Hostname: page-component-5c6d5d7d68-qks25 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-08-16T17:14:19.217Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Climatic Oscillation as a Factor in the Prehistory of Amazonia

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  20 January 2017

Betty J. Meggers*
Affiliation:
National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC 20560

Abstract

The existence of climatic oscillations during the Quaternary in the Neotropics was inferred from the distributions and diversities of the modern flora and fauna. Recent data on soils, geomorphology, palynology, and paleoclimatology confirm the existence of periods of aridity and permit more accurate definition of their durations and impacts. A review of linguistic and archaeological evidence reveals patterns similar to those exhibited by a wide range of biological phenomena. The significance attached to these similarities depends on the theoretical paradigm by which they are judged.

Type
Research Article
Copyright
Copyright © The Society for American Archaeology 1979

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

References Cited

Ab'Saber, Aziz N. 1977 Espacos ocupados pela expansao dos climas secos na America do Sul, por ocasiao dos glaciaisquaternaries. Poleoclimas 3. Institute de Geografia, Universidade de SSo Paulo. Google Scholar
Aikens, C. Melvin 1978 The far west. In Ancient native Amerians, edited by Jennings, Jesse D., pp. 131181. W. H. Freeman, San Francisco.Google Scholar
Andreyev, Nikolay Dmitriyevich 1962 CA comment. Current Anthropology 3:130.Google Scholar
Bergsland, Knut, and Vogt, Hans 1962 On the validity of glottochronology [with CA comment]. Current Anthropology 3:115153.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bigarella, J. J. 1971 Variac Bes climaticas no quaternario superior do Brasil e sua datac So radiometrica pelo metodo docarbono 14. Paleoclimas 1. Instituto de Geografia, Universidade de Sa B Paulo. Google Scholar
Brown, Keith S. Jr. 1977 Centros de evoluc So, refugios quaternaries e conservag So de patrim Snios geneticos na regiaoneotropical: padr Bes de diferenciacao em Ithomiinae (Lepidoptera: Nymphalidae). Acta Amaz Snica 7:75137.Google Scholar
Brown, Keith S. Jr. , Sheppard, P. M., and Turner, J. R. G. 1974 Quaternary refugia in tropical America: evidence from race formation in Heliconius butterflies. Proceedingsof the Royal Society 187:369378.Google Scholar
Bryan, Alan L. 1973 Paleoenvironments and cultural diversity in Late Pleistocene South America. Quaternary Research 3:237256.Google Scholar
Bryson, Reid A., and Murray, Thomas J. 1977 Climates of hunger; mankind and the world's changing weather. University of Wisconsin Press, Madison.Google Scholar
Carbone, Victor A. 1978 The paleoecology of the Caribbean area. Paper presented at the 1978 Simposio sobre Problemas dela Arqueologia Antillana, Universidad Catolica de Puerto Rico, Ponce.Google Scholar
Catton, William R. Jr. , and Dunlap, Riley E. 1978 Environmental sociology: a new paradigm. American Sociologist 13:4149.Google Scholar
Chretien, C. Douglas 1962 The mathematical models of glottochronology. Language 38:1137.Google Scholar
CLIMAP Project Members 1976 The surface of the ice-age earth. Science 191:11311137.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Damuth, J. E., and Fairbridge, Rhodes W. 1970 Equatorial deep-sea arkosic sands and ice-age aridity in tropical South America. Bulletin of the Geological Society of America 81:189206.Google Scholar
Descamps, M., Gasc, J. P., Lescure, J., and Sastre, C. 1978 Etude des ecosystemes guyanais, II. Donnees biogeographiques sur la partie orientale des Guyanes. C. R. Soc. Biogeogr. 467:5582.Google Scholar
Diebold A., Richard Jr. 1960 Determining the centers of dispersal of language groups. International Journal of American Linguistics 26:110.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dyen, Isidore 1956 Language distribution and migration theory. Language 32:611626.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dyen, Isidore 1971 Review of Istivan Fedor: The rate of linguistic change. International Journal of American Linguistics 37:130134.Google Scholar
Eden, M. J. 1974 Paleoclimatic influences and the development of savanna in southern Venezuela. Journal of Biogeography 1:95109.Google Scholar
Fairbridge, Rhodes W. 1976 Shellfish-eating preceramic Indians in coastal Brazil. Science 191:353359.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Fitzhugh, William W. 1977 Population movement and culture change on the central Labrador coast. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 288:481497.Google Scholar
Ford, James A. 1969 A comparison of Formative cultures in the Americas. Smithsonian Contributions to Anthropology 11.Google Scholar
Gates, W. Lawrence 1976 Modeling the ice-age climate. Science 191:11381144.Google Scholar
Gould, Stephen Jay 1977 Ever since Darwin. W. W. Norton, New York.Google Scholar
Greenberg, Joseph 1960 The general classification of Central and South American languages. Selected Papers of the Fifth International Congress of Anthropological and Ethnological Sciences, pp. 791794.Google Scholar
Gudschinsky, Sarah C. 1955 Lexico-statistical skewing from dialect borrowing. International Journal of American Linguistics 21:138149.Google Scholar
Haffer, Jurgen 1969 Speciation in Amazonian forest birds. Science 165:131137.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Haffer, Jurgen 1974 Avian speciation in tropical South America. Publications of the Nuttall Ornithological Club 14. Cambridge, Massachusetts.Google Scholar
Hilbert, Peter Paul, and Hilbert, Klaus 1979 Archaologische Untersuchungen am Rio Nhamunda, unterer Amazonas. Allgemeine und Vergleichende Archdologie, Band 1. Beck, Miinchen.Google Scholar
Hymes, Dell H. 1960 Lexicostatistics so far (with CA comment). Current Anthropology 1:344.Google Scholar
Lathrap, Donald W. 1970 The upper Amazon. Praeger, New York.Google Scholar
Lathrap, Donald W. 1974 The moist tropics, the arid lands, and the appearance of great art styles in the New World. Special Publications of the Museum 7:115158. Texas Tech University.Google Scholar
Lathrap, Donald W. 1977 Our father the cayman, our mother the gourd: Spinden revisited, or a unitary model for the emergenceof agriculture in the New World. In Origins of agriculture, edited by Reed, Charles A., pp. 713750. Mouton, The Hague.Google Scholar
Laurent, R. F. 1973 A parallel survey of equatorial amphibians and reptiles in Africa and South America. In Tropicalforest ecosystems in Africa and South America, edited by Meggers, Betty J., Ayensu, Edward S., and Donald Duckworth, W., pp. 259266. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D. C. Google Scholar
Lees, Robert B. 1953 The basis of glottochronology. Language 29:113127.Google Scholar
Livingstone, E. A. 1975 Late Quaternary climatic change in Africa. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics 6:249280.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Mac Neish, Richard S. 1971 Early man in the Andes. Scientific American 224(4):3646.Google Scholar
Mac Neish, Richard S. 1976 Early man in the New World. American Scientist 64:316327.Google Scholar
Meggers, Betty J. 1963 Cultural development in Latin America: an interpretative overview. Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections 146(1):131145.Google Scholar
Meggers, Betty J. 1971 Amazonia: man and culture in a counterfeit paradise. Aldine, Chicago.Google Scholar
Meggers, Betty J., and Evans, Clifford 1973 A reconstituig So da pre-historia amaz Onica; algumas consideracees teoricas. Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi, Publicacoes Avulsas 20:5169.Google Scholar
Meggers, Betty J., and Evans, Clifford 1978 Lowland South America and the Antilles. In Ancient native Americans, edited by Jennings, Jesse D., pp. 543591. W. H. Freeman, San Francisco.Google Scholar
Meggers, Betty J., and Evans, Clifford, and Estrada, Emilio 1965 Early Formative cultures of coastal Ecuador. Smithsonian Contributions to Anthropology 1.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Miller, Eurico Th. 1971 Pesquisas arqueologicas efetuadas no planalto meridional, Rio Grande do Sul. Museu Paraense Emflio Goeldi, Publicacoes Avulsas 15:3770.Google Scholar
Noble, G. Kingsley 1965 Proto-Arawakan and its descendants. International Journal of American Linguistics 31(3):Part II.Google Scholar
Pickersgill, Barbara, and Heiser, Charles B. Jr. 1977 Origins and distribution of plants domesticated in the New World tropics. In Origins of agriculture, edited by Reed, Charles A., pp. 803835. Mouton, The Hague.Google Scholar
Porras, Pedro I. 1975 Fase Pastaza; el formativo en el oriente ecuatoriano. Elevista de la Universidad Catolica 3(10):73134.Google Scholar
Prance, Ghillean T. 1973 Phytogeographic support for the theory of Pleistocene forest refuges in the Amazon Basin, based onevidence from distribution patterns in Caryocaraceae, Chrysobalanaceae, Dichapetelaceae and Lecythidaceae. Acta Amazonica 3(3):528.Google Scholar
Prance, Ghillean T. 1978 The origin and evolution of the Amazon flora. Interciencia 3:207222.Google Scholar
Price, Barbara J. 1978 On “facts” and paradigms. Current Anthropology 19:403406.Google Scholar
Rodrigues, Aryon Dall'Igna 1955 As linguas “impuras” da familia Tupi-Guarani. Anais do 31 Congreso Internacional de Americanistas 2:10551071.Google Scholar
Salzano, F. M, Neel, J. V., Gershowitz, H., and Migliazza, E. C. 1977 Intra and intertribal genetic variation within a linguistic group: the Ge-speaking Indians of Brazil. American Journal of Physical Anthropology 47:337348.Google Scholar
Sanoja O., Mario 1977 Las cultures formativas del oriente de Venezuela. Proyecto Orinoco Monograjia 3. Instituto de Investigaciones Economicas y Sociales, Universidad Central de Venezuela, Caracas. Google Scholar
Schneider, Harold K., 1977 Prehistoric transpacific contact and the theory of culture change. American Anthropologist 79:925.Google Scholar
Spielman, Richard S., Migliazza, Ernest C., and Neel, James V., 1974 Regional linguistic and genetic differences among Yanomama Indians. Science 184:637644.Google Scholar
Stark, L. 1977 Linguistic evidence for the early peopling of the Amazon Basin of South America. Paper presented atthe 42nd annual meeting of the Society for American Archaeology, New Orleans.Google Scholar
Steward, Julian H., and Faron, L. C. 1959 Native peoples of South America. McGraw-Hill, New York.Google Scholar
Stuckenrath, Robert 1977 Radiocarbon: some notes from Merlin's dairy. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 288:181188.Google Scholar
Swadesh, Morris 1952 Lexico-statistic dating of prehistoric ethnic contacts. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 96:452463.Google Scholar
Swadesh, Morris 1955a Towards greater accuracy in lexicostatistic dating. International Journal of American Linguistics 21:121137.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Swadesh, Morris 1955b Towards a satisfactory genetic classification of Amerindian languages. Anais do 31 Congreso Internacionalde Americanistas 2:10011012.Google Scholar
Swadesh, Morris 1964 Linguistic overview. In Prehistoric man in the New World, edited by Jennings, Jesse D. and Norbeck, Edward, pp. 527556. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.Google Scholar
Van Andel, Tjeerd H., and Laborel, Jacques 1964 Recent high relative sea level stand near Recife, Brazil. Science 145:580581.Google Scholar
Wedel, Waldo R. 1978 The prehistoric plains. In Ancient native Americans, edited by Jennings, Jesse D., pp. 183219. W. H. Freeman, San Francisco.Google Scholar
Willey, Gordon R. 1971 An introduction to American archaeology. Vol. 2:South America. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey.Google Scholar