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5345 results in Thermal-fluids engineering

Page 54 of 268

  • 1 - Introduction and Problem Formulation

  • W. O. Criminale, University of Washington, T. L. Jackson, University of Florida, R. D. Joslin
  • Book:
    Theory and Computation in Hydrodynamic Stability
    Published online:
    22 November 2018
    Print publication:
    06 December 2018, pp 1-25
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  • Summary

    Chapter 1 introduces the basic concepts of hydrodynamic stability theory. The chapter begins with a discussion of the classical experiments of Reynolds, and moves the reader quickly through other examples of instability found in nature. The basic equations of motion and their linearization are then introduced, which sets the up the foundation for the rest of the book.

  • 5 - Stability of Compressible Flows

  • W. O. Criminale, University of Washington, T. L. Jackson, University of Florida, R. D. Joslin
  • Book:
    Theory and Computation in Hydrodynamic Stability
    Published online:
    22 November 2018
    Print publication:
    06 December 2018, pp 128-167

  • Summary

    Chapter 5 examines the role of compressibility on the instability of boundary layers and mixing layers. For the compressible mixing layer, a thorough discussion of the mean flow, compressible Rayleigh equation and neutral stability curves is presented. In the discussion of invisicd distrubances, the compressible vortex sheet is also discussed. For the compressible boundary layer, the viscous stability equations are derived, followed by the neutral stability boundaries.

  • 10 - Transition and Receptivity

  • W. O. Criminale, University of Washington, T. L. Jackson, University of Florida, R. D. Joslin
  • Book:
    Theory and Computation in Hydrodynamic Stability
    Published online:
    22 November 2018
    Print publication:
    06 December 2018, pp 287-315

  • Summary

    Chapter 10 discusses the breakdown of hydrodynamic instability theory and the transition from laminar to turbulent flow. This chapter will expose the reader to issues effecting hydrodynamic instabilities, as well as the nonlinear breakdown of modes after linear growth, ending with a summary of a condensed history of methods that have been used to predict loss of laminar flow and the onset of transition to turbulence.

  • 2 - Temporal Stability of Inviscid Incompressible Flows

  • W. O. Criminale, University of Washington, T. L. Jackson, University of Florida, R. D. Joslin
  • Book:
    Theory and Computation in Hydrodynamic Stability
    Published online:
    22 November 2018
    Print publication:
    06 December 2018, pp 26-75

  • Summary

    Chapter 2 is devoted to the temporal stability of incompressible flows. The equations of motion are linearized, and the Rayleigh and Orr–Sommerfeld equations are derived using normal mode analysis. Kelvin–Helmhotlz theory is then introduced for invisicd flows, followed by a number of important theorems related to invisicd flows such as Rayleigh’s Inflection Point Theorem, Fjotroft’s Thoerem and Howard’s Semicircle Theorem, all of which are discussed in detail. The chapter concludes with the stability of the laminar mixing layer.

Theory and Computation in Hydrodynamic Stability
  • 2nd edition
  • W. O. Criminale, T. L. Jackson, R. D. Joslin
  • Published online:
    22 November 2018
    Print publication:
    06 December 2018
  • The study of hydrodynamic stability is fundamental to many subjects, ranging from geophysics and meteorology through to engineering design. This treatise covers both classical and modern aspects of the subject, systematically developing it from the simplest physical problems, then progressing to the most complex, considering linear and nonlinear situations, and analyzing temporal and spatial stability. The authors examine each problem both analytically and numerically. Many relevant fluid flows are treated, including those where the fluid may be compressible, or those from geophysics, or those that require salient geometries for description. Details of initial-value problems are explored equally with those of stability. The text includes copious illustrations and an extensive bibliography, making it suitable for courses on hydrodynamic stability or as an authoritative reference for researchers. In this second edition the opportunity has been taken to update the text and, most importantly, provide solutions to the numerous extended exercises.

  • 2 - Energy

  • William C. Reynolds, Piero Colonna, Technische Universiteit Delft, The Netherlands
  • Book:
    Thermodynamics
    Published online:
    15 June 2019
    Print publication:
    20 September 2018, pp 16-31

  • Summary

    In the first chapter we reviewed the concept of energy as it arises in mechanical systems. We interpreted work as a transfer of energy and used this idea to develop expressions for kinetic and potential energy. These were special instances of the general concept of energy, which is perhaps the most fundamental concept in all of science. In thermodynamics, another relevant mode of energy transfer is heat. Once all these concepts are clear, they can be used together with the first law to analyze and design an infinite variety of systems and devices, which are at the foundation of current and future societies.

    Concept of Energy

    The Energy Hypothesis

    The ideas inherent in the general concept of energy are encapsulated in what we call the Energy Hypothesis:

    Matter can be treated as having a property, called energy, that is an extensive, conserved scalar measuring its ability to cause change; work is a transfer of energy.

    The terms used above are very important:

  • • extensive means that the energy of a system is the sum of the energies of its parts;

  • • conserved means that the total amount of energy in an isolated system does not change;

  • • scalar means that energy is a quantity without directional (vector) character;

  • • work is a transfer of energy; it provides the key to the quantitative evaluation of the energy contained by matter.

    • In Section 1.4 we used these ideas to obtain expressions for the kinetic and potential energy of matter. Other energy forms are evaluated in the same way. Since the energy hypothesis is itself used in the evaluation and measurement of the energy of matter, it is not possible to test the hypothesis of energy conservation by experimental measurements of energy. However, one can use the energy hypothesis to predict how matter will behave, and these predictions (when done correctly!) are always confirmed by experiment. Countless working devices, designed using energy analysis, provide enormous evidence of the validity and utility of the energy hypothesis. Believe in the concept of energy; it works!

    Microscopic Energy Modes

    A macroscopic quantity of matter contains a huge number of molecules, and its energy is the sum of the individual energies of all these molecules. Molecules and systems of molecules can have energy in a variety of different microscopic modes.

  • Remembering Bill Reynolds

  • William C. Reynolds, Piero Colonna, Technische Universiteit Delft, The Netherlands
  • Book:
    Thermodynamics
    Published online:
    15 June 2019
    Print publication:
    20 September 2018, pp xx-xx

  • Summary

    I started to work at this book in a very emotional situation, and those strong feelings accompanied me during the time I dedicated to its writing since then.

    Professor Bill Reynolds, whom I first met in 1994 as my mentor while pursuing a Masters degree at Stanford University, contacted me in June 2003 and told me of the new thermodynamics textbook he had started to write some time before. He mentioned that he had health problems. He then asked me if I wanted to visit him before the end of the year to talk about the book. I had been spending periods at Stanford working with him since I graduated there in 1995. As always, I enthusiastically accepted the invitation and arrived at Stanford in November of 2003. The moment I met Bill in his office I understood that something was not quite right.

    After a very short preamble, he told me “You remember our plan to work together on a new thermo book and to add your material on properties of mixtures, energy systems, and the rest? Well, I would like you to pick up from where I am leaving this book and finish it, as I am going to die soon of a brain tumor.” I was shocked and immensely sad, and at the same time I felt honored and committed. Those last days I spent with him were extremely intense and moving. We only managed to exchange ideas about the book very briefly, as his health was rapidly deteriorating.

    I will never forget the moment I parted from him. I was standing next to his bed in his home, holding his hand, with my eyes full of tears, in silence, while I was mentally thanking him for all he had done for my education. He was looking back at me, with tenderness. It was December 26th, 2003. Bill died on January 3rd, 2004.

    I had become involved with this book earlier, during my Masters studies at Stanford. I was taking ME270-Engineering Thermodynamics, taught by Bill.

    He was the most extraordinary lecturer, as anybody who has ever followed one of his classes can testify. Meanwhile, I was one of his research assistants, working on thermodynamic property models for multicomponent fluids.

  • 7 - Energy Conversion Systems

  • William C. Reynolds, Piero Colonna, Technische Universiteit Delft, The Netherlands
  • Book:
    Thermodynamics
    Published online:
    15 June 2019
    Print publication:
    20 September 2018, pp 144-193

  • Summary

    One of the most dazzling applications of thermodynamics is the study and design of devices to convert energy to obtain some useful effect. Modern societies are based on the extensive use of electricity, heating, and refrigeration for a broad variety of goals. These services are supplied by a system in which some sort of working substance, usually in the gas or liquid phase, flows through several devices at various temperatures. The same holds for engines, which provide the stunning mobility which is also a pillar of modern times.

    Here we therefore describe and analyze systems such as stationary power plants, propulsion engines, refrigerators, heat pumps, and the like. Stationary power plants convert one kind of energy, like the chemical energy of a fuel, the thermal energy of a geothermal reservoir, or solar radiation into electricity. Propulsion engines do the same, but usually the primary energy source is a liquid fuel and the final objective is to obtain mechanical power or thrust to put something into motion. Refrigeration systems and heat pumps make use of electrical, mechanical, or thermal power in order to keep the temperature of a certain space at a value different from that of the natural environment.

    Analysis of Thermodynamic Systems

    Most energy systems involve a working fluid, like water or air, which is circulated through one or more components, often arranged in a cycle. The working fluid undergoes therefore a sequence of processes, which together form a thermodynamic cycle. In steam power plants (Figure 7.1a) the cycle is usually closed, but thermodynamic cycles can be open (closed by the atmosphere), as is the case for a turboprop engine (Figure 7.1b).

    The basic methodology for the analysis of thermodynamic processes and systems has been laid down in Chapter 4, while in this chapter we will use that procedure, together with knowledge on the estimation of fluid properties (Chapter 6), in order to study some notable examples of energy conversion systems. In addition, we can make use of the many consequences of the second law of thermodynamics to discuss their performance and limitations.

    In Section 3.6 we have already stressed the importance of thermodynamic charts and of sketching relevant processes on such charts. Graphical representation of concepts is a very powerful tool for the understanding of thermodynamics.

Page 54 of 268