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5943 results in Economics: general interest

Page 153 of 298

  • 14 - Economics of creative industries

  • Ruth Towse, Bournemouth University
  • Book:
    A Textbook of Cultural Economics
    Published online:
    05 June 2012
    Print publication:
    07 January 2010, pp 375-404

  • Summary

    This chapter is a general introduction to the economics of the creative industries. Its purpose is to lay out a case that the creative or cultural industries can be treated, in economic terms, as a sector. In other words, what has to be shown is that there are sufficient similarities between, and common features of, a group of industries that they merit special classification and analysis. Chapters then follow on the music, film, broadcasting and book publishing industries, each containing an economic analysis of that industry, drawing upon the general points presented here, with a final chapter on festivals and locational aspects of creative industries in cities. As will become clear, these are not the only industries that are treated as creative industries but they are the ones on which there has been research in cultural economics, and they relate closely to other areas of study in cultural economics.

    Structure of creative industries

    The first topic in this chapter is a discussion of the ways in which creative industries have been defined and classified by international organisations and in the United Kingdom. The United Kingdom is chosen because the government officially adopted the concept of the creative industries early on and has monitored their progress over the last few years. Subsequent sections of the chapter deal with the finance and ownership patterns in the creative industries and with globalisation and international trade in cultural goods.

  • 11 - Economics of artists' labour markets: theories

  • Ruth Towse, Bournemouth University
  • Book:
    A Textbook of Cultural Economics
    Published online:
    05 June 2012
    Print publication:
    07 January 2010, pp 293-318

  • Summary

    The term ‘labour market’ refers to the supply and demand for hours of work by workers who have similar skills; there is a labour market for hairdressers, therefore, and a labour market for electricians. In the arts, there is a labour market for classically trained singers, one for actors and another for potters. As in goods markets, what differentiates one market from another is the extent to which there is substitutability – in this case, between one type of worker and another. The ability to do certain types of work distinguishes specific occupations.

    Labour markets

    Supply and demand work in labour markets as they do in goods markets. Workers offer hours of work at various rates of pay; the higher the wage rate, the more hours they are in general willing to work. On the demand side of the market, employers demand more hours of work as wage rates fall. The wage rate is the price per hour of labour. At the equilibrium wage rate, the number of hours supplied and demanded is equal. This can also represent the level of employment in terms of the supply and demand for the number of workers in a labour market.

  • 4.3 - Performance measurement in mental health services

  • Edited by Peter C. Smith, Imperial College of Science, Technology and Medicine, London, Elias Mossialos, London School of Economics and Political Science, Irene Papanicolas, London School of Economics and Political Science, Sheila Leatherman, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill
  • Book:
    Performance Measurement for Health System Improvement
    Published online:
    06 July 2010
    Print publication:
    07 January 2010, pp 426-471

  • Summary

    Introduction

    Mental health warrants a dedicated chapter within this book as it accounts for 14% of the global burden of disease. An estimated 450 million people worldwide are affected by mental health problems at any given time and one in five people will experience a psychiatric disorder (excluding dementia) within any given year (Horton 2007; WHO Regional Office for Europe 2003). Moreover, as we will indicate, assessment of the performance of mental health services presents challenges that may be unique within health care.

    Within Europe, mental health problems account for approximately 20% of the total disability burden of ill health but often appear to be a lower policy priority than many other areas of health. This is despite the fact that nearly all countries readily admit that poor mental health has major impacts, not only on health but also on many other sectors of the economy (Taipale 2001).

    The costs of poor mental health are conservatively estimated to account for 3%-4% of GDP in the European Union (EU) alone, yet none of these countries actually spends much more than 1% of GDP on mental health (Knapp et al. 2007). Differences in the boundaries between health and social care make cross-country comparisons difficult but health system funding for mental health in the EU ranges from almost 14% in England to much less than 4% in other countries including Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Poland and Portugal.

  • 9 - Economics of cultural heritage

  • Ruth Towse, Bournemouth University
  • Book:
    A Textbook of Cultural Economics
    Published online:
    05 June 2012
    Print publication:
    07 January 2010, pp 237-262

  • Summary

    ‘Cultural heritage’ is a very broad term that covers archaeology, artefacts, buildings ancient and modern, museums, archives, works of art, and the like; besides man-made items, heritage also includes intangibles, such as inherited traditions, knowledge and skills, and the natural heritage. Cultural economics has so far mostly applied its analysis to museums and the built heritage; the principles are relevant to all aspects of heritage, however, and, indeed, cultural economists share much the same approach to built heritage as environmental economists do to natural heritage.

    Heritage and public goods

    What cultural heritage goods and services have in common is that they create a sense of national identity, encourage respect for other cultures and for cultural diversity, foster an understanding of the past and teach aesthetic values. These cultural values of heritage are distinguished from the asset value of heritage capital – the value of the land and buildings occupied by heritage sites, monuments and buildings and the items in museum's collections, and so on – that, at least in principle, could be realised on the market. Outdoor built and natural heritage are often true public goods, in the sense that they are mostly non-excludable and, unless there is congestion, non-rival; in general, it may be too costly to fence them off to exclude users, making charging for entry uneconomic.

  • 11 - Hierarchization and Prioritization of Factors Influencing Welfare and Living Conditions of the Municipal Residents

  • from PART II - Application of the AHP in Solving Economic, Organizational and Management Problems 77
    • By Wiktor Adamus, Jagiellonian University, Institute of Economics and Management
  • Edited by Wiktor Adamus
  • Book:
    The Analytic Hierarchy and Network Processes
    Published by:
    Jagiellonian University Press
    Published online:
    01 February 2018
    Print publication:
    31 December 2009, pp 161-174

  • Summary

    Key words: municipal, development strategy, local self-government, Analytic Hierarchy Process

    Abstract

    The main goal of the persent study is to outline the optimal strategy of the municipal development with the use of the Analytic Hierarchy Process. Terminology associated with development strategy is summarized and legal framework of municipal authorities is outlined. Brief description of the municipal Grybów is provided. Using the AHP method, theoretical model reflecting the municipal development strategy is constructed. The chapter also briefly explains the key issues associated with the AHP method developed by Saaty. Numerical priorities for main criteria and subcriteria with respect to the main goal: improvement of welfare and living conditions of the municipal residents, are derived based on the interviews with the relevant experts. The key objectives to be fulfilled by local authories, private organizations, citizens and economic entities should be as follows: entrepreneurship development and creating new jobs, health protection and social assistance, infrastructure development and improvement of educational system. Specific objectives are presented in form of 3 models of development strategy of the municipal. The highest priority weight (0.423) is in case of the model which suggests paying attention to the following elements of the municipal development strategy: organization of small and medium entrepreneurship, handicraft production, construction and handicraft services, technical infrastructure, increased level of education of young people through modernization of high school education. The main source of the municipal development is better use of human, material, environmental and cultural resources. The AHP method may successfully solve the problems not only in delineating the optimal development strategy of the municipal, but also many other economic, managerial, organizational and social ones.

    INTRODUCTION

    Decentralization of public activities in the late 90s resulted in transfer of responsibility for their realization onto self-governments (The Municipal Self-Government Act. The Official Law Journal 142, item 1591 of 8.03.1990 with amendments, version of The Official Law Journal 214, item 1806 of 1.01.2003). The municipal self governments have been obliged, in particular, to fulfill the needs of local communities. However, transfer of responsibilities is not always coupled with transfer of the finances for realization of tasks and investments.

  • 5 - Needs for Multicriteria Methods in Land Use Land Cover Change Modeling

  • from PART II - Application of the AHP in Solving Economic, Organizational and Management Problems 77
  • Edited by Wiktor Adamus
  • Book:
    The Analytic Hierarchy and Network Processes
    Published by:
    Jagiellonian University Press
    Published online:
    01 February 2018
    Print publication:
    31 December 2009, pp 91-104

  • Summary

    Key words: sustainable development, land use, land cover, modeling, AHP, DPSIR, region

    Abstract

    This paper presents methodological aspects of the land use land cover change in the region under sustainable development circumstances on the basis of the ongoing research projects. Multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) as a useful decision aid method could help to reduce inefficiencies in space-related environmental and socio-economic decision making process on large protected areas, e.g. NATURA 2000, with agriculture and forestry development. MCDA methods differ from conventional methods as they are taking into account a set of objectives and criteria that can be conflictual, multidimensional, incommensurable and incomparable. The information contained in the criteria and concerning the effects of the decision can be uncertain as well as qualitative. For decision making process author proposes include AHP into DPSIR framework.

    INTRODUCTION

    The main purpose of this paper is to present methodological aspects of multi objective decision making process under sustainable land use planning and highlight priorities and objectives in:

  • • 7.3 sub-task “Land use land cover change model under change loss potential caused by extreme events” – the research proposal of the State Committee for Scientific Research PBZ-KBN-086/P04/2003 entitled “Meteorological and hydrological extreme events”, started at the end of 2003 in which author is engaged as supervisor of the 7.3 sub-task;

  • • The EU project “Sustainable agriculture and forestry in large protected areas (e.g. NATURA 2000) with regard to regional economic development” – acronym SAFE, (FP6-2003-SSP-3, Scientific support to EU policies, Call for STREP (Specific Targeted Research Projects), CA (Coordination Actions), and SSA (Specific Support Actions) for various policies: Sustainable management of natural resources, health, biosafety & crisis management, economic potential & social cohesion), started at the end of 2003, in which author is engaged as supervisor of the Polish team, and

  • • The authors’ habilitation thesis entitled “Theories and land use land cover change models under sustainable development circumstances” (university research project), ended at 2004.

    • All these projects are linked with the common aim: improving of the land use land cover change methods under strong restriction conditions caused by sustainable land use rules and of the global problems such as reformed Common Agriculture Policy (CAP), global climatic change and ongoing negotiating with World Trade Organization (WTO).

  • 6 - AHP in Agricultural Extension Modeling

  • from PART II - Application of the AHP in Solving Economic, Organizational and Management Problems 77
  • Edited by Wiktor Adamus
  • Book:
    The Analytic Hierarchy and Network Processes
    Published by:
    Jagiellonian University Press
    Published online:
    01 February 2018
    Print publication:
    31 December 2009, pp 105-118

  • Summary

    Key words: Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP), agriculture, modeling

    Abstract

    In the process of integration with European structures, agricultural extension in Poland is facing extremely demanding challenges, since its functions, responsibilities and organisation, and consequently directions of development, are strictly connected with the development of the whole economy. An experience from European Union member countries shows that agricultural extension has been the driving force of modernisation-oriented transformations in agriculture. The study presents results of research on the current scope of agricultural extension, its degree of convergence with the needs and expectations of farmers, assessment of extension forms and methods; some directions for extension development are also proposed. The AHP mathematical and psychological method, applied for the first time in extension studies, has permitted different qualitative forms of extension to be examined in a mathematical model. On this basis, priorities have been proposed for the developed extension variants, the highest of which were noted for: autonomous extension, partially autonomous and state extension.

    INTRODUCTION

    Every human activity consists of examining alternatives and making decisions. With changes in the surrounding environment, growth in living standards, broad dissemination of information and new technologies, economic development, growth in education levels, law improvements, development in agriculture, agricultural extension, etc., it is more and more necessary to make attempts to scientifically approach the process of decision making, in other words rational problem solving. The science of decision making is also required in agricultural extension to pursue its goals – greater agricultural effectiveness and profitability, its better measurability in a very competitive environment. The number and type of organizational, economic and managerial decisions has dramatically grown with economic development and progress in preparation for the integration with the European Union. Decision making is scientific transformation and a relation of data about the world to our system of values, in a way letting us take necessary action to satisfy our needs and aspirations. Intellectually, it is a huge package of information and knowledge collected from experience and from simple observations, how to creatively think about the surrounding world.

  • 14 - On Multiplicative Properties of Paired Comparisons Method with a Use of Logarithmic Regression

  • from PART III - Application of the AHP in Connection with Other Methods
  • Edited by Wiktor Adamus
  • Book:
    The Analytic Hierarchy and Network Processes
    Published by:
    Jagiellonian University Press
    Published online:
    01 February 2018
    Print publication:
    31 December 2009, pp 209-218

  • Summary

    Key words: Paired Comparisons, Relative Weights, Multiple Attribute Decision Making, AHP, Rank Preservation

    Abstract

    Paired comparisons method is used to rank decision variants in multi-attribute decision-making problems and is based on comparisons of particular decision variants between each other. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the properties of the logarithmic least squares method (also called geometric mean method) which is commonly applied in calculation of the weight vector in paired comparisons evaluation. The geometric mean method gives a unique, geometrically normalized solution independent on the scale inversion.

    INTRODUCTION

    Paired comparisons method is used to rank decision variants in multi-attribute decision- making problems and bases on comparing particular decision variants. In a decision process an expert or experts are asked to associate to each pair of variants a number chosen from a given scale. The number, called judgement, express a relative preference of one variant in a pair over the second one. Basing on expert judgements a square judgement matrix is created. An evaluation of decision variants ranking leads to an approximation of a judgement matrix by a matrix of weight ratios and a normalization of the obtained solution. In order to calculate weight vector mainly two methods are applied: maximal eigenvalue and logarithmic least squares one (Saaty, 1980). In this paper, the analysis of properties of the latter method (also called geometric mean one) is performed.

    PAIRED COMPARISONS

    Assume that there are n variants F1, F2, …, Fn, and an expert is asked to provide his opinions concerning each pair of them, expressing intensity of importance of one factor in a pair over the second one with a use of the preference scale from the Table 14.1. Thus a judgment matrix R can be created where rij is an estimate for the relative significance of the factors (Fi, Fj), provided by the expert.

  • Preface

    • By Wiktor Adamus, Jagiellonian University, Institute of Economics and Management
  • Edited by Wiktor Adamus
  • Book:
    The Analytic Hierarchy and Network Processes
    Published by:
    Jagiellonian University Press
    Published online:
    01 February 2018
    Print publication:
    31 December 2009, pp 7-10

  • Summary

    The art of decision making is the process of selecting the proper alternative under the condition of uncertainty and with limited resources. While taking any decision, we concentrate on weighting alternatives that fulfil a set of desired goals. The problem is to select the alternative that meets all the goals to a maximum level. In the strong competition and complexity of decision problems, there is an increasing need for methods that allow making rational decisions. Managers, who solve multifaceted problems, try to grasp them at once using only one criterion that would aggregate all important consequences of a given problem. In such case, they deal with only one-criterion analysis, in which all potential variants are judged against one, selected a priori criterion, i.e. the company's profit. There is an array of methods to solve such a problem, including linear programming, parametric, stochastic, non-linear, margin analysis, econometric methods, theory of games, to name but a few examples. Such procedure is reasonable only in certain cases.

    One has to realize, however, that the one-criterion analysis is neither fully reliable, acceptable nor exhausted. In other words, it does not possess characteristics that a common group of criteria should p. Multicriteria decision making remains therefore in contrast with the one-criterion analysis, in the sense that it aims at expressing the common group of goals as an instrument of understandable, acceptable and exhausted communication, which should enable to create, substantiate and transform preferences in decision making process. In the field of solving multicriteria problems, there is a variety of methods described in the literature. Among these methods, Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) and Analytic Network Process (ANP) are the most widely applied, and in our opinion, the best ones. Although they are not perfect, no better methods have been created so far.

    Both AHP and ANP were developed by professor Thomas L. Saaty from the University of Pittsburg in early 70's. Professor L. Saaty developed the AHP based on his work at the U.S. State Department's Arms Control and Disarmament Agency during the Kennedy and Johnson administrations. He recognized that the current techniques for resolving problems were deficient in both mathematical logic and relevance to real world decision making.

  • 10 - Function of Motivation in the Management Process in the AHP Framework

  • from PART II - Application of the AHP in Solving Economic, Organizational and Management Problems 77
    • By Wiktor Adamus, Jagiellonian University, Institute of Economics and Management
  • Edited by Wiktor Adamus
  • Book:
    The Analytic Hierarchy and Network Processes
    Published by:
    Jagiellonian University Press
    Published online:
    01 February 2018
    Print publication:
    31 December 2009, pp 147-160

  • Summary

    Key words: management process, motivation, needs, goals, values, judgements, AHP

    Abstract

    In the management process each organization has human, financial, material, technological and information reesources at its disposal. All of them are necessary for the rational functioning of the organization, but people are the most important capital of each company. In the management process motivation is considered as the most important and most difficult function. Motivating employees is a priority challenge for managers. For the purpose of this paper, motivation has been defined as a human psychological mechanism which consciously or unconsciously balances the set of different needs, aims, tasks and values directed at achieving, through various actions, objective or subjective satisfaction. The objective of this paper is to present a new approach to motivation fanction with the use of the AHP, in form of a multi-criteria model consisting of various theories and approaches, motivation models and the author's own considerations. This model differs from the hitcherto existing theories and models, since it has been constructed in the form of a hierarchical tree on top of which the main aim was set forth, namely the employees’ satisfaction from job and increased effectiveness of their work. Different motivation variants have been proposed, groups on the basis of age, gender, position, etc. The following main criteria have been considered in the model: (1) work and pay conditions, (2) organization culture, (3) interpersonal relationship, (4) personal abilities (intellectual and physical), (5) personal life, and (6) supporting others. Within each criterion, a family of subcriteria was considered. They enabled the establishment, justification and transformation of the calculated priorities into the alternative motivating activities of separate uniform groups of employees. The developped models were veified in selected companies in Poland.

    INTRODUCTION

    Transformation of Polish economy, the increasing complexity of business processes, acceleration of technological and information technology changes, globalisation of various economy sectors as well as 21st century world challenges are a stimulus to modify and increase organizational management effectiveness. Considerable autonomy of enterprises and competition force management skills upon managers so that they can cope with high risk situation – extremely difficult and risky. In a management process each organization manages the following resources: human, material, technological and information technology.

  • 20 - An Evaluation of the Social and Economic Development of Counties in the Wielkopolskie Province Using a Fuzzy Multi-Criteria Decision Making (FMCDM) Method

  • from PART V - Other Multicriteria Methods
  • Edited by Wiktor Adamus
  • Book:
    The Analytic Hierarchy and Network Processes
    Published by:
    Jagiellonian University Press
    Published online:
    01 February 2018
    Print publication:
    31 December 2009, pp 319-329

  • Summary

    Key words: Counties (Powiats), Wielkopolskie Province, Fuzzy Multi-Criteria Decision Making Method (FMCDM)

    Abstract

    The main goal of this study is to apply a fuzzy multi-criteria decision making (FMCDM) method in evaluating the social and economic development of counties (“powiat” in Polish) in the Wielkopolskie Province. The first step of the procedure was to build a hierarchical structure of indicators (criteria and the related subcriteria) of the social and economic development. Four criteria have been identified, namely: (1) natural (i.e. environmental assets), (2) social and demographic (i.e. unemployment rate, migrations), (3) infrastructure (i.e. municipal and regional roads, sewage system), and (4) economic (i.e. farming culture level, manufacturing potential). In the next steps, the means of fuzzy numbers were calculated, and the fuzzy weight vectors for the criteria and the fuzzy decisions matrices were established. On the basis of this, the specific formula was applied to establish the fuzzy weight of the synthetic characteristic, which defined the county's development level ratings. The obtained rate weights can constitute a basis for a typological classification of the powiats. Taking into account the given principles, four classes of counties were established, which differ significantly in terms of social and economic development level (I – high development level, II – average, III – low and IV – very low). The highest level is observed in counties surrounding the City of Poznań, the lowest – in those located in the peripheral northern and eastern parts of the province.

    INTRODUCTION

    The level of social and economic development depends on numerous factors. In order to describe it synthetic characteristics are often used. These are functions of simple characteristics. The set values of simple characteristics constitute the basis of ranking objects, i.e. powiats (administrative districts), according to the level of their development and typological classification.

    There are many well-known classic methods of establishing synthetic characteristics based on the idea introduced by Hellwig (1968). These, however, are insufficient if a set of simple characteristics, which characterise the objects, contains not only quantitative characteristics, but also qualitative ones. In such a case it is possible to introduce fuzzy multi-criteria decision making methods to establish a synthetic characteristic.

  • 19 - Application of DEA Method and Malmquist Total Productivity Index in Estimation of Management Efficiency

  • from PART V - Other Multicriteria Methods
  • Edited by Wiktor Adamus
  • Book:
    The Analytic Hierarchy and Network Processes
    Published by:
    Jagiellonian University Press
    Published online:
    01 February 2018
    Print publication:
    31 December 2009, pp 305-318

  • Summary

    Key words: DEA method, Malmquist total productivity index

    Abstract

    The aim of this research was to assess the efficiency and the changes in efficiency in researched companies in the years 1996–2001 by the means of DEA method and an attempt of explanation the inefficiency of these companies with the application of Malmquist index. The subject to the analyses was 49 companies owned by Agricultural Property Agency. In the years 1996–2001 the researched group showed the technical efficiency indices VRS ranging from 0.911 to 0.952 and the average decrease of total productivity in researched companies amounted to 5%. This phenomenon is straightforwardly connected to the changes in technical progress which mean decrease in the researched years reached 5.2%. Slightly positive changes were observed in technical efficiency changes and in changes of pure technical efficiency. Inefficiency of researched companies can result from the execution of statutory missions of the companies and can have its source in the organization of material and human resources. This means, that the material resources of researched companies may be unadjusted to companies main aims, tasks, exploitation conditions, workforce and even to this resources themselves – in the proportions favoring effective management. This issue demands conducting further detailed analyses.

    INTRODUCTION

    The subject of this paper derives from the basic problem of economics which is the management efficiency and, in particular, the complex problem of measuring the management efficiency. This complexity existing in every economic activity is especially observable in agriculture where an additional influence of the variable called “natural conditions” has to be taken into consideration. The methods of measuring the economic efficiency are required to satisfy the conditions of exactness and low labor consumption. Therefore take their source the initiatives of creation the methods of aspectual utility, between which DEA method is classified.

    The first objective of this research was to determine, based on DEA method, the efficiency and changes of efficiency in researched companies in the years 1996–2001. The other objective was to explain these companies’ inefficiency by the means of Malmquist index application.

  • 8 - The Possibilities of Application of AHP Method in Solving Corporate Management Problems

  • from PART II - Application of the AHP in Solving Economic, Organizational and Management Problems 77
  • Edited by Wiktor Adamus
  • Book:
    The Analytic Hierarchy and Network Processes
    Published by:
    Jagiellonian University Press
    Published online:
    01 February 2018
    Print publication:
    31 December 2009, pp 131-138

  • Summary

    Key words: management functions, decision making, Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP)

    Abstract

    The aim of this paper is to demonstrate the selected possibilities of application of AHP in corporate management, and also the links between specific functions of management and the decision making process and to present the main assumptions, tools and history of the model. It was demonstrated that hierarchic analyses can be applied in every aspect of human activity to the optimizing of problem solving. The review of analyzed variants of application of suggested method was made on the basis of the examples in Polish and in world literature, what allowed better presentation of the application gamut of the AHP method both in corporate and public sectors. It was indicated that the method can be adapted to the solution of problems in such specific industries as agriculture and food industry.

    INTRODUCTION

    Corporate management requires that the managers constantly make decisions connected to the aspects of operation both in the field of company itself as with the reference to company's environment. The dynamic changes of the conditions of operation enforce the necessity of competent, prompt and sensible solving of complex and sometimes difficult problems. These problems frequently take into their reach all functions of the organization and concern not just one decision-maker but a group of such persons. Making decisions in a reasonable way, in such situation becomes somehow impeded. It is necessary to use the tools aiding the decision making process. One of such tools, undergoing in the recent years the intense development of applications is the Analytical Hierarchy Process. This paper aims to describe the gamut of possible applications of this method in the corporate management.

    MANAGEMENT AND DECISION-MAKING

    Corporate management encompasses a range of actions allowing the achievement of the determined aims in a competent and effective way. These actions comprise planning, decision making, organizing, leadership and control. Decision making is connected to every of mentioned managerial functions and it could be defined as a choice of course of action from between available possibilities. This definition, however, could be attributed both to the specific action and to a process.

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