar, edited by Landing, Ed, pp. 96–110. New York State Museum Bulletin 462. University of the State of New York, Albany.Google Scholar
Leacock, Eleanor B., and Rothschild, Nan A. (editors) 1994 Labrador Winter: The Ethnographic Journals of William Duncan Strong, 1927–1928. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Lothrop, Jonathan C., and Bradley, James W. 2012 Paleoindian Occupations in the Hudson Valley, New York. In Late Pleistocene Archaeology and Ecology in the Far Northeast, edited by Chapdelaine, Claude, pp. 9–47. Texas A&M University Press, College Station.Google Scholar
Lothrop, Jonathan C., Lowery, Darrin L., Spiess, Arthur E., and Ellis, Christopher J. 2016 Early Human Settlement of Northeastern North America. PaleoAmerica 2:192–251.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lothrop, Jonathan C., and Singer, Zachary L. F. 2017 Paleoindian Peoples and Landscapes of Northeastern North America. PaleoAmerica 3:283–287.Google Scholar
MacDonald, Douglas H. 1999 Modeling Folsom Mobility, Mating Strategies, and Technological Organization in the Northern Plains. Plains Anthropologist 44:141–161.Google Scholar
Meltzer, David J. 1988 Late Pleistocene Human Adaptations in Eastern North America. Journal of World Prehistory 2: 1–52.Google Scholar
Meltzer, David J. 1989 Was Stone Exchanged among Eastern North American Paleoindians? In Eastern Paleoindian Lithic Resource Use, edited by Ellis, Christopher J. and Lothrop, Jonathan C., pp. 11–40. Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado.Google Scholar
Middlemost, Eric A. K. 1994 Naming Materials in the Magma/Igneous Rock System. Earth-Science Reviews 37:215–224.Google Scholar
Montet-White, Anta, and Holen, Steven (editors) 1991 Raw Material Economies among Hunter-Gatherers. Publications in Anthropology 19. University of Kansas, Lawrence.Google Scholar
Newby, Paige, Bradley, James, Spiess, Arthur, Shuman, Brian, and Leduc, Philip 2005 A Paleoindian Response to Younger Dryas Climate Change. Quaternary Science Reviews 24:141–154.Google Scholar
Ort, Jennifer C. 2012 Paleoindian Aggregation Patterns in Northeastern North America: Analysis of the Bull Brook Site, Ipswich, Massachusetts. Unpublished Master's thesis, Quaternary and Climate Studies, University of Maine, Orono.Google Scholar
Parker, Arthur C. 1924 The Great Algonkin Flint Mines of Coxsackie. Researches and Transactions of the New York State Archaeological Association 4(4). Lewis Henry Morgan Chapter, Rochester, New York.Google Scholar
Petersen, James 2004 Foreword: West Athens Hill, the Paleoindian Period, and Robert E. Funk in Northeastern Perspective. In An Ice Age Quarry-Workshop: The West Athens Hill Site Revisited, by Funk, Robert E., pp. xi–xlix. New York State Museum Bulletin 504. University of the State of New York, Albany.Google Scholar
Polla, Sylvia, and Verhagen, Philip 2014 Computational Approaches to the Study of Movement in Archaeology. De Gruyter, Berlin.Google Scholar
Pollock, Stephen G., Hamilton, Nathan D., and Boisvert, Richard A. 2008 Prehistoric Utilization of Spherulitic and Flow Banded Rhyolites from Northern New Hampshire. Archaeology of Eastern North America 36:91–118.Google Scholar
Pollock, Stephen G., Hamilton, Nathan D., and Bonnichsen, Robson 1999 Chert from the Munsungun Lake Formation (Maine) in Paleoamerican Archaeological Sites in Northeastern North America: Recognition of Its Occurrence and Distribution. Journal of Archaeological Science 26:269–293.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rademaker, Kurt, Read, David A., and Bromley, Gordon R. M. 2012 Connecting the Dots: Least Cost Analysis, Paleogeography, and the Search for Paleoindian Sites in Southern Highland Peru. In Least Cost Analysis of Social Landscapes, edited by White, Devin A. and Surface-Evans, Sarah L., pp. 32–45. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Robinson, Brian S., Ort, Jennifer C., Eldridge, William A., Burke, Adrian L., and Pelletier, Bertrand G. 2009 Paleoindian Aggregation and Social Context at Bull Brook. American Antiquity 74:423–447.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Robinson, Francis W. IV, Crock, John G., and Dorshow, Weatherbee 2018 Paleoindian Sites, Site Patterning, and Travel Corridors along the Southern Arm of the Champlain Sea. In In the Eastern Fluted Point Tradition, Vol. II, edited by Gingerich, Joseph, pp. 326–350. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Rockman, Marcy, and Steele, James (editors) 2003 Colonization of Unfamiliar Landscapes: The Archaeology of Adaptation. Routledge, London.Google Scholar
Ruedemann, Rudolph, and Wilson, T. Y. 1936 Eastern New York Ordovician Cherts. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America 47:1535–1586.Google Scholar
Seeman, Mark F. 1994 Intercluster Lithic Patterning at Nobles Pond: A Case for “Disembedded” Procurement among Early Paleoindian Societies. American Antiquity 59:273–288.Google Scholar
Sellet, Frederic 2006 Two Steps Forward, One Step Back: The Inference of Mobility Patterns from Stone Tools. In Archaeology and Ethnoarchaeology of Mobility, edited by Sellet, Frederic, Greaves, Russell, and Yu, Pei-Lin, pp. 221–239. University Press of Florida, Gainesville.Google Scholar
Sharp, Henry S., and Sharp, Karyn 2015 Hunting Caribou: Subsistence Hunting along the Northern Edge of the Boreal Forest. University of Nebraska Press, Lincoln.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Singer, Zachary L. F., and Ebright, Carol 2017 Revisiting Higgins (18AN489): Reanalysis of the First Excavated Paleoindian Site in Maryland. Paper presented at the 48th Mid-Atlantic Archaeology Conference, Ocean City, Maryland.Google Scholar
Singer, Zachary, Leach, Peter, Rockwell, Heather, Calogero, Barbara, Philpotts, Anthony, and Moeller, Roger 2018 Beyond a Stone's Throw from the Lithic Source: Reconsidering Paleoindian Toolstone Use at Templeton and throughout the New England–Maritimes Region. Archaeology of Eastern North America, in press.Google Scholar
Snow, Dean R. 1980 The Archaeology of New England. Academic Press, New York.Google Scholar
Speth, John D., Newlander, Khori, White, Andrew A., Lemke, Ashley K., and Anderson, Lars E. 2013 Early Paleoindian Big-Game Hunting in North America: Provisioning or Politics? Quaternary International 285:111–139.Google Scholar
Spiess, Arthur, and Wilson, Deborah 1989 Paleoindian Lithic Distribution in the New England–Maritimes Region. In Eastern Paleoindian Lithic Resource Use, edited by Ellis, Christopher J. and Lothrop, Jonathan C., pp. 75–97. Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado.Google Scholar
Steele, James, and Rockman, Marcy 2003 “Where Do We Go from Here?” Modeling the Decision-Making Process during Exploratory Dispersal. In Colonization of Unfamiliar Landscapes: The Archaeology of Adaptation, edited by Rockman, Marcy and Steele, James, pp. 130–143. Routledge, London.Google Scholar
Stothers, David M. 1996 Resource Procurement and Band Territories: A Model for Lower Great Lakes Paleoindian and Early Archaic Settlement Systems. Archaeology of Eastern North America 24:173–216.Google Scholar
Surface-Evans, Sarah L., and White, Devin A. 2012 An Introduction to the Least Cost Analysis of Social Landscapes. In Least Cost Analysis of Social Landscapes, edited by White, Devin A. and Surface-Evans, Sarah L., pp. 1–7. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Tankersley, Kenneth B. 1989 A Close Look at the Big Picture: Early Paleoindian Lithic Resource Procurement in the Midwestern United States. In Eastern Paleoindian Lithic Resource Use, edited by Ellis, Christopher J. and Lothrop, Jonathan C., pp. 259–292. Westview Press, Boulder, Colorado.Google Scholar
Tankersley, Kenneth B., Holland, John D., and Kilmer, Royce L. 1996 Geoarchaeology of the Kilmer Site: A Paleoindian Habitation in the Appalachian Uplands. North American Archaeologist 17:93–111.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tankersley, Kenneth B., and Isaac, Barry L. 1990 Early Paleoindian Economies of Eastern North America. Researching Economic Anthropology, Supplement 5. JAI Press, Greenwich, Connecticut.Google Scholar
Tanner, Adrian 1979 Bringing Home Animals: Religious Ideology and Mode of Production of the Mistassini Cree Hunters. Institute of Social and Economic Research, Memorial University of Newfoundland, Social and Economic Studies No. 23. C. Hurst, London.Google Scholar
Thornbury, William D. 1965 Regional Geomorphology of the United States. John Wiley and Sons, New York.Google Scholar
Tobler, Waldo 1993 Three Presentations on Geographical Analysis and Modeling. National Center for Geographic Information and Analysis, Technical Report 93-1. University of California, Santa Barbara.Google Scholar
Tripcevich, Nicholas 2008 Llama Caravan Transport: A Study of Mobility with a Contemporary Andean Salt Caravan. Paper presented at the 73rd Annual Meeting of the Society for American Archaeology, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. Electronic document, http://mapaspects.org/courses/gis-and-anthropology/weekly-class-exercises/week-9-anisotropic-cost-surfaces-and-least-cost-, accessed April 7, 2014.Google Scholar
von Bitter, Peter H., and Eley, Betty E. 1997 Fossil Hill Formation Chert at the Fisher Site: Geological Source and Significance. In The Fisher Site, edited by Storck, Peter L., pp. 223–238. Memoirs of the Museum of Anthropology No. 30. University of Michigan, Ann Arbor.Google Scholar
Whallon, Robert 2006 Social Networks and Information: Non-“Utilitarian” Mobility among Hunter-Gatherers. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 25:259–270.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
White, Devin A., and Surface-Evans, Sarah L. (editors) 2012 Least Cost Analysis of Social Landscapes. University of Utah Press, Salt Lake City.Google Scholar
Zedeño, María Nieves, and Stoffle, Richard W. 2003 Tracking the Role of Pathways in the Evolution of a Human Landscape: The St. Croix Riverway in Ethnohistorical Perspective. In Colonization of Unfamiliar Landscapes: The Archaeology of Adaptation, edited by Rockman, Marcy and Steele, James, pp. 59–80. Routledge, London.Google Scholar
Supplementary material: File

Lothrop et al. supplementary material

Lothrop et al. supplementary material 1

Download Lothrop et al. supplementary material(File)
File 36.2 KB
Supplementary material: File

Lothrop et al. supplementary material

Lothrop et al. supplementary material 2

Download Lothrop et al. supplementary material(File)
File 24.6 KB
Supplementary material: File

Lothrop et al. supplementary material

Lothrop et al. supplementary material 3

Download Lothrop et al. supplementary material(File)
File 106 KB
Supplementary material: File

Lothrop et al. supplementary material

Lothrop et al. supplementary material 4

Download Lothrop et al. supplementary material(File)
File 65.5 KB
Supplementary material: File

Lothrop et al. supplementary material

Lothrop et al. supplementary material 5

Download Lothrop et al. supplementary material(File)
File 35.1 KB
Supplementary material: Image

Lothrop et al. supplementary material

Lothrop et al. supplementary material 6

Download Lothrop et al. supplementary material(Image)
Image 11.2 MB
Supplementary material: Image

Lothrop et al. supplementary material

Lothrop et al. supplementary material 7

Download Lothrop et al. supplementary material(Image)
Image 1.5 MB