Skip to main content Accessibility help
×
Hostname: page-component-76fb5796d-vvkck Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-27T15:42:01.942Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

References

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  12 May 2023

Get access

Summary

Image of the first page of this content. For PDF version, please use the ‘Save PDF’ preceeding this image.'
Type
Chapter
Information
Zoo Studies
Living Collections, Their Animals and Visitors
, pp. 369 - 440
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2023

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Abbott, M. and Tan-Kantor, A. (2022). Accounting for zoo animals: it is a jungle out there. Australian Accounting Review. https://doi.org/10.1111/auar.12362.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Acampora, R. R. (1998). Extinction by exhibition: looking at and in the zoo. Human Ecology Review, 5, 14.Google Scholar
Acevedo, M. A. and Villanueva-Rivera, L. J. (2006). From the field: using automated digital recording systems as effective tools for the monitoring of birds and amphibians. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 34, 211214.Google Scholar
Ackers, J. S. and Schildkraut, D. S. (1985). Regurgitation/reingestion and coprophagy in captive gorillas. Zoo Biology, 4, 99109.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Adelman, L. M., Falk, J. F. and James, S. (2010). Impact of national aquarium in Baltimore on visitors’ conservation attitudes, behavior, and knowledge. Curator: The Museum Journal, 43, 3341.Google Scholar
Adetola, B. O. and Adedire, O. P. (2018). Visitors’ motivation and willingness to pay for conservation in selected zoos in Southwest Nigeria. Journal of Applied Sciences and Environmental Management, 22, 531537.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Agnew, D. W., Barbiers, R. B., Poppenga, R. H. and Watson, G. L. (1999). Zinc toxicosis in a captive striped hyena (Hyena hyena). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 30, 431434.Google Scholar
Agnew, M. K., Asa, C. S., Franklin, A. D., McDonald, M. M. and Cowl, V. B. (2021). Deslorelin (Suprelorin®) use in North American and European zoos and aquariums: taxonomic scope, dosing and efficacy. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 52, 427436.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Agrillo, C., Gori, S. and Beran, M. J. (2015). Do rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta) perceive illusory motion? Animal Cognition, 18, 895910.Google Scholar
Akiyama, J., Sakagami, T., Uchiyama, H. and Ohta, M. (2021). The health benefits of visiting a zoo, park and aquarium for older Japanese. Anthrozoös, 34, 463473.Google Scholar
Alberts, A. C. (1994). Dominance hierarchies in male lizards: implications for zoo management programs. Zoo Biology, 13, 479490.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Allard, S., Fuller, G., Torgerson-White, L., Starking, M. and Yoder-Nowak, T. (2019). Personality in zoo-hatched Blanding’s turtles affects behavior and survival after reintroduction into the wild. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 2324. DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02324.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Altmann, J. (1974). Observational studies of behavior: sampling methods. Behaviour, 49, 227266.Google Scholar
Altman, J. D. (1998). Animal activity and visitor learning at the zoo. Anthrozoös, 11, 1221.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Altman, J. D., Gross, K. L. and Lowry, S. R. (2005). Nutritional and behavioral effects of gorge and fast feeding in captive lions. Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science, 8, 4757.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Altschul, D. M., Wallace, E. K., Sonnweber, R., Tomonaga, M. and Weiss, A. (2017). Chimpanzee intellect: personality, performance and motivation with touchscreen tasks. Royal Society Open Science, 4(5), 170169.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Alward, L. (2008). Why circuses are unsuited to elephants. In: Wemmer, C. and Christen, C. A. (eds.). Elephants and Ethics: Towards a Morality of Coexistence. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, pp. 205224.Google Scholar
Amrein, M., Heistermann, M. and Weingrill, T. (2014). The effect of fission–fusion zoo housing on hormonal and behavioural indicators of stress in Bornean orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus). International Journal of Primatology, 35, 509528.Google Scholar
Andersen, K. F. (1992). Size, design and interspecific interactions as restrictors of natural behaviour in multi-species exhibits: 3. Interspecific interactions of plains zebra (Equus burchelli) and eland (Taurotragus oryx). Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 34, 273284.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Andersen, L. L. (2003). Zoo education: from formal school programmes to exhibit design and interpretation. International Zoo Yearbook, 38, 7581Google Scholar
Andersen, M. J., Arnold, M., Barclay, M., et al. (2010). Oregon Silverspot Butterfly Husbandry Manual. Oregon Zoo, Portland.Google Scholar
Anderson, D., Lawson, B. and Mayer‐Smith, J. (2006). Investigating the impact of a practicum experience in an aquarium on pre‐service teachers. Teaching Education, 17, 341353.Google Scholar
Anderson, K. (1995). Culture and nature at the Adelaide Zoo: at the frontiers of ‘human’ geography. Transactions of the Institute of British Geographers, 20, 275294.Google Scholar
Anderson, P. A., Berzins, I. K., Fogarty, F., Hamlin, H. J. and Guillette, L. J. Jr. (2011). Sound, stress and seahorses: the consequences of a noisy environment to animal health. Aquaculture, 311, 129138.Google Scholar
Anderson, R. C. (2005). How smart are octopuses? Coral, 2, 4448.Google Scholar
Anderson, R. C. and Wood, J. B. (2001). Enrichment for giant Pacific octopuses: happy as a clam? Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science, 4, 157168.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Anderson, U. S., Benne, M., Bloomsmith, M. A. and Maple, T. L. (2002). Retreat space and human visitor density moderate undesirable behavior in petting zoo animals. Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science, 5, 125137.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Anderson, U. S., Kelling, A. S., Pressley-Keough, R., Bloomsmith, M. A. and Maple, T. L. (2003). Enhancing the zoo visitor’s experience by public animal training and oral interpretation at an otter exhibit. Environment and Behavior, 35, 826841.Google Scholar
Anderson, U. S., Maple, T. L. and Bloomsmith, M. A. (2004). A close keeper–nonhuman animal distance does not reduce undesirable behavior in contact yard goats and sheep. Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science, 7, 5969.Google Scholar
Anderson, U. S., Kelling, A. S. and Maple, T. L. (2008). Twenty-five years of Zoo Biology: a publication analysis. Zoo Biology, 27, 444457.Google Scholar
Anderson, U. S., Maple, T. L. and Bloomsmith, M. A. (2010). Factors facilitating research: a survey of zoo and aquarium professionals. Zoo Biology, 29, 663675.Google Scholar
Ang, M. Y., Shender, M. A. and Ross, S. R. (2017). Assessment of behavior and space use before and after forelimb amputation in a zoo‐housed chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes). Zoo Biology, 36, 510.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Auckland Zoo (2014). Zoo achieves record visitation for third year. Media release, 10 July. www.aucklandzoo.co.nz/sites/news/media-releases/Zoo-achieves-record-visitation-for-third-year (accessed 13 August 2017).Google Scholar
Audigé, L., Wilson, P. R. and Morris, R. S. (1998). A body condition score system and its use for farmed red deer hinds. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research, 41, 545553.Google Scholar
Axelsson, T. and May, S. (2008). Constructed landscapes in zoos and heritage. International Journal of Heritage Studies, 14, 4359.Google Scholar
Aylen, J., Albertson, K. and Cavan, G. (2014). The impact of weather and climate on tourist demand: the case of Chester Zoo. Climate Change, 127, 183197.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
AZA (2009). Behaviour Advisory Group. www.aza.org/behavior-advisory-group (accessed 15 June 2009).Google Scholar
AZA (2020). Visitor demographics. www.aza.org/partnerships-visitor-demographics?locale=en (accessed 14 June 2022).Google Scholar
AZA (2021). Association of Zoos and Aquariums. www.aza.org/species-survival-plan-programs?locale=en (accessed 19 January 2021).Google Scholar
AZA (2022). Zoo and aquarium statistics. www.aza.org/zoo-and-aquarium-statistics?locale=en (accessed 22 March 2022).Google Scholar
Azevedo, C. S. de and Young, R. J. (2021). Animal personality and conservation: basics for inspiring new research. Animals, 11, 1019. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11041019.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Azevedo, C. S. de, Young, R. J. and Rodrigues, M. (2011). Role of Brazilian zoos in ex-situ bird conservation: from 1981 to 2005. Zoo Biology, 30, 655671.Google Scholar
Azevedo, C. S. de, Young, R. J. and Rodriges, M. (2012). Failure of captive-born greater rheas (Rhea americana, Rheidae, Aves) to discriminate between predator and nonpredator models. Acta Ethologica, 15, 179185.Google Scholar
Azevedo, C. S. de, Caldeira, J. R., Faggioloi, A. B. and Cipreste, C. F. (2016). Effects of different enrichment items on the behavior of the endangered Lear’s Macaw (Anodorhyncus leari, Psittacidae ) at Belo Horizonte Zoo, Brazil. Revista Brasiliera de Ornitologia, 24, 204210.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bååth, R., Seno, T. and Kitaoka, A. (2014). Cats and illusory motion. Psychology, 5, 11311134.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bacon, H., Vigors, B., Shaw, D. J., et al. (2021). Zookeepers: the most important animal in the zoo? Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science. https://doi.org/10.1080/10888705.2021.2012784.Google Scholar
Bader, H. (1983). Electroejaculation in chimpanzees and gorillas and artificial insemination in chimpanzees. Zoo Biology, 2, 307314.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baechler, B., Granek, E. F., Carlin-Morgan, K. A., Smith, T. E. and Nielsen-Pincus, M. (2021). Aquarium visitor engagement with an ocean plastics exhibit: effects on self-reported intended single-use plastic reductions and plastic-related environmental stewardship actions. Journal of Interpretation Research. https://doi.org/10.1177/10925872211021183.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Baechli, J., Bellis, L. M., García Capocasa, M. C. and Busso, J. M. (2021). Activity budget of zoo-housed Dolichotis patagonum mates. Journal of Zoo and Aquarium Research, 9, 1419.Google Scholar
Bagaria, A. and Sharma, A. K. (2014). A knowledge and practices study of health hazards among animal handlers in zoological gardens. International Journal of Occupational Health, 4(1). https://doi.org/10.3126/ijosh.v4i1.9146.Google Scholar
Bairrão Ruivo, E. and Wormell, D. (2012). The international conservation programme for the white‐footed tamarin Saguinus leucopus in Colombia. International Zoo Yearbook, 46, 4655.Google Scholar
Bajomi, B., Pullin, A. S., Stewart, G. B. and Takács-Sánta, A. (2010). Bias and dispersal in the animal reintroduction literature. Oryx, 44, 358365.Google Scholar
Baker, A. (1994). Variation in the parental care systems of mammals and the impact on zoo breeding programs. Zoo Biology, 13, 413421.Google Scholar
Baker, K. C., Georoff, T. A., Ialeggio, D. M., et al. (2022). Retrospective review of urolithiasis-related morbidity and mortality in Asian colobine monkeys. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 53, 110.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ball, V. (1886). Observations on lion-breeding in the gardens of the Royal Zoological Society of Ireland. The Transactions of the Royal Irish Academy, 28, 723758.Google Scholar
Ballou, J. D. (1993). Assessing the risks of infectious diseases in captive breeding and reintroduction programs. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 24, 327335.Google Scholar
Ballouard, J.-M., Brischoux, F. and Bonnet, X. (2011). Children prioritize virtual exotic biodiversity over local biodiversity. PLoS ONE, 6(8), e23152. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0023152CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Balmford, A., Leader-Williams, N., Mace, G. M., et al. (2007). Message received? Quantifying the impact of informal conservation education on adults visiting zoos. In: Zimmerman, A., Hatchwell, M., Dickie, L. and West, C. (eds.), Zoos in the 21st Century: Catalysts for Conservation. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 120136.Google Scholar
Bandoli, F. and Cavicchio, P. (2021). The COVID-19 pandemic and the fragile balance of a small zoo: the case of Pistoia Zoo in Italy. Journal of Applied Animal Ethics Research, 3, 5773.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Banks, P. B., Norrdahl, K. and Korpimäki, E. (2002). Mobility decisions and the predation risks of reintroduction. Biological Conservation, 103, 133138.Google Scholar
Baratay, E. and Hardouin-Fugier, E. (2002). Zoo: A History of Zoological Gardens in the West. Reaktion Books Ltd, London.Google Scholar
Barbiers, R. B. (1985). Orangutans’ color preference for food items. Zoo Biology, 4, 287290.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Barnett, R., Yamaguchi, N., Barnes, I. and Cooper, A. (2006). Lost populations and preserving genetic diversity in the lion Panthera leo: implications for its ex situ conservation. Conservation Genetics, 7, 507514.Google Scholar
Barongi, R., Fisken, F. A., Parker, M. and Gusset, M. (eds.) (2015). Committing to Conservation: The World Zoo and Aquarium Conservation Strategy. WAZA Executive Office, Gland.Google Scholar
Barr, D. (2005). Zoo and aquarium libraries: an overview and update. Science & Technology Libraries, 25, 7187.Google Scholar
Barreiros, J. P. and Haddad, V. Jr (2016). Zoo animals and humans killed because of human negligent behavior. Journal of Coastal Life Medicine, 4, 1008.Google Scholar
Barrett, L. P. and Benson-Amram, S. (2020). Can Asian elephants use water as a tool in the floating object task. Animal Behavior and Cognition, 7, 310326.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bartlett, A. D. (1899). Wild Animals in Captivity: Being an Account of the Habits, Food, Management and Treatment of the Beasts and Birds at the ‘Zoo’ with Reminisces and Anecdotes (compiled and edited by Edward Bartlett). Chapman and Hall, London.Google Scholar
Bashaw, M. J. and Maple, T. L. (2001). Signs fail to increase zoo visitors’ ability to see tigers. Curator: The Museum Journal, 44, 297304.Google Scholar
Bashaw, M. J., Tarou, L. R., Maki, T. S. and Maple, T. L. (2001). A survey assessment of variables related to stereotypy in captive giraffe and okapi. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 73, 235247.Google Scholar
Bashaw, M. J., Bloomsmith, M. A., Marr, M. J. and Maple, T. L. (2003). To hunt or not to hunt? A feeding enrichment experiment with captive large felids. Zoo Biology, 22, 189198.Google Scholar
Bateson, M. and Martin, P. (2021). Measuring Behaviour. An Introductory Guide (4th ed.). Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bayne, K., Dexter, S., Mainzer, H., et al. (1992). The use of artificial turf as a foraging substrate for individually housed rhesus monkeys (Macaca mulatta). Animal Welfare, 1, 3954.Google Scholar
BBC (1955). Zoo Quest to West Africa. BBC.Google Scholar
BBC (2000). Zoo kills endangered antelopes. BBC News, 17 December. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/scotland/1075140.stm.Google Scholar
BBC (2005). Row over German zoo’s Africa show. BBC News, 8 June. http://news.bbc.co.uk/go/pr/fr/-/1/hi/world/africa/4070816stm.Google Scholar
BBC (2021). Somerset Noah’s Ark Zoo elephant M’Changa dies in attack. BBC News, 23 June. www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-somerset-57578702.amp.Google Scholar
Beardsworth, A. and Bryman, A. (2001). The wild animal in late modernity: the case of the Disneyization of zoos. Tourist Studies, 1, 83104.Google Scholar
Bechert, U. S., Brown, J. L., Dierenfeld, E. S., et al. (2019). Zoo elephant research: contributions to conservation of captive and free-ranging species. International Zoo Yearbook, 53, 89115.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Beck, B. B., Kleiman, D. G., Dietz, J. M., et al. (1991). Losses and reproduction in reintroduced golden lion tamarins, Leontopithecus rosalia. Dodo, Journal of the Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust, 27, 5061.Google Scholar
Beck, B. B., Rapaport, L. G., Stanley-Price, M. and Wilson, A. C. (1994). Reintroduction of captive-born animals. In: Olney, P. J. S., Mace, B. M. and Feistner, A. T. C. (eds.), Creative Conservation: Interactive Management of Wild and Captive Animals. Springer, Dordrecht, pp. 265286.Google Scholar
Behr, B., Rath, D., Mueller, P., et al. (2009). Feasibility of sex-sorting sperm from the white and the black rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum, Diceros bicornis). Theriogenology, 72, 353364.Google Scholar
Behringer, V., Stevens, J. M. G., Deschner, T. and Hohmann, G. (2018). Getting closer: contributions of zoo studies to research on the physiology and development of bonobos (Pan paniscus), chimpanzees (P. troglodytes) and other primates. International Zoo Yearbook, 52, 3447.Google Scholar
Bell, E., Price, E., Balthes, S., Cordon, M. and Wormell, D. (2019). Flight patterns in zoo-housed fruit bats (Pteropus spp.). Zoo Biology, 38, 248257.Google Scholar
Benedict, F. G. (1936). The Physiology of the Elephant. Carnegie Institution, Washington.Google Scholar
Bengston, S. E., Pruitt, J. N. and Riechert, S. E. (2014). Differences in environmental enrichment generate contrasting behavioural syndromes in a basal spider lineage. Animal Behaviour, 93, 105110.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Benirschke, K. and Roocroft, A. (1992). Elephant inflicted injuries. Internationalen Symposiums uber die Erkrankungender Zootiere, 34, 239247.Google Scholar
Benz, J. J., Leger, D. W. and French, J. A. (1992). Relation between food preference and food-elicited vocalizations in golden lion tamarins (Leontopithecus rosalia). Journal of Comparative Psychology, 106, 142149.Google Scholar
Bercovitch, F. B., Bashaw, M. J., del Castillo, S. M. (2006). Sociosexual behaviour, male mating tactics, and the reproductive cycle of giraffe Giraffa camelopardalis. Hormones and Behavior, 50, 314321.Google Scholar
Berg, W., Jolly, A., Rambeloarivony, H., Andrianome, V. and Rasamimanana, H. (2009). A scoring system for coat and tail condition in ringtailed lemurs, Lemur catta. American Journal of Primatology: Official Journal of the American Society of Primatologists, 71, 183190.Google Scholar
Berger, M., Schawalder, P., Stich, H. and Lussi, A. (1996). Feline dental resorptive lesions in captive and wild leopards and lions. Journal of Veterinary Dentistry, 13, 1321.Google Scholar
Berger-Tal, O., Blumstein, D. T. and Swaisgood, R. R. (2020). Conservation translocations: a review of common difficulties and promising direction. Animal Conservation, 23, 121131.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bernstein-Kurtycz, L. M., Hopper, L. M., Ross, S. R. and Tennie, C. (2020). Zoo-housed chimpanzees can spontaneously use tool sets but perseverate on previously successful tool-use methods. Animal Behavior and Cognition, 7, 288309.Google Scholar
Bettinger, T. and Quinn, H. (2000). Conservation funds: how do zoos and aquariums decide which projects to fund? AZA American Zoo and Aquarium Association Annual Conference Proceedings. American Zoo and Aquarium Association, St Louis, pp. 5254.Google Scholar
Bexell, S., Jarrett, O. S., Lan, L., et al. (2007). Observing panda play: implications for zoo programming and conservation efforts. Curator: The Museum Journal, 50, 287297.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Biasetti, P., Florio, D., Gili, C. and de Mori, B. (2020). The ethical assessment of touch pools in aquariums by means of the Ethical Matrix. Journal of Agricultural & Environmental Ethics, 33, 337353.Google Scholar
BIAZA (2021). In Our Hands. British and Irish Association of Zoos and Aquariums, London.Google Scholar
Biggins, D. E., Godbey, J. L., Hanebury, L. R., et al. (1998). The effect of rearing methods on survival of reintroduced black-footed ferrets. Journal of Wildlife Management, 62, 643653.Google Scholar
Bildstein, K. L., Golden, C. B., McCraith, B. J., Bohmke, B. W. and Seibels, R. E. (1993). Feeding behavior, aggression, and the conservation biology of flamingos: integrating studies of captive and free-ranging birds. American Zoologist, 33, 117125.Google Scholar
Birch, J. (2017). Animal sentience and the precautionary principle. Animal Sentience, 2(16), 1.Google Scholar
Birke, L. (2002). Effects of browse, human visitors and noise on the behaviour of captive orang utans. Animal Welfare, 11, 189202.Google Scholar
Birke, L., Hosey, G. and Melfi, V. (2019). ‘You can’t really hug a tiger’: zoo keepers and their bonds with animals. Anthrozoös, 32, 597612.Google Scholar
Birkett, L. P. and Newton-Fisher, N. E. (2011). How abnormal is the behaviour of captive, zoo-living chimpanzees? PLoS ONE, 6(6), e20101. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0020101Google Scholar
Bistyák, A., Kecskeméti, S., Glávits, R., et al. (2007). Pacheco’s disease in a Hungarian zoo bird population: a case report. Acta Veterinaria Hungarica, 55, 213218.Google Scholar
Bitgood, S. (1987). Selected bibliography on exhibit design and evaluation in zoos. Visitor Behaviour, 2, 8.Google Scholar
Bitgood, S. (1988). Problems in visitor orientation and circulation. In: Bitgood, S., Roper, J. and Benefield, A. (eds.), Visitor Studies: 1988 – Theory, Research, and Practice. Center for Social Design, Jacksonville, pp. 155170.Google Scholar
Bitgood, S. (2006). An analysis of visitor circulation movement patterns and the general value principle. Curator: The Museum Journal, 49, 463475.Google Scholar
Bitgood, S. and Patterson, D. (1993). The effects of gallery changes on visitor reading and object viewing. Environment and Behavior, 25, 761781.Google Scholar
Bitgood, S. and Richardson, K. (1986). Wayfinding at the Birmingham Zoo. Visitor Behavior, 1, 9.Google Scholar
Bitgood, S., Benefield, A., Patterson, D., Lewis, D. and Landers, A. (1985). Zoo visitors: can we make them behave? Annual Proceedings of the 1985 American Association of Zoological Parks and Aquariums. Columbus.Google Scholar
Bitgood, S., Patterson, D. and Benefield, A. (1988a). Exhibit design and visitor behavior: empirical relationships. Environment and Behavior, 20, 474491.Google Scholar
Bitgood, S., Carnes, J., Nabors, A. and Patterson, D. (1988b). Controlling public feeding of zoo animals. Visitor Behavior, 2, 6.Google Scholar
Bitgood, S., Benefield, A. and Patterson, D. (1989). The importance of label placement: a neglected factor in exhibit design. Current Trends in Audience Research, 4, 4952.Google Scholar
Bitgood, S., Benefield, A., Patterson, D. and Litwak, H. (1990). Influencing visitor attention: effects of life-size silhouettes on visitor behavior. In Bitgood, S., Benefield, A. and Patterson, D. (eds.), Visitor Studies: Theory, Research, and Practice, Vol. 3. Center for Social Design, Jacksonville, pp. 221230.Google Scholar
Bjerke, T., Ødegårdstuen, T. S. and Kaltenborn, B. P. (1998). Attitudes toward animals among Norwegian children and adolescents: species preferences. Anthrozoös, 11, 227235Google Scholar
Bjornvad, C. R., Nielsen, D. H., Armstrong, P. J., et al. (2011). Evaluation of a nine-point body condition scoring system in physically inactive pet cats. American Journal of Veterinary Research, 72, 433437.Google Scholar
Black, S., Yamaguchi, N., Harland, A. and Groombridge, J. (2010). Maintaining the genetic health of putative Barbary lions in captivity: an analysis of Moroccan Royal Lions. European Journal of Wildlife Research, 56, 2131.Google Scholar
Blanchard, P., Bancel, N., Boëtsch, G., et al. (eds.) (2008a). Human Zoos: Science and Spectacle in the Age of Colonial Empires. Liverpool University Press, Liverpool.Google Scholar
Blanchard, P., Bancel, N., Boëtsch, G., Deroo, E. and Lemaire, S. (2008b). Human zoos: the greatest exotic shows in the West. In: Blanchard, P., Bancel, N., Boëtsch, G., et al. (eds.), Human Zoos: Science and Spectacle in the Age of Colonial Empires. Liverpool University Press, Liverpool, pp. 149.Google Scholar
Blanchett, M. K. S., Finegan, E. and Atkinson, J. (2020). The effects of increasing visitor and noise levels on birds within a free-flight aviary examined through enclosure use and behavior. Animal Behavior and Cognition, 7, 4969.Google Scholar
Blaney, E. C. and Wells, D. L. (2004). The influence of a camouflage net barrier on the behaviour, welfare and public perceptions of zoo-housed gorillas. Animal Welfare, 13, 111118.Google Scholar
Blattner, C. E. (2019). The recognition of animal sentience by the law. Journal of Animal Ethics, 9, 121136.Google Scholar
Bliss, T. N., Marinkovich, M. J., Burns, R. E., et al. (2022). Comparison of diagnostic predictors of neonatal survivability in nondomestic Caprinae. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 53, 3140.Google Scholar
Bloomfield, R. C., Gillespie, G. R., Kerswell, K. J., Butler, K. L. and Hemsworth, P. H. (2015). Effect of partial covering of the visitor viewing area window on positioning and orientation of zoo orangutans: a preference test. Zoo Biology, 34, 223229.Google Scholar
Bloomsmith, M. A. and Lambeth, S. P. (2000). Videotapes as enrichment for captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Zoo Biology, 19, 541551.Google Scholar
Bloomsmith, M. A., Kuhar, C., Baker, K., et al. (2003). Primiparous chimpanzee mothers: behavior and success in a short-term assessment of infant rearing. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 84, 235250.Google Scholar
Bollen, K. S. and Novak, M. A. (2000). A survey of abnormal behavior in captive zoo primates. American Journal of Primatology 51(Suppl.1), 47 (abstract).Google Scholar
Bolliger, G. (2015). Legal protection of animal dignity in Switzerland: status quo and future perspectives. Animal Law, 22, 311395.Google Scholar
Bonal, B. S., Sharma, S. C., Patnaik, S. K. and Gupta, B. K. (2012). Guidelines on Minimum Dimensions of Enclosures for Housing Exotic Animals of Different Species. Central Zoo Authority, Delhi.Google Scholar
Boorer, M. K. (1966). Educational facilities for school parties at London Zoo and Whipsnade Park. International Zoo News, 6, 239242.Google Scholar
Boorer, M. K. (1967). Zoos as teaching aids. Journal of Biological Education, 1, 233238.Google Scholar
Borun, M. and Miller, M. S. (1980). To label or not to label. Museum News, 58(4), 6467.Google Scholar
Bostock, S. St C. (1993). Zoos and Animal Rights: The Ethics of Keeping Animals. Routledge, London.Google Scholar
Boufana, B., Stidworthy, M. F., Bell, S., et al. (2012). Echinococcus and Taenia spp. from captive mammals in the United Kingdom. Veterinary Parasitology, 190, 95103.Google Scholar
Bowler, M. T., Buchanan-Smith, H. M. and Whiten, A. (2012). Assessing public engagement with science in a university primate research centre in a national zoo. PLoS ONE, 7(4), e34505.Google Scholar
Bowler, M., Messer, E. J., Claidière, N. and Whiten, A. (2015). Mutual medication in capuchin monkeys :social anointing improves coverage of topically applied anti-parasite medicines. Scientific Reports, 5, 110.Google Scholar
Bowler, P. J. (1992). The Fontana History of the Environmental Sciences. Fontana Press, London.Google Scholar
Boyd, B. S., Colon, F., Doty, J. F. and Sanders, K. C. (2021). Beware of the dragon: a case report of a komodo dragon attack. Foot & Ankle Orthopaedics, 6(2). https://doi.org/10.1177/24730114211015623.Google Scholar
Boyd, L. E. (1988). Time budgets of adult Przewalski horses: effects of sex, reproductive status and enclosure. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 21, 1939.Google Scholar
Brady, M., Rehling, M., Mueller, J. and Lukas, K. (2010). Giant Pacific octopus behavior and enrichment. International Zoo News, 57, 134145.Google Scholar
Braverman, I. (2010). Zoo registrars: a bewildering bureaucracy. Duke Environmental Law and Policy Forum, 21, 165.Google Scholar
Braverman, I. (2011). States of exemption: the legal and animal geographies of American zoos. Environment and Planning A, 43, 16931706.Google Scholar
Braverman, I. (2012). Zooveillance: Foucault goes to the zoo. Surveillance and Society, 10, 119.Google Scholar
Braverman, I. (2018). Saving species, one individual at a time: zoo veterinarians between welfare and conservation. Humanimalia, 9, 127.Google Scholar
Braverman, I. (2019). Fish encounters: aquariums and their veterinarians on a rapidly changing planet. Humanimalia, 11, 129.Google Scholar
Breed, D., Meyer, L. C. R., Steyl, J. C. A., et al. (2019). Conserving wildlife in a changing world: understanding capture myopathy – a malignant outcome of stress during capture and translocation. Conservation Physiology, 7. https://doi.org/10.1093/conphys/coz027.Google Scholar
Bremner‐Harrison, S., Prodohl, P. A. and Elwood, R. W. (2004). Behavioural trait assessment as a release criterion: boldness predicts early death in a reintroduction programme of captive‐bred swift fox (Vulpes velox). Animal Conservation, 7, 313320.Google Scholar
Brent, L. (1992). Woodchip bedding as enrichment for captive chimpanzees in an outdoor enclosure. Animal Welfare, 1, 161170.Google Scholar
Brereton, A. W. (1968). Education: a primary function of the San Diego Zoo. International Zoo Yearbook, 8, 173174.Google Scholar
Brereton, J. E. (2020a). Directions in animal enclosure use studies. Journal of Zoo and Aquarium Research, 8, 19.Google Scholar
Brereton, J. E. (2020b). Challenges and directions in zoo and aquarium food presentation research: a review. Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens, 1, 1323.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Brichieri-Colombi, T. A., Lloyd, N. A., McPherson, M. and Moehrenschlager, A. (2019). Limited contributions of released animals from zoos to North American conservation translocations. Conservation Biology, 33, 3339.Google Scholar
Brightsmith, D., Hilburn, J., del Campo, A., et al. (2005). The use of hand-raised psittacines for reintroduction: a case study of scarlet macaws (Ara macao) in Peru and Costa Rica. Biological Conservation, 121, 465472.Google Scholar
Broad, G. (1996). Visitor profile and evaluation of informal educational at Jersey Zoo. Dodo, 32, 166192.Google Scholar
Broad, S. and Smith, L. (2004). Who educates the public about conservation issues? Examining the role of zoos and the media. In: Frost, W., Croy, G. and Beeton, S. (eds.), International Tourism and Media Conference Proceedings, Tourism Research Unit, Monash University, Melbourne, pp. 1523.Google Scholar
Broad, S. and Weiler, B. (1998). Captive animals and interpretation: a tail of two tiger exhibits. Journal of Tourism Studies, 9, 1427.Google Scholar
Broom, D. M. (1986). Indicators of poor welfare. British Veterinary Journal, 142, 524526.Google Scholar
Broom, D. M. (1991). Animal welfare: concepts and measurement. Journal of Animal Science, 69, 41674175.Google Scholar
Broom, D. M. (2007). Cognitive ability and sentience: which aquatic animals should be protected?. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 75, 99108.Google Scholar
Broom, D. M. (2014). Sentience and Animal Welfare. CABI, Wallingford.Google Scholar
Brown, C. (2015). Fish intelligence, sentience and ethics. Animal Cognition, 18, 117.Google Scholar
Brown, T., Ashby, A. and Schwitzer, C. (2011). An Illustrated History of Bristol Zoo Gardens. Independent Zoo Enthusiasts Society, Todmorden.Google Scholar
Browning, H. (2018). No room at the zoo: management euthanasia and animal welfare. Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics, 31, 483498.Google Scholar
Browning, H. and Maple, T. L. (2019). Developing a metric of usable space for zoo exhibits. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 791.Google Scholar
Bruni, C. M., Fraser, J. and Schultz, P. W. (2008). The value of zoo experiences for connecting people with nature. Visitor Studies, 11, 139150.Google Scholar
Bryman, A. (1999). Theme parks and McDonaldization. In: Smart, B. (ed.). Resisting McDonaldization, Sage Publications, Los Angeles, pp. 101115.Google Scholar
Buchanan-Smith, H. M., Griciute, J., Daoudi, S., Leonardi, R. and Whiten, A. (2013). Interspecific interactions and welfare implications in mixed species communities of capuchin (Sapajus apella) and squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) over 3 years. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 147, 324333.Google Scholar
Buckley, K. A., Smith, L. D., Crook, D. A., Pillans, R. D. and Kyne, P. M. (2020). Conservation impact scores identify shortfalls in demonstrating the benefits of threatened wildlife displays in zoos and aquaria. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 28, 9781002.Google Scholar
Bueno, M. G., Lopez, R. P. G., de Menezes, R. M. T., et al. (2010). Identification of Plasmodium relictum causing mortality in penguins (Spheniscus magellanicus) from São Paulo Zoo, Brazil. Veterinary Parasitology, 173, 123127.Google Scholar
Bullock, N., James, C. and Williams, E. (2021). Using keeper questionnaires to capture zoo-housed tiger (Panthera tigris) personality: considerations for animal management. Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens, 2, 650663.Google Scholar
Bunderson, J. S. and Thompson, J. A. (2009). The call of the wild: zookeepers, callings, and the double-edged sword of deeply meaningful work. Administrative Science Quarterly, 54, 3257.Google Scholar
Bundesanstalt für Landwirtschaft und Emährung (2021). Einheimische Nutztierrassen in Deutschland und Rote Liste gefä hrdeter Nutztierrassen 2021. Bundesanstalt für Landwirtschaft und Emährung. Informations – und Koordinationszentrum für Biologische Vielfalt (IBV), Bonn.Google Scholar
Burch-Brown, J. (2017). Is it wrong to topple statues and rename schools? Journal of Political Theory and Philosophy, 1, 5988.Google Scholar
Burden, F. (2012). Practical feeding and condition scoring for donkeys and mules. Equine Veterinary Education, 24, 589596.Google Scholar
Burger, J. and Hemmer, H. (2006). Urgent call for further breeding of the relic zoo population of the critically endangered Barbary lion (Panthera leo leo Linnaeus 1758). European Journal of Wildlife Research, 52, 5458.Google Scholar
Burgess, J. and Unwin, D. (1984). Exploring the living planet with David Attenborough. Journal of Geography in Higher Education, 8, 93113.Google Scholar
Bustamante, J. (1996). Population viability analysis of captive and released bearded vulture populations. Conservation Biology, 10, 822831.Google Scholar
Cabana, F. and Nekaris, K. A. I. (2015). Diets high in fruits and low in gum exudates promote the occurrence and development of dental disease in pygmy slow loris (Nycticebus pygmaeus). Zoo Biology, 6, 547553.Google Scholar
Cabana, F., Plowman, A., Van Nguyen, T., et al. (2017). Feeding Asian pangolins: an assessment of current diets fed in institutions worldwide. Zoo Biology, 36, 298305.Google Scholar
Caillaud, D., Eckardt, W., Vecellio, V., et al. (2020). Violent encounters between social units hinder the growth of a high-density mountain gorilla population. Science Advances, 6(45), eaba0724.Google Scholar
Campbell, J. A. (1950). Use of anaesthesia in treatment of zoo inmates. Canadian Journal of Comparative Medicine and Veterinary Science, 14, 3941.Google Scholar
Campbell, K. H. S., McWhir, J., Ritchie, W. A. and Wilmut, I. (1996). Sheep cloned by nuclear transfer from a cultured cell line. Nature, 380 (6569), 6466.Google Scholar
Campbell‐Palmer, R. and Rosell, F. (2015). Captive care and welfare considerations for beavers. Zoo Biology, 34, 101109.Google Scholar
Canfield, P. J. and Cunningham, A. A. (1993). Disease and mortality in Australian marsupials held at London Zoo, 1872–1972. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 24, 158167.Google Scholar
Canino, W. and Powell, D. (2010). Formal behavioral evaluation of enrichment programs on a zookeeper’s schedule: a case study with a polar bear (Ursus maritimus) at the Bronx Zoo. Zoo Biology, 29, 503508.Google Scholar
Card, W. C., Roberts, D. T. and Odum, R. A. (1998). Does zoo herpetology have a future? Zoo Biology, 17, 453462.Google Scholar
Carlson, A. (2000). Aesthetics and the Environment. Routledge, New York.Google Scholar
Carlstead, K. and Brown, J. L. (2005). Relationships between patterns of fecal corticoid secretion and behaviour, reproduction, and environmental factors in captive black (Diceros bicornis) and white (Ceraotherium simum) rhinoceros. Zoo Biology, 24, 215232.Google Scholar
Carlstead, K. and Seidensticker, J. (1991). Seasonal variation in stereotypic pacing in an American black bear Ursus americanus. Behavioural Processes, 25, 155161.Google Scholar
Carlstead, K., Seidensticker, J. and Baldwin, R. (1991). Environmental enrichment for bears. Zoo Biology, 10, 316.Google Scholar
Carlstead, K., Brown, J. L. and Seidensticker, J. C. (1993). Behavioral and adrenocortical responses to environmental changes in leopard cats (Felis bengalensis). Zoo Biology, 12, 321331.Google Scholar
Carlstead, K., Mellen, J. and Kleiman, D. G. (1999). Black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis) in U.S. zoos: I. Individual behavior profiles and their relationship to breeding success. Zoo Biology, 18, 1734.Google Scholar
Carlstead, K., Paris, S. and Brown, J. L. (2018). Good keeper–elephant relationships in North American zoos are mutually beneficial to welfare. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 211, 103111.Google Scholar
Caro, T. M. (1994). Cheetahs of the Serengeti Plains: Group Living in an Asocial Species. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.Google Scholar
Carpenter, J. W., Gabel, R. R. and Goodwin, J. G. Jr. (1991). Captive breeding and reintroduction of the endangered masked bobwhite. Zoo Biology, 10, 439449.Google Scholar
Carr, N. (2016a). Ideal animals and animal traits for zoos: general public perspectives. Tourism Management, 57, 3744.Google Scholar
Carr, N. (2016b). An analysis of zoo visitors’ favourite and least favourite animals. Tourism Management Perspectives, 20, 7076.Google Scholar
Carr, N. and Cohen, S. (2015). The public face of zoos: images of entertainment, education and conservation. Anthrozoös, 24, 175189.Google Scholar
Carter, M., Webber, S., Rawson, S., et al. (2020). Virtual reality in the zoo: a qualitative evaluation of a stereoscopic virtual reality video encounter with little penguins (Eudyptula minor). Journal of Zoo and Aquarium Research, 8, 239245.Google Scholar
Cassey, P. and Hogg, C. J. (2015). Escaping captivity: the biological invasion risk from vertebrate species in zoos. Biological Conservation, 181, 1826.Google Scholar
Cassidy, M. D. (1978). Development of an induced food plant preference in the Indian stick insect Carausius morosus. Entomologia Experimentalis et Applicata, 24, 287293.Google Scholar
Castanheira, M. F., Conceição, L. E. C., Millot, S., et al. (2017). Coping styles in farmed fish: consequences for aquaculture. Reviews in Aquaculture, 9, 2341.Google Scholar
CDC (2017). Prioritizing Zoonotic Diseases for Multisectoral, One Health Collaboration in the United States. Workshop Summary. One Health Zoonotic Disease Prioritization Workshop, 5–7 December, Department of Health and Human Services Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
CDC (2021). One Health. www.cdc.gov/onehealth/index.html (accessed 6 December 2021).Google Scholar
Cerreta, A. J., Yang, T. S., Ramsay, E. C., et al. (2022). Detection of vector-borne infections in lions and tigers at two zoos in Tennessee and Oklahoma, USA. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 53, 5059.Google Scholar
Chadwick, C. L. (2014). Social behaviour and personality assessment as a tool for improving the management of captive cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus). PhD thesis, University of Salford.Google Scholar
Chadwick, C. L., Rees, P. A. and Stevens-Wood, B. (2013). Captive-housed male cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus soemmeringii) form naturalistic coalitions: measuring associations and calculating chance encounters. Zoo Biology, 32, 518527.Google Scholar
Chadwick, C. L., Springate, D. A., Rees, P. A., Armitage, R. P. and O’Hara, S. J. (2015). Calculating association indices in captive animals: controlling for enclosure size and shape. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 169, 100106.Google Scholar
Chadwick, C. L., Williams, E., Asher, L. and Yon, L. (2017). Incorporating stakeholder perspectives into the assessment and provision of captive elephant welfare. Animal Welfare, 26, 461472.Google Scholar
Chaiyarat, R., Kongprom, U., Manathamkamon, D., Wanpradab, S. and Sangarang, S. (2012). Captive breeding and reintroduction of the oriental pied hornbill (Anthracoceros albirostris) in Khao Kheow Open Zoo, Thailand. Zoo Biology, 31, 683693.Google Scholar
Chalmers, C., Fergus, P., Curbelo Montanez, C. A., Longmore, S. N. and Wich, S. A. (2021). Video analysis for the detection of animals using convolutional neural networks and consumer-grade drones. Journal of Unmanned Vehicle Systems, 9, 112127.Google Scholar
Chalmin-Pui, L. S. and Perkins, R. R. (2017). How do visitors relate to biodiversity conservation? An analysis of London Zoo’s “BUGS” exhibit. Environmental Education Research, 23, 14621475.Google Scholar
Chambers, P. (2007). Jumbo: This Being the True Story of the Greatest Elephant in the World. André Deutsch, London.Google Scholar
Chamove, A. S., Hosey, G. R. and Schaetzel, P. (1988). Visitors excite primates in zoos. Zoo Biology, 7, 359369.Google Scholar
Champoux, M., Hempel, M. and Reinhardt, V. (1987). Environmental enrichment with sticks for singly-caged adult rhesus monkeys. Laboratory Primate Newsletter, 26(4), 57.Google Scholar
Chandon, P., Morwitz, V. G. and Reinartz, W. J. (2005). Do intentions really predict behavior? Self-generated validity effects in survey research. Journal of Marketing, 69, 114.Google Scholar
Charles River Editors (2016). Jumbo the Elephant: The Life and Legacy of History’s Most Famous Circus Animal. Charles River Editors.Google Scholar
Chartier, L., Zimmermann, A. and Ladle, R. (2011). Habitat loss and human–elephant conflict in Assam, India: does a critical threshold exist? Oryx, 45, 528533.Google Scholar
Che-Castaldo, J. P., Grow, S. A. and Faust, L. J. (2018). Evaluating the contribution of North American zoos and aquariums to endangered species recovery. Scientific Reports, 8, 9789 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598–018-27806-2.Google Scholar
Che-Castaldo, J. P., Gray, S. M., Rodriguez-Clark, K. M., Schad Eebes, K. and Faust, L. J. (2021). Expected demographic and genetic declines not found in most zoos and aquarium populations. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 19, 435442.Google Scholar
Chen, Y.-H., Yu, J.-F., Chang, Y.-J., et al. (2020). Novel low-voltage electro-ejaculation approach for sperm collection from zoo captive Lanyu miniature pigs (Sus barbatus sumatrensis). Animals, 10, 1825. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10101825.Google Scholar
Cheng, Y. Y., Chen, T. Y., Yu, P. H. and Chi, C. H. (2010). Observations on the female reproductive cycles of captive Asian yellow pond turtles (Mauremys mutica) with radiography and ultrasonography. Zoo Biology, 29, 5058.Google Scholar
Cherfas, C. (1984). Zoo 2000: A Look Beyond the Bars. BBC, London.Google Scholar
Cheyne, S. M., Campbell, C. O. and Payne, K. L. (2012). Proposed guidelines for in situ gibbon rescue, rehabilitation and reintroduction. International Zoo Yearbook, 46, 265281.Google Scholar
Chiew, S. J., Butler, K. L., Sherwen, S. L., et al. (2020). Effect of covering a visitor viewing area window on the behaviour of zoo-housed little penguins (Eudyptula minor). Animals, 10, 1224. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10071224.Google Scholar
Chikwanha, O. C., Halimani, T. E., Chimonyo, M., Dzama, K. and Bhebhe, E. (2007). Seasonal changes in body condition scores of pigs and chemical composition of pig feed resources in a semi-arid smallholder farming area of Zimbabwe. African Journal of Agricultural Research, 2, 468474.Google Scholar
Choo, Y., Todd, P. A. and Li, D. (2011). Visitor effects on zoo orang-utans in two novel, naturalistic enclosures. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 133, 7886.Google Scholar
Christensen, J. W., Zharkikh, T., Ladewig, J. and Yasinetskaya, N. (2002). Social behaviour in stallion groups (Equus przewalskii and Equus caballus) kept under natural and domestic conditions. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 76, 1120.Google Scholar
Christie, S. (2007). Zoo-based fundraising for in situ wildlife conservation. In Zimmerman, A., Hatchwell, M., Dickie, L. and West, C. (eds.), Zoos in the 21st Century: Catalysts for Conservation. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 257274.Google Scholar
Ciborowska, P., Michalczuk, M. and Bień, D. (2021). The effect of music on livestock: cattle, poultry and pigs. Animals, 11, 3572.Google Scholar
Cigler, P., Kvapil, P., Kastelic, M., et al. (2020). Retrospective study of causes of animal mortality in Ljubljana Zoo 2005–2015. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 51, 571577.Google Scholar
Ciminelli, G., Martin, M. S., Swaisgood, R. R., et al. (2021). Social distancing: high population density increases cub rejection and decreases maternal care in the giant panda. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 243, 105457.Google Scholar
Cipriano, A. (2002). Cold stress in captive great apes recorded in incremental lines of dental cementum. Folia Primatologica, 73, 2131.Google Scholar
Claidière, N., Bowler, M. and Whiten, A. (2012). Evidence for weak or linear conformity but not for hyper-conformity in an everyday social learning context. PLoS ONE, 7(2), e30970.Google Scholar
Claidière, N., Bowler, M., Brookes, S., Brown, R. and Whiten, A. (2014). Frequency of behavior witnessed and conformity in an everyday social context. PLoS ONE, 9(6), e99874.Google Scholar
Clare, E. L., Economou, C. K., Bennett, F. J., et al. (2022). Measuring biodiversity from DNA in the air. Current Biology, 32, 693700.Google Scholar
Clark, F. E. (2011a). Great ape cognition and captive care: can cognitive challenges enhance well-being. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 135, 112.Google Scholar
Clark, F. E. (2011b). Space to choose: network analysis of social preferences in a captive chimpanzee community, and implications for management. American Journal of Primatology, 73, 748757.Google Scholar
Clark, F. E., Gray, S. I., Bennett, P., Mason, L. J. and Burgeaa, K. V. (2019). High-tech and tactile: cognitive enrichment for zoo-housed gorillas. Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 1574. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01574.Google Scholar
Clauss, M. and Hatt, J. M. (2006a). The feeding of rhinoceros in captivity. International Zoo Yearbook, 40, 197209.Google Scholar
Clauss, M. and Hatt, J. M. (2006b). Feeding Asian and African elephants Elephas maximus and Loxodonta africana in captivity. International Zoo Yearbook, 40, 8895.Google Scholar
Clauss, M. and Paglia, D. E. (2012). Iron storage disorders in captive wild mammals: the comparative evidence. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 43(3s). https://doi.org/10.1638/2011-0152.1.Google Scholar
Clavadetscher, I., Bond, M., Martin, L., et al. (2021). Development of an image-based body condition score for giraffes Giraffa camelopardalis and a comparison of zoo-housed and free-ranging individuals. Journal of Zoo and Aquarium Research, 9, 170185.Google Scholar
Clay, A. W., Perdue, B. M., Gaalema, D. E., Dolins, F. L. and Bloomsmith, M. A. (2010). The use of technology to enhance zoological parks. Zoo Biology, 30, 487497.Google Scholar
Clay, Z. and Zuberbühler, K. (2009). Food-associated calling sequences in bonobos. Animal Behaviour, 77, 13871396.Google Scholar
Clay, Z. and Zuberbühler, K. (2011). Bonobos extract meaning from call sequences. PLoS ONE, 6(4), e18786.Google Scholar
Clayton, S., Fraser, J. and Saunders, C. D. (2009). Zoo experiences: conversations, connections, and concern for animals. Zoo Biology, 28, 377397.Google Scholar
Clayton, S., Fraser, J. and Burgess, C. (2011). The role of zoos in fostering environmental identity. Ecopsychology, 3, 8796.Google Scholar
Clayton, S., Prévot, A., Germain, L. and Saint-Jalme, M. (2017). Public support for biodiversity after a zoo visit: environmental concern, conservation knowledge, and self-efficacy. Curator: The Museum Journal, 60, 87100.Google Scholar
Clements, J. and Sanchez, J. N. (2015). Creation and validation of a novel body condition scoring method for the Magellanic penguin (Spheniscus magellanicus) in the zoo setting. Zoo Biology, 34, 538546.Google Scholar
Cless, I. T., Voss-Hoynes, H. A., Ritzmann, R. E. and Lukas, K. E. (2015). Defining pacing quantitatively: a comparison of gait characteristics between pacing and non-repetitive locomotion in zoo-housed polar bears. Applied Animal Welfare Science, 169, 7885.Google Scholar
Clubb, R. and Mason, G. J. (2003). Captivity effects on wide-ranging carnivores. Nature, 425, 473474.Google Scholar
Clubb, R. and Mason, G. J. (2007). Natural behavioural biology as a risk factor in carnivore welfare: how analysing species differences could help zoos improve enclosures. Applied Animal Welfare Science, 102, 303328.Google Scholar
Clubb, R., Rowcliffe, M., Lee, P., et al. (2008). Compromised survivorship in zoo elephants. Science, 322, 1649.Google Scholar
Clulow, S., Clulow, J., Marcec-Greaves, R., et al. (2022). Common goals, different stages: the state of the ARTs for reptile and amphibian conservation. Reproduction, Fertility and Development, 34(5), iix.Google Scholar
Clyvia, A., Faggioli, A. B. and Cipreste, C. F. (2015). Effects of environmental enrichment in a captive pair of golden parakeet (Guaruba guarouba) with Revista Brasiliera de Ornitologia, 23, 309314.Google Scholar
Coe, J. C. (1995). Zoo animal rotation: new opportunities from home range to habitat theater. In Proceedings of the American Zoo and Aquarium Association, Wheeling.Google Scholar
Coe, J. C. (2004). Mixed species rotation exhibits. In: 2004 ARAZPA Conference Proceedings. www.joncoedesign.com/pub/technical.htmGoogle Scholar
Coe, J. C., Scott, D. and Lukas, K. E. (2009). Facility design for bachelor gorilla groups. Zoo Biology, 28, 144162.Google Scholar
Cohen, E. and Fennell, D. (2016). The elimination of Marius, the giraffe: humanitarian act or callous management decision? Tourism Recreation Research, 41, 168176.Google Scholar
Cohen, S. C. and Clark, A. (2019). Loss, grief, and bereavement in the context of human–animal relationships. In: Tedeschi, P. and Jenkins, M. A. (eds.), Transforming Trauma: Resilience and Health Through Our Connections With Animals. Purdue University Press, West Lafayette, pp. 395422.Google Scholar
Colahan, H. and Breder, C. (2003). Primate training at Disney’s Animal Kingdom. Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science, 6, 235246.Google Scholar
Cole, N. C. (2004). A novel technique for capturing arboreal geckos. Herpetological Review, 35, 358359.Google Scholar
Cole, P. (2004). Suspended Animation: An Unauthorised History of Herald and Britains Plastic Figures. Plastic Warrior Publications, UK.Google Scholar
Coleman, K. and Maier, A. (2010). The use of positive reinforcement training to reduce stereotypic behaviour in rhesus macaques. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 124, 142148.Google Scholar
Collard, R. C. (2013). Panda politics. The Canadian Geographer/Le Géographe canadien, 57, 226232.Google Scholar
Collinge, N. E. (1989). Mirror reactions in a zoo colony of Cebus monkeys. Zoo Biology, 8, 8998.Google Scholar
Colman, R. J., Anderson, R. M., Johnson, S. C., et al. (2009). Caloric restriction delays disease onset and mortality in rhesus monkeys. Science, 325, 201204.Google Scholar
Comfort, A. (1962). Survival curves of some birds in the London Zoo. Ibis, 104, 115117.Google Scholar
Comizzoli, P., Crosier, A. E., Songsasen, N., et al. (2009). Advances in reproductive science for wild carnivore conservation. Reproduction in Domestic Animals, 44, 4752.Google Scholar
Conde, D. A., Colchero, F., Gusset, M., et al. (2013). Zoos through the lens of the IUCN Red List: a global metapopulation approach to support conservation breeding programs. PLoS ONE, 8(12), e80311.Google Scholar
Conde, D. A., Staerk, J., Colchero, F., et al. (2019). Data gaps and opportunities for comparative and conservation biology. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 116(19), 96589664.Google Scholar
Conway, W. (1967). The opportunity for zoos to save vanishing species. Oryx, 9, 154160.Google Scholar
Cooke, C. M. and Schillaci, M. A. (2007). Behavioral responses to the zoo environment by white handed gibbons. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 106, 125133.Google Scholar
Cooper, M. E. (2003). Zoo Legislation. International Zoo Yearbook, 38, 8193.Google Scholar
Cortez, M. V., Valdez, D. J., Navarro, J. L. and Martella, M. B. (2015). Efficiency of antipredator training in captive-bred greater rheas reintroduced into the wild. Acta Ethologica, 18, 187195.Google Scholar
Cortez, M. V., Navarro, J. L. and Martella, M. B. (2018). Effect of antipredator training on spatial behaviour of male and female greater rheas Rhea americana reintroduced into the wild. Acta Ornithologica, 53, 8190.Google Scholar
Corwin, A. L. (2012). Training fish and aquatic invertebrates for husbandry and medical behaviors. Veterinary Clinics: Exotic Animal Practice, 15, 455467.Google Scholar
Cottle, L., Tamir, D., Hyseni, M., Bühler, D. and Lindemann-Matthies, P. (2010). Feeding live prey to zoo animals: response of zoo visitors in Switzerland. Zoo Biology, 29, 344350.Google Scholar
Courtenay, J. and Santow, G. (1989). Mortality of wild and captive chimpanzees. Folia Primatologica 52, 167177.Google Scholar
Cox-Witton, K., Reiss, A., Woods, R., et al. (2014). Emerging infectious diseases in free-ranging wildlife: Australian zoo based wildlife hospitals contribute to national surveillance. PLoS ONE, 9(5), e95127.Google Scholar
Craig, L. E. and Vick, S. J. (2021). Engaging zoo visitors at chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) exhibits promotes positive attitudes towards chimpanzees and conservation. Antrozoös, 34, 115.Google Scholar
Crane, A. L. and Mathis, A. (2011). Predator‐recognition training: a conservation strategy to increase postrelease survival of hellbenders in head‐starting programs. Zoo Biology, 30, 611622.Google Scholar
Cranfield, M. R., Schaffer, N., Bavister, B. D., et al. (1989). Assessment of oocytes retrieved from stimulated and unstimulated ovaries of pig‐tailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina) as a model to enhance the genetic diversity of captive lion‐tailed macaques (Macaca silenus). Zoo Biology, 8(S1), 3346.Google Scholar
Crates, R., Langmore, N., Ranjard, L., et al. (2021). Loss of vocal culture and fitness costs in a critically endangered songbird. Proceedings of the Royal Society B, 288(1947), 20210225.Google Scholar
Crawford, M. P. (1938). A behavior rating scale for young chimpanzees. Journal of Comparative Psychology, 26, 7992.Google Scholar
Cray, C., Arhwart, K. L., Hunt, M., et al. (2013). Acute phase protein quantification in serum samples from healthy Atlantic bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus). Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation, 25, 107111.Google Scholar
Cresswell, R. (1883). Aristotle’s History of Animals in Ten Books (translated by Richard Cresswell). George Bell & Sons, London.Google Scholar
Crissey, S. D. (2001). The history of zoo nutrition. In: Edwards, M., Lisi, K. J., Schlegel, M. L. and Bray, R. E. (eds.), Proceedings of the Fourth Conference on Zoo and Wildlife Nutrition, AZA Nutrition Advisory Group, Lake Buena Vista.Google Scholar
Crissey, S. D. and Pribyl, L. (2000). A review of nutritional deficiencies and toxicities in captive New World primates. International Zoo Yearbook, 37, 355360.Google Scholar
Croft, V. F. (2008). Animal health libraries, librarians, and librarianship: a bibliography. http://hdl.handle.net/2376/1469 (accessed 24 February 2021).Google Scholar
Crone, E. E., Pickering, D. and Schultz, C. B. (2007). Can captive rearing promote recovery of endangered butterflies? An assessment in the face of uncertainty. Biological Conservation, 139, 103112.Google Scholar
Cronin, K. A., Bethell, E. J., Jacobson, S. L., et al. (2018). Evaluating mood changes in response to anthropogenic noise with a response-slowing task in three species of primates. Animal Behavior and Cognition, 5, 209221.Google Scholar
Cronin, K. A., Tank, A., Ness, T., Leahy, M. and Ross, S. R. (2020). Sex and season predict wounds in zoo-housed Japanese macaques (Macaca fuscata): a multi-institutional study. Zoo Biology, 39, 147155.Google Scholar
Crosier, A. E., Pukazhenthi, B. S., Henghali, J. N., et al. (2006). Cryopreservation of spermatozoa from wild-born Namibian cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus) and influence of glycerol on cryosurvival. Cryobiology, 52, 169181.Google Scholar
Crudge, B., O’Connor, D., Hunt, M., Davis, E. O. and Browne‐Nuñez, C. (2016). Groundwork for effective conservation education: an example of in situ and ex situ collaboration in South East Asia. International Zoo Yearbook, 50, 3448.Google Scholar
Curry, E., Skogen, M. and Roth, T. (2021). Evaluation of an odour detection dog for non-invasive pregnancy diagnosis in polar bears (Ursus maritimus): considerations for training sniffer dogs for biomedical investigations in wildlife species. Journal of Zoo and Aquarium Research, 9, 17.Google Scholar
Curtis, D. J. and Zaramody, A. (1999). Social structure and seasonal variation in the behaviour of Eulemur mongoz. Folia Primatologica, 70, 7996.Google Scholar
Cushing, A. (2011). Pursuing zoo veterinary work via the USA. Veterinary Record, 168, i.Google Scholar
Czekala, N., McGeehan, L., Steinman, K., Xuebing, L. and Gual‐Sil, F. (2003). Endocrine monitoring and its application to the management of the giant panda. Zoo Biology, 22, 389400.Google Scholar
da Costa, A. L. M., Appolonio, E. V. P., de Mattos, L. H. L., et al. (2022). Surgical management of upward fixation of the patella via medial patellar ligament desmotomy in a lowland tapir (Tapirus terrestris). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 53, 222227.Google Scholar
Dalton, R. and Buchanan-Smith, H. M. (2005). A mixed-species exhibit for Goeldi’s monkeys and Pygmy marmosets Callimico goeldii and Callithrix pygmaea at Edinburgh Zoo. International Zoo Yearbook, 39, 176184.Google Scholar
Dancer, A. M. M. and Burn, C. C. (2019). Visitor effects on zoo-housed Sulawesi crested macaque (Macaca nigra) behaviour: can signs with ‘watching’ eyes requesting quietness help? Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 211, 8894.Google Scholar
Daniel, B. M., Green, K. E., Doulton, H., et al. (2017). A bat on the brink? A range-wide survey of the Critically Endangered Livingstone’s fruit bat Pteropus livingstonii. Oryx, 51, 742751.Google Scholar
Dastjerdi, A., Seilern-Moy, K., Darpel, K., Steinbech, F. and Molenaar, F. (2016). Surviving and fatal Elephant Endotheliotropic Herpes-1A infections in juvenile Asian elephants: lessons learned and recommendation on anti-herpesviral therapy. BMC Veterinary Research, 12, 178. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12917-016-0806-5.Google Scholar
Davey, G. (2006a). An hourly variation in zoo visitor interest: measurement and significance for animal welfare research. Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science, 9, 249256.Google Scholar
Davey, G. (2006b). Relationships between exhibit naturalism, animal visibility and visitor interest in a Chinese zoo. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 96, 93102.Google Scholar
Davey, G. (2007a). An analysis of country, socio‐economic and time factors on worldwide zoo attendance during a 40 year period. International Zoo Yearbook, 41, 217225.Google Scholar
Davey, G. (2007b). Visitors’ effects on the welfare of animals in the zoo: a review. Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science, 10, 169183.Google Scholar
Davies, J., Foxall, G. R. and Pallister, J. (2002). Beyond the intention–behaviour mythology: an integrated model of recycling. Marketing Theory, 2, 29 https://doi.org/10.1177/1470593102002001645.Google Scholar
Davies, T. E., Wilson, S., Hazarika, N., et al. (2011). Effectiveness of intervention methods against crop-raiding elephants. Conservation Letters, 4, 346354.Google Scholar
Davis, M. R., Gamble, K. C. and Matheson, J. S. (2008). Diagnostic imaging in terrestrial invertebrates: Madagascar hissing cockroach (Gromphadorhina portentosa), desert millipede (Orthoporus sp.), emperor scorpion (Pandinus imperator), Chilean rosehair tarantula (Grammostola spatulata), Mexican fireleg tarantula (Brachypelma boehmei), and Mexican redknee tarantula (Brachypelma smithi). Zoo Biology, 27, 109125.Google Scholar
Davis, N., Schaffner, C. M. and Wehnelt, S. (2009). Patterns of injury in zoo-housed spider monkeys: a problem with males? Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 116, 250259.Google Scholar
De Faria, C. M., de Sousa Sá, F., Costa, D. D. L., et al. (2018). Captive-born collard peccary (Pecari tajacu, Tayassuidae) fails to discriminate between predator and non-predator models. Acta Ethologica, 21, 175184.Google Scholar
de Waal, F. (1996). Good Natured: The Origins of Right and Wrong in Humans and Other Animals. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, MA.Google Scholar
de White, T. G. and Jacobson, S. K. (1994). Evaluating conservation education programs at a South American zoo. The Journal of Environmental Education, 25, 1822.Google Scholar
de Wit, J. J. (1995). Mortality of rheas caused by Synchamus trachea infection. Veterinary Quarterly, 17, 3940.Google Scholar
Deans, C., Martin, J., Neon, K., Nuesea, B. and O’Reilly, J. (1987). A zoo for who? A pilot study in zoo design for children. The Reid Park Zoo. Center for Social Design, Jacksonville.Google Scholar
D’Eath, R. B. and Keeling, L. D. (2003). Social discrimination and aggression by laying hens in large groups: from peck order to social intolerance. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 84, 197212.Google Scholar
Debevec, K. and Kernan, J. B. (1984). More evidence on the effects of a presenter’s attractiveness: some cognitive, affective, and behavioural consequences. Advances in Consumer Research, 11, 127132.Google Scholar
DEFRA (2007). Reports received by Defra of escapes of non-native cats in the UK 1975 to present day. www.defra.gov.uk/wildlife-countryside/vertebrates/reports/exotic-cat-escapes.pdf (accessed 1 January 2008).Google Scholar
DEFRA (2021). Our Action Plan for Animal Welfare. DEFRA, London.Google Scholar
DeGrazia, D. (2002). Animal Rights: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford University Press, Oxford.Google Scholar
Deleu, R., Veenhuizen, R. and Nelissen, M. (2003). Evaluation of the mixed-species exhibit of African elephants and Hamadryas baboons in Safari Beekse Bergen, the Netherlands. Primate Report, 65, 519.Google Scholar
DeMatteo, K. E., Porton, I. J., Kleiman, D. G. and Asa, C. S. (2006). The effect of the male bush dog (Speothos venaticus) on the female reproductive cycle. Journal of Mammalogy, 87, 723732.Google Scholar
Dembiec, D. P., Snider, R. J. and Zanella, A. J. (2004). The effects of transport stress on tiger physiology and behavior. Zoo Biology, 23, 335346.Google Scholar
Demetriou, D. (2017). Japanese zoo culls 57 snow monkeys with ‘invasive alien’ genes by lethal injection. The Telegraph. www.telegraph.co.uk/news/2017/02/22/japanese-zoo-culls-57-snow-monkeys-invasive-alien-genes-lethal/ (accessed 14 August 2017).Google Scholar
Denk, D., Boufana, B., Masters, N. J. and Stidworthy, M. F. (2016). Fatal echinococcosis in three lemurs in the United Kingdom: a case series. Veterinary Parasitology, 218, 1014.Google Scholar
Dent, V. E. (1979). The bacteriology of dental plaque from a variety of zoo-maintained mammalian species. Archives of Oral Biology, 24, 277282.Google Scholar
DeSmet, A. and Ogle, B. (2022). The influence of welfare and bonds with animals on the job satisfaction of felid keepers in North America. Zoo Biology. https://doi.org/10.1002/zoo.21667.Google Scholar
DeVault, M. L. (2000). Producing family time: practices of leisure activity beyond the home. Qualitative Sociology, 23, 485503.Google Scholar
Diamond, J. and Bond, A. B. (1991). Social behavior and the ontogeny of foraging in the kea (Nestor notabilis). Ethology, 88, 128144.Google Scholar
Dickel, L., Boal, J. G. and Budelmann, B. U. (2000). The effect of early experience on learning and memory in cuttlefish. Developmental Psychobiology, 36, 101110.Google Scholar
Dickens, M. J., Earle, K. A. and Romero, L. M. (2009). Initial transference of wild birds to captivity alters stress physiology. General and Comparative Endocrinology, 160, 7683.Google Scholar
Dierenfeld, E. S. (1989). Vitamin E deficiency in zoo reptiles, birds, and ungulates. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 20, 311.Google Scholar
Dishman, D. L., Thomson, D. M. and Karnovsky, N. J. (2009). Does simple feeding enrichment raise activity levels of captive ring-tailed lemurs (Lemur catta)? Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 116, 8895.Google Scholar
Dixon, L. M., Hardiman, J. R. and Cooper, J. J. (2010). The effects of spatial restriction on the behavior of rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). Journal of Veterinary Behavior: Clinical Applications and Research, 5, 302308.Google Scholar
Dombrowski, D. S., De Voe, R. S. and Lewbart, G. A. (2013). Comparison of isoflurane and carbon dioxide anesthesia in Chilean rose tarantulas (Grammostola rosea). Zoo Biology, 32, 101103.Google Scholar
Domínguez-Domínguez, O., Morales, R. H., Nava, M. M., et al. (2018). Progress in the reintroduction program of the tequila splitfin in the springs of Teuchitlán, Jalisco, Mexico. In: Soorae, P. S. (ed.), Global Reintroduction Perspectives: 2018. Case Studies from Around the Globe. IUCN, Gland, pp. 3842.Google Scholar
Donahue, J. (2017). Beyond Personhood: Legal Rights for Zoo Animals. Donahue, J. (ed.), Increasing Legal Rights for Zoo Animals: Justice on the Ark. Lexington Books, Rowman & Littlefield, Lanham, pp. 147154.Google Scholar
Donlan, J., Berger, C. J., Bock, C. E., et al. (2006). Pleistocene rewilding: an optimistic agenda for the twenty-first century. The American Naturalist, 168, 660681.Google Scholar
Doolittle, R. L. and Grand, T. I. (1995). Benefits of the zoological park to the teaching of comparative vertebrate anatomy. Zoo Biology, 14, 453462.Google Scholar
Dorsten, C. M. and Cooper, D. M. (2004). Use of body condition scoring to manage body weight in dogs. Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science, 43, 3437.Google Scholar
Douglas-Hamilton, I. and Douglas-Hamilton, O. (1975). Among the Elephants. Collins, Glasgow.Google Scholar
Dove, T. and Byrne, J. (2014). Do zoo visitors need zoology knowledge to understand conservation messages? An exploration of the public understanding of animal biology and of the conservation of biodiversity in a zoo setting. International Journal of Science Education, Part B, 4, 323342.Google Scholar
Doyle, C. (2014). Captive elephants. In: Gruen, L. (ed.), The Ethics of Captivity. Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 3856.Google Scholar
Draganova, I. G. and Gurnell, J. (2004). The behaviour of Przewalski horses (Equus przewalskii) during formation of bachelor groups. In Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, p. 141.Google Scholar
Drake, G. J., Haycock, J., Dastjerdi, A., Davies, H. and Lopez, F. J. (2020). Use of immunostimulants in the successful treatment of a clinical EEHV1A infection in an Asian elephant (Elephas maximus). VetRecord, 8. https://doi.org/10.1136/vetreccr-2020-001158.Google Scholar
Draper, C. and Harris, S. (2012). The assessment of animal welfare in British zoos by government-appointed inspectors. Animals, 2, 507528.Google Scholar
Draper, C., Browne, W. and Harris, S. (2013). Do formal inspections ensure that British zoos meet and improve on minimum animal welfare standards? Animals, 3, 10581072.Google Scholar
Dröscher, I. and Waitt, C. D. (2012). Social housing of surplus males of Javan langurs (Trachypithecus auratus): compatibility of intact and castrated males in different social settings. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 141, 184190.Google Scholar
Duckler, G. L. (1998). An unusual osteological formation in the posterior skulls of captive tigers (Panthera tigris). Zoo Biology, 17, 135142.Google Scholar
Duffy, D. C., Todd, F. S. and Siegfried, W. R. (1987). Submarine foraging behavior of alcids in an artificial environment. Zoo Biology, 6, 373378.Google Scholar
Dufour, V., Sueur, S. Whiten, A. and Buchanan‐Smith, H. M. (2011). The impact of moving to a novel environment on social networks, activity and wellbeing in two new world primates. American Journal of Primatology, 73, 802811.Google Scholar
Dugdale, A. H., Grove-White, D., Curtis, G. C., Harris, P. A. and Argo, C. M. (2012). Body condition scoring as a predictor of body fat in horses and ponies. The Veterinary Journal, 194, 173178.Google Scholar
Dukas, R. and Mooers, A. Ø. (2003). Environmental enrichment improves mating success in fruit flies. Animal Behaviour, 66, 741749.Google Scholar
Duncan, I. J. (2006). The changing concept of animal sentience. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 100, 1119.Google Scholar
Durge, S. M., Das, A., Saha, S. K., et al. (2022). Dietary lutein supplementation improves immunity and antioxidant status of captive Indian leopards (Panthera fusca). Zoo Biology. https://doi.org/10.1002/zoo.21671.Google Scholar
Durrant, B. S., Millard, S. E., Zimmerman, D. M. and Lindurg, D. G. (2001). Lifetime semen production in a cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus). Zoo Biology, 20, 359366.Google Scholar
Durrell (2019). Home page. www.durrell.org (accessed 1 September 2019).Google Scholar
Durrell, G. (1960). A Zoo in My Luggage. Rupert Hart-Davis, London.Google Scholar
Dyke, B., Gage, T. B., Alford, P. L., Swenson, B. and Williams-Blangero, S. (1995). Model life table for captive chimpanzees. American Journal of Primatology, 37, 2537.Google Scholar
DZS (2020). Financial Statements: Years Ended December 31, 2020 and 2019. The Detroit Zoological Society, Detroit.Google Scholar
Echarte, G. V. and Vasallo, R. O. (2016). Occupational accidents in workers associated with wild animals at the National Zoo Park of Cuba. Revista Cubana de Salud y Trabajo, 17(3), 1520.Google Scholar
Edes, A. N., Edwards, K. L., Wolfe, B. A., Brown, J. L. and Crews, D. E. (2020). Allostatic load indices with cholesterol and triglycerides predict disease and mortality risk in zoo-housed Western lowland gorillas. Biomarker Insights, 15, 1177271920914585.Google Scholar
Edmonson, A. J., Lean, I. J., Weaver, L. D., Farver, T. and Webster, G. (1989). A body condition scoring chart for Holstein dairy cows. Journal of Dairy Science, 72, 6878.Google Scholar
Edmunds, K., Bunbury, N., Sawmy, S., Jones, C. G. and Bell, D. J. (2008). Restoring avian island endemics: use of supplementary food by the endangered Pink Pigeon (Columba mayeri). Emu-Austral Ornithology, 108, 7480.Google Scholar
Edwards, M. C., Ford, C., Hoy, J. M., FitzGibbon, S. and Murray, P. J. (2021). How to train your wildlife: a review of predator avoidance training. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2020.105170.Google Scholar
Einwiller, S., Viererbl, B. and Himmelreich, S. (2017). Journalists’ coverage of online firestorms in German-language news media. Journalism Practice, 11, 11781197.Google Scholar
ElephantVoices (2019). Elephants in zoos. https://elephantvoices.org/elephants-in-captivity-7/in-zoos.html (accessed 5 June 2019).Google Scholar
Emily, P. P. and Eisner, E. R. (eds.) (2021). Zoo and Wild Animal Dentistry. Wiley-Blackwell, Chichester.Google Scholar
Emmett, C., Digby, M., Pope, J. and Williams, E. (2021). Social behaviour in zoo bachelor groups: a case study of related South American fur seals. Animals, 11(9), 2682.Google Scholar
Encinoso, M., Orós, J., Ramírez, G., et al. (2019). Anatomic study of the elbow joint in a Bengal tiger (Panthera tigris tigris) using magnetic resonance imaging and gross dissections. Animals, 9(12), 1058.Google Scholar
Esson, M. and Moss, A. (2016). The challenges of evaluating conservation education across cultures. International Zoo Yearbook, 50, 6167.Google Scholar
Esson, M., Moss, A. and Pitchford, L. (2014). The ‘Thinking Big’ Elephant Project. International Zoo Educators’ Journal, 50, 1416.Google Scholar
European Commission. (2018). Evaluation of Council Directive 1999/22/EC of 29 March 1999 relating to the keeping of wild animals in zoos (Zoos Directive). (SWD (2018) 456 final).Google Scholar
Ezenwa, V. O., Jolles, A. E. and O’Brien, M. P. (2009). A reliable body condition scoring technique for estimating condition in African buffalo. African Journal of Ecology, 47, 476481.Google Scholar
Fàbregas, M. C., Guillén-Salazar, F. and Garcés-Narro, C. (2010). The risk of zoological parks as potential pathways for the introduction of non-indigenous species. Biological Invasions, 12, 36273636.Google Scholar
Fagot, J. and Vauclair, J. (1988). Handedness and bimanual coordination in the lowland gorilla. Brain, Behavior and Evolution, 32, 8995.Google Scholar
Fair, P. A., Schaefer, A. M., Houser, D. S., et al. (2017). The environment as a driver of immune and endocrine responses in dolphins (Tursiops truncatus). PLoS ONE, 12, e0176202.Google Scholar
Falk, J. H., Reinhard, E. M., Vernon, C. L., et al. (2007). Why Zoos & Aquariums Matter: Assessing the Impact of a Visit. Association of Zoos & Aquariums, Silver SpringGoogle Scholar
Fant, J. B., Havens, K., Kramer, A. T., et al. (2016). What to do when we can’t bank on seeds: what botanic gardens can learn from the zoo community about conserving plants in living collections. American Journal of Botany, 103, 15411543.Google Scholar
Farhadinia, M. S., Alinezhad, H., Hadipour, E., et al. (2018). Intraspecific killing among leopards (Panthera pardus) in Iran (Mammalia: Felidae). Zoology in the Middle East, 64, 189194.Google Scholar
Faria, C., Boaventura, D. and Guilherme, E. (2020). Personal meaning maps as an assessment tool for a Planetarium session: a study with primary school children. Education 3–13, 48, 6675.Google Scholar
Farmer, H. L., Plowman, A. B. and Leaver, L. A. (2011). Role of vocalisations and social housing in breeding in captive howler monkeys (Alouatta caraya). Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 134, 177183.Google Scholar
Farr, J. A. (1976). Social facilitation of male sexual behaviour, intrasexual competition, and sexual selection in the guppy, Poecilia reticulata (Pisces: Poeciliidae). Evolution, 30, 707717.Google Scholar
Farrell, M. A., Barry, E. and Marples, N. (2000). Breeding behavior in a flock of Chilean flamingos (Phoenicopterus chilensis) at Dublin Zoo. Zoo Biology, 19, 227237.Google Scholar
Faust, L. J., Jackson, R., Ford, A., Earnhardt, J. M. and Thompson, S. D. (2004). Models for management of wildlife populations: lessons from spectacled bears in zoos and grizzly bears in Yellowstone. System Dynamics Review, 20, 163178.Google Scholar
Faust, L. J., Long, S. T., Perišin, K. and Simonis, J. L. (2019). Uncovering challenges to sustainability of AZA Animal Programs by evaluating the outcomes of breeding and transfer recommendations with PMCTrack. Zoo Biology, 38, 2435.Google Scholar
Fazio, E., Medica, P., Bruschetta, G. and Ferlazzo, A. (2014). Do handling and transport stress influence adrenocortical response in the tortoises (Testudo hermanni)? International Scholarly Research Notes Veterinary Science, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/798273.Google Scholar
Fekete, J. M., Norcross, J. L. and Newman, J. D. (2000). Artificial turf foraging boards as environmental enrichment for pair-housed female squirrel monkeys. Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science, 39(2), 2226.Google Scholar
Fell, L. R. and Shutt, D. A. (1986). Adrenocortical response of calves to transport stress as measured by salivary cortisol. Canadian Journal of Animal Science, 66, 637641.Google Scholar
Fernandez, E. J., Kinley, R. C. and Timberlake, W. (2019). Training penguins to interact with enrichment devices for lasting effects. Zoo Biology, 38, 481489.Google Scholar
Fernandez, L. T., Bashaw, M. J., Sartor, R. L. Bouwens, N. R. and Maki, T. S. (2008). Tongue twisters: feeding enrichment to reduce oral stereotypy in giraffe. Zoo Biology, 27, 200212.Google Scholar
Fernández-Bellon, D. and Kane, A. (2020). Natural history films raise species awareness: a big data approach. Conservation Letters, 13, e12678.Google Scholar
Fernández-Bellon, H., Rodon, J., Fernández-Bastit, L., et al. (2021). Monitoring natural SARS-CoV-2 infection in lions (Panthera leo) at the Barcelona Zoo: viral dynamics and host responses. Viruses, 13(9), 1683.Google Scholar
Fernando, P., Janaka, H. K., Ekanayaka, S. K. K., Nishantha, H. G. and Pastorini, J. (2009). A simple method for assessing elephant body condition. Gajah, 31, 2931.Google Scholar
Ferrie, G. M., Becker, K. K., Wheaton, C. J., Fontenot, D. and Bettinger, T. (2011). Chemical and surgical interventions to alleviate intraspecific aggression in male collared lemurs (Eulemur collaris). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 42, 214221.Google Scholar
FFI (2020). Annual Report and Accounts 2020. Fauna & Flora International, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Fidgett, A. L. and Webster, M. (2011). Managing zoo diet information: what do we need from the next generation software? Zooquaria Nutrition News, the European Association of Zoos and Aquaria (EAZA), 5, 1213.Google Scholar
Finch, K., Williams, L. and Holmes, L. (2020). Using longitudinal data to evaluate the behavioural impact of a switch to carcass feeding on an Asiatic lion (Panthera leo persica). Journal of Zoo and Aquarium Research, 8, 283287.Google Scholar
Fine, L., Barnes, C., Niedbalski, A. and Deem, S. L. (2022). Staff perceptions of COVID-19 impacts on wildlife conservation at a zoological institution. Zoo Biology. https://doi.org/10.1002/zoo.21669.Google Scholar
Finlay, T., James, L. R. and Maple, T. L. (1988). People’s perceptions of animals: the influence of zoo environment. Environment and Behavior, 20, 508528.Google Scholar
Fischer-Tenhagen, C., Wetterholm, L., Tenhagen, B.-A. and Heuwieser, W. (2011). Training dogs on a scent platform for oestrus detection in cows. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 131, 6370.Google Scholar
Fisken, F. A. (ed.) (2007). International Zoo Yearbook. Vol. 41. Animal Health and Conservation. Zoological Society of London, London.Google Scholar
Fitch, H. M. and Fagan, D. A. (1982). Focal palatine erosion associated with dental malocclusion in captive cheetahs. Zoo Biology, 1, 295310.Google Scholar
Flies, A. S., Mansfield, L. S., Grant, C. K., Weldele, M. L. and Holekamp, K. E. (2015). Markedly elevated antibody responses in wild versus captive spotted hyenas show that environmental and ecological factors are important modulators of immunity. PLoS ONE, 10, e0137679.Google Scholar
Florens, F. B. V., Daby, D. and Jones, C. (1998). Impact of weeding and rat control on the diversity and abundance of land snails in the Mauritian upland forest. Journal of Conchology, Special Publication, 2, 8788.Google Scholar
Föllmi, J., Steiger, A., Walzer, C., et al. (2007). A scoring system to evaluate physical condition and quality of life in geriatric zoo mammals. Animal Welfare, 16, 309318.Google Scholar
Fooden, J. and Izor, R. J. (1983). Growth curves, dental emergence norms, and supplementary morphological observations in known‐age captive orangutans. American Journal of Primatology, 5, 285301.Google Scholar
Fooks, A. R., Brookes, S. M., Johnson, N., McElhinney, L. M. and Hutson, A. M. (2003). European bat lyssaviruses: an emerging zoonosis. Epidemiology & Infection, 131, 10291039.Google Scholar
Forrester, G. S., Quaresmini, C., Leavens, D. A., Spiezio, C. and Vallortigara, G. (2012). Target animacy influences chimpanzee handedness. Animal Cognition, 15, 11211127.Google Scholar
Forthman, D. L. and Bakeman, R. (1992). Environmental and social influences on enclosure use and activity patterns of captive sloth bears (Ursus ursinus). Zoo Biology, 11, 405415.Google Scholar
Fowler, G. S., Wingfield, J. C. and Boersma, P. D. (1995). Hormonal and reproductive effects of low levels of petroleum fouling in Magellanic penguins (Spheniscus magellanicus). Auk, 112, 382389.Google Scholar
Francis, D., Esson, M. and Moss, A. (2007). The use of visitor tracking to evaluate ‘Spirit of the Jaguar’ at Chester Zoo. International Zoo Educators Journal, 43, 2024.Google Scholar
Frankham, R., Ballou, J. D. and Brisoe, D. A. (2002). Introduction to Conservation Genetics. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Franks, V. R., Andrews, C. E., Ewen, J. G., et al. (2019). Changes in social groups across reintroductions and effects on post-release survival. Animal Conservation, 23, 443454.Google Scholar
Friedman, C. R., Torigian, C., Shillam, P. J., et al. (1998). An outbreak of salmonellosis among children attending a reptile exhibit at a zoo. The Journal of Pediatrics, 132, 802807.Google Scholar
Frynta, D., Lišková, S., Bültmann, S. and Burda, H. (2010) Being attractive brings advantages: the case of parrot species in captivity. PLoS ONE, 5(9), e12568.Google Scholar
Frynta, D., Šimková, O, Lišková, S. and Landová, E. (2013). Mammalian collection on Noah’s Ark: the effects of beauty, brain and body size. PLoS ONE, 8(5), e63110.Google Scholar
Fukui, D., Nagano, M., Nakamura, R., et al. (2013). The effects of frequent electroejaculation on the semen characteristics of a captive Siberian tiger (Panthera tigris altaica). Journal of Reproduction and Development, 59, 491495.Google Scholar
Furrer, S. C. and Corredor, G. (2008). Conservation of threatened amphibians in Valle del Cauca, Colombia: a cooperative project between Cali Zoological Foundation, Colombia, and Zoo Zürich, Switzerland. International Zoo Yearbook, 42, 158164.Google Scholar
Galama, W., King, C. and Brouwer., K. (2002). EAZA Hornbill Management and Husbandry Guidelines (1st ed.). EAZA Hornbill TAG, National Foundation for Research in Zoological Gardens, Amsterdam Zoo, Amsterdam.Google Scholar
Gans, C. and Mix, H. (1974). A sequential insect dispenser for behavioral experiments. BioScience, 24, 8889.Google Scholar
Garcia, G., Cunningham, A. A., Horton, D. L., et al. (2007). Mountain chickens Leptodactylus fallax and sympatric amphibians appear to be disease free on Montserrat. Oryx, 41, 398401.Google Scholar
Garcia, V. C. and de Almeida‐Santos, S. M. (2022). Reproductive cycles of neotropical boid snakes evaluated by ultrasound. Zoo Biology, 41, 7483.Google Scholar
Garcia‐Pelegrin, E., Clark, F. and Miller, R. (2022). Increasing animal cognition research in zoos. Zoo Biology. https://doi.org/10.1101/2021.11.24.469897.Google Scholar
Garner, J. P. (2005). Stereotypies and other abnormal repetitive behaviors: potential impact on validity, reliability, and replicability of scientific outcomes. ILAR Journal, 46, 106117.Google Scholar
Garner, J. P., Mason, G. J. and Smith, R. (2003). Stereotypic route-tracing in experimentally caged songbirds correlates with general behavioural disinhibition. Animal Behaviour, 66, 711727.Google Scholar
Gartland, K., McDonald, M., Braccini Slade, S., White, F. and Sanz, C. (2018). Behavioral changes following alterations in the composition of a captive bachelor group of Western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla). Zoo Biology, 37, 391398.Google Scholar
Gartland, K. N., Carrigan, J. and White, F. J. (2021). Preliminary relationship between overnight separation and wounding in bachelor groups of Western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla). Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 241, 105388.Google Scholar
Gartner, M. C. and Powell, D. (2012). Personality assessment in snow leopards (Uncia uncia). Zoo Biology, 31, 151165.Google Scholar
Gartner, M. C. and Weiss, A. (2013). Scottish wildcat (Felis silvestris grampia) personality and subjective well-being: implications for captive management. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 147, 261267.Google Scholar
Gatti, R. C., Velichevskaya, A., Gottesman, B. and Davis, K. (2021). Grey wolf may show signs of self-awareness with the sniff test of self-recognition. Ethology, Ecology & Evolution, 33, 444467.Google Scholar
Gentz, E. J. (1990). Employment of veterinarians by zoos in North America: a survey. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 21, 2426.Google Scholar
Gerits, I., Wydooghe, E., Peere, S., et al. (2022). Semen collection, evaluation, and cryopreservation in the bonobo (Pan paniscus). BMC Zoology, 7, 19.Google Scholar
Gerstell, R. (1936). The elk in Pennsylvania: its extermination and reintroduction. Pennsylvania Game News, 7, 67.Google Scholar
Gilbert, T., Gardner, R., Kraaijeveld, A. R. and Riordan, P. (2017). Contribution of zoos and aquariums to reintroductions: historical reintroduction efforts in the context of changing conservation perspectives. International Zoo Yearbook, 51, 1531.Google Scholar
Gili, C., Meijer, G. and Lacave, G. (eds.) (2018). EAZA and EAAM Best Practice Guidelines for Otariidae and Phocidae (Pinnipeds) (1st ed.). Acquario di Genova, Italy.Google Scholar
Giljov, A., Karenina, K., Ingram, J. and Malashichev, Y. (2015). Parallel emergence of true handedness in the evolution of marsupials and placentals. Current Biology, 25, 18781884.Google Scholar
Gill, V. (2022). Vaccine trial for killer elephant virus begins. BBC News, 3 February. www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-60222464.Google Scholar
Gilloux, I., Gurnell, J. and Shepherdson, D. (1992). An enrichment device for great apes. Animal Welfare, 1, 279289.Google Scholar
Gimmel, A., Öfner, S. and Liesegang, A. (2021). Body condition scoring (BCS) in corn snakes (Pantherophis guttatus) and comparison to pre-existing body condition index (BCI) for snakes. Journal of Animal Physiology and Animal Nutrition, 105, 2428.Google Scholar
Gingrich-Philbrook, C. (2016). On the execution of the young giraffe, Marius, by the Copenhagen Zoo: Conquergood’s ‘Lethal Theatre’ and posthumanism. Text and Performance Quarterly, 36, 200211.Google Scholar
Ginsburg, H. J. and Miller, S. M. (1982). Sex differences in children’s risk-taking behavior. Child Development, 53, 426428.Google Scholar
Gippoliti, S. and Kitchener, A. C. (2007). The Italian zoological gardens and their role in mammal systematic studies, conservation biology and museum collections. Hystrix, the Italian Journal of Mammalogy, 18, 173184.Google Scholar
Glaeser, S. S., Klinck, H., Mellinger, D. K., et al. (2009). A vocal repertoire of Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) and comparison of call classification methods. The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 125, 2709.Google Scholar
Glatston, A. R. (1998). The control of zoo populations with special reference to primates. Animal Welfare, 7, 269281.Google Scholar
Glatston, A. R. and Roberts, M. (1988). The current status and future prospects of the red panda (Ailurus fulgens) studbook population. Zoo Biology, 7, 4759.Google Scholar
Glatt, S. E., Francl, K. E. and Scheels, J. L. (2008). A survey of dental problems and treatment in zoo animals. International Zoo Yearbook, 41, 206213.Google Scholar
Goff, C., Howell, S. M., Fritz, J. and Nankivell, B. (1994). Space use and proximity of captive chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) mother/offspring pairs. Zoo Biology, 13, 6168.Google Scholar
Gollakner, R. and Capua, I. (2020). Is COVID-19 the first pandemic that evolves into a panzootic? Veterinaria Italiana, 56, 1112.Google Scholar
Gómez, M. C., Earle Pope, C., Giraldo, A., et al. (2004). Birth of African wildcat cloned kittens born from domestic cats. Cloning and Stem Cells, 6, 247258.Google Scholar
Goodenough, A. E., McDonald, K., Moody, K. and Wheeler, C. (2019). Are ‘visitor effects’ overestimated? Behaviour in captive lemurs is mainly driven by co-variation with time and weather. Journal of Zoo and Aquarium Research, 7, 5966.Google Scholar
Goodman, G., Girling, S., Pizzi, R., et al. (2012). Establishment of a health surveillance program for reintroduction of the Eurasian beaver (Castor fiber) into Scotland. Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 48, 971978.Google Scholar
Goodman, G., Meredith, A., Girling, S. et al. (2017). Outcomes of a ‘One Health’ monitoring approach to a five-year beaver (Castor fiber) reintroduction trial in Scotland. EcoHealth, 14, 139143.Google Scholar
Gore, M., Hutchins, M. and Ray, J. (2006). A review of injuries caused by elephants in captivity: an examination of predominant factors. International Zoo Yearbook, 40, 5162.Google Scholar
Gorges, M. A., Martinez, K. M., Labriola, N. F., et al. (2022). Effects of tricaine methanesulfonate in a managed collection of moon jellyfish (Aurelia aurita). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 53, 100107.Google Scholar
Gori, S., Agrillo, C., Dadda, M. and Bisazza, A. (2014). Do fish perceive illusory motion? Scientific Reports, 4, 6443.Google Scholar
Gosling, S. D. (2001). From mice to men: what can we learn about personality from animal research? Psychological Bulletin, 127, 4586.Google Scholar
Gould, E. and Bres, M. (1986). Regurgitation and reingestion in captive gorillas: description and intervention. Zoo Biology, 5, 241250.Google Scholar
Gozalo, A. and Montoya, E. (1991). Mortality causes of the moustached tamarin (Saguinus oedipus) in captivity. Journal of Medical Primatology, 21, 3538.Google Scholar
Graham, M. S. and Dow, P. R. (1990). Dental care for a captive killer whale, Orcinus orca. Zoo Biology, 9, 325330.Google Scholar
Grand, A. P., Leighty, K. A., Cory, L. J., et al. (2013). The neighbor effect in bachelor and breeding groups of Western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla). International Journal of Comparative Psychology, 26, 2636.Google Scholar
Grandin, T. (2000). Habituating antelope and bison to cooperate with veterinary procedures. Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science, 3, 253261.Google Scholar
The Graphic (1872). Transferring the hairy rhinoceros from her travelling den to her cage. The Graphic, 2 March 1872, p. 208.Google Scholar
The Graphic (1882a). Advertisement. The Graphic. 25 February 1882, p.179.Google Scholar
The Graphic (1882b). Jumbo, the big African elephant at the zoological gardens. The Graphic. 25 February 1882, pp. 179–180.Google Scholar
Gray, S. M., Faust, L. J., Kuykendall, N. A., et al. (2021). Reasons for unfulfilled breeding and transfer recommendations in zoos and aquariums Zoo Biology, 41, 143156.Google Scholar
Greco, B. J., Meehan, C. L., Heinsus, J. L. and Mench, J. A. (2017). Why pace? The influence of social, housing, management, life history, and demographic characteristics on locomotor stereotypy in zoo elephants. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 194, 104111.Google Scholar
Greenberg, J. A., DiMenna, M. A., Hanelt, B. and Hofkin, B. V. (2012). Analysis of post‐blood meal flight distances in mosquitoes utilizing zoo animal blood meals. Journal of Vector Ecology, 37, 8389.Google Scholar
Greenwood, A. G., Cusdin, P. A. and Radford, M. J. (2001). Effectiveness Study of the Dangerous Wild Animals Act 1976. DEFRA, London.Google Scholar
Gregory, N. G. and Robins, J. K. (1998). A body condition scoring system for layer hens. New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research, 41, 555559.Google Scholar
Greig, J. E., Carnie, J. A., Tallis, G. F., et al. (2004). An outbreak of Legionnaires’ disease at the Melbourne Aquarium, April 2000: investigation and case–control studies. Medical Journal Australia, 180, 566572.Google Scholar
Griffin, A. S., Blumstein, D. T. and Evans, C. S. (2000). Training captive‐bred or translocated animals to avoid predators. Conservation Biology, 14, 13171326.Google Scholar
Griffioen, J. A., Flower, J. E., Nelson, P. J., et al. (2022). Baseline hematologic and biochemical values and correlations to environmental parameters in managed Japanese spider crabs (Macrocheira kaempferi). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 53, 173186.Google Scholar
Griffith, B., Scott, M., Carpenter, J. W. and Reed, C. (1989). Translocation as a species conservation tool: status and strategy. Science, 245, 477480.Google Scholar
Griffith, M. P., Clase, T., Toribio, P., et al. (2020). Can a botanic garden metacollection better conserve wild plant diversity? A case study comparing pooled collections with an ideal sampling model. International Journal of Plant Sciences, 181(5). https://doi.org/10.1086/707729.Google Scholar
Griffiths, C. J., Jones, C. G., Hansen, D. M., et al. (2010). The use of extant non‐indigenous tortoises as a restoration tool to replace extinct ecosystem engineers. Restoration Ecology, 18, 17.Google Scholar
Griner, L. A. (1983). Pathology of Zoo Animals: a Review of Necropsies Conducted Over a Fourteen-Year Period at the San Diego Zoo and San Diego Wildlife Park. Zoological Society of San Diego, San Diego.Google Scholar
Gruen, L. (ed.) (2014). The Ethics of Captivity. Oxford University Press, Oxford.Google Scholar
The Guardian (2021). Mammoth journey ahead as elephants leave Kent zoo for the Kenyan savannah. The Guardian. www.theguardian.com/environment/2021/jul/05/elephants-leave-kent-zoo-for-the-kenyan-savannah-aoe (accessed 7 July 2021).Google Scholar
Gunasekera, C. A. (2018). The ethics of killing ‘surplus’ zoo animals. Journal of Animal Ethics, 8, 93102.Google Scholar
Gurusamy, V., Tribe, A., Toukhsati, S. and Phillips, C. J. C. (2015). Public attitudes in India and Australia toward elephants in zoos. Anthrozoös, 28, 87100.Google Scholar
Gusset, M. and Dick, G. (2010). ‘Building a future for wildlife’? Evaluating the contribution of the world zoo and aquarium community to in situ conservation. International Zoo Yearbook, 44, 183191.Google Scholar
Gusset, M. and Dick, G. (2011). The global reach of zoos and aquariums in visitor numbers and conservation expenditure. Zoo Biology, 30, 566569.Google Scholar
Gutierrez, S., Canington, S. L., Eller, A. R., Herrelko, E. S. and Sholts, S. B. (2021). The intertwined history of non-human primate health and human medicine at the Smithsonian’s National Zoo and Conservation Biology Institute. Notes and records. The Royal Society Journal of the History of Science. https://doi.org/10.1098/rsnr.2021.0009Google Scholar
Gutnick, T., Weissenbacher, A. and Kuba, M. J. (2020). The underestimated giants: operant conditioning, visual discrimination and long-term memory in giant tortoises. Animal Cognition, 23, 159167.Google Scholar
Haaretz (2013). Berlin Zoo comes to terms with Nazi Past, seeks out former Jewish shareholders. Haaretz, 3 December.Google Scholar
Hacker, C. E. and Miller, L. J. (2016). Zoo visitor perceptions, attitudes, and conservation intent after viewing African elephants at the San Diego Zoo Safari Park. Zoo Biology, 35, 355361.Google Scholar
Hadfield, C. A. and Clayton, L. A. (2011). Fish quarantine: current practices in public zoos and aquaria. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 42, 641650.Google Scholar
Hall, B. A., McGill, D. M., Sherwen, S. L. and Doyle, R. E. (2021).Cognitive enrichment in practice: a survey of factors affecting its implementation in zoos globally. Animals, 11, 1721. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11061721.Google Scholar
Hall, M. (2017). Exploring the cultural dimensions of environmental victimization. Palgrave Communications, 3, 17076. https://doi.org/10.1057/palcomms.2017.76.Google Scholar
Hambrecht, S. and Reichler, S. (2013). Group dynamics of young Asian elephant bulls (Elephas maximus Linnaeus, 1758) in Heidelberg zoo: integration of a newcomer in an established herd. Der Zoologische Garten, 82, 267292.Google Scholar
Hamerton, A. E. (1941). Report on the deaths occurring in the Society’s gardens during the years 1939–1940. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, B111, 151185.Google Scholar
Hanzlíková, V., Pluháček, J. and Čulik, L. (2014). Association between taxonomic relatedness and interspecific mortality in captive ungulates. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 153, 6267.Google Scholar
Harcourt, A. H. and Stewart, K. J. (1978). Coprophagy by wild mountain gorilla. African Journal of Ecology, 16, 223225.Google Scholar
Hardie, S. M. (1997). Exhibiting mixed-species groups of sympatric tamarins Saguinus spp. at Belfast Zoo. International Zoo Yearbook, 35, 261266.Google Scholar
Harding, G., Griffiths, R. A. and Pavajeau, L. (2016). Developments in amphibian captive breeding and reintroduction programs. Conservation Biology, 30, 340349.Google Scholar
Hardy, D. F. (1996). Current research activities in zoos. In: Kleiman, D. G., Allen, M. E., Thompson, K. V. and Lumpkins, S. (eds.), Wild Mammals in Captivity. Principles and Techniques. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, pp. 531536.Google Scholar
Hare, V. J., Rich, B. and Worley, K. E. (2007). Enrichment gone wrong! In Proceedings of the Eighth International Conference on Environmental Enrichment, Vienna, pp. 3545.Google Scholar
Harley, E. H., Knight, M. H., Lardner, C., Wooding, B. and Gregor, M. (2009). The Quagga project: progress over 20 years of selective breeding. African Journal of Wildlife Research, 39, 155163.Google Scholar
Harley, J. J., Power, A. and Stack, J. D. (2019). Investigation of the efficacy of the GnRH agonist deslorelin in mitigating intraspecific aggression in captive male Amur leopards (Panthera pardus orientalis). Zoo Biology, 38, 214219.Google Scholar
Haron, A. W., Ming, Y. and Zainuddin, Z. Z. (2000). Evaluation of semen collected by electroejaculation from captive lesser Malay chevrotain (Tragulus javanicus). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 31, 164167.Google Scholar
Harris, M., Sherwin, C. and Harris, S. (2008). The Welfare, Housing and Husbandry of Elephants in UK Zoos. Final Report, November 10th 2008. University of Bristol, Bristol.Google Scholar
Harrison, R. A. and Whiten, A. (2018). Chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) display limited behavioural flexibility when faced with a changing foraging task requiring tool use. PeerJ, 6, e4366.Google Scholar
Harrison, R. M. and Nystrom, P. (2010). Handedness in captive gorillas (Gorilla gorilla). Primates, 51, 251261.Google Scholar
Hartley, M., Wood, A. and Yon, L. (2019). Facilitating the social behaviour of bull elephants in zoos. International Zoo Yearbook, 53, 6277.Google Scholar
Hartup, B. K., Olsen, G. H. and Czekala, N. M. (2005). Fecal corticoid monitoring in whooping cranes (Grus americana) undergoing reintroduction. Zoo Biology, 24, 1528.Google Scholar
Hashmi, A. and Sullivan, M. (2020). The visitor effect in zoo-housed apes: the variable effect on behaviour of visitor number and noise. Journal of Zoo and Aquarium Research, 8, 268282.Google Scholar
Hassan, K. H. (2014). Occupational and animals safety in zoos: a legal narrative. American Journal of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, 9, 15.Google Scholar
Hatley, J. (1986). Zoos: resource or recreation? Journal of Biological Education, 20, 231234.Google Scholar
Hattingh, J. (1977). Blood sugar as an indicator of stress in the freshwater fish Labeo capensis (Smith). Journal of Fish Biology, 10, 191195.Google Scholar
Hawkins, S. A., Brady, D. B., Mayhew, M., et al. (2020). Community perspectives on the reintroduction of Eurasia lynx (Lynx lynx) to the UK. Restoration Ecology, 28, 14081418.Google Scholar
Hays, D. W. and Stinson, D. W. (2019). Draft Periodic Status Review for the Oregon Silverspot in Washington. Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife, Olympia.Google Scholar
Haywood, M. (2014). Human places for large non-humans: from London’s Imperial Elephant Stables to Copenhagen’s Postmodern Glasshouse. In: Pauknerova, K., Stella, M., Gibas, P., et al. (eds.), Non-Humans in Social Science: Ontologies, Theories and Case Studies. Pavel Mervart, Červenỳ Kostelec, pp. 201218.Google Scholar
Heape, W. (1898). On menstruation and ovulation in monkeys and in the human female. British Medical Journal, 2(1982), 18681869.Google Scholar
Heaver, J. and Waters, M. (2019). A retrospective study of mortality in Eurasian lynx (Lynx lynx) in UK zoos. Zoo Biology, 38, 200208.Google Scholar
Hebb, D. O. (1949). Temperament in chimpanzees: I. Method of analysis. Journal of Comparative and Physiological Psychology, 42, 192206.Google Scholar
Hebert, P. L. and Bard, K. (2000). Orangutan use of vertical space in an innovative habitat. Zoo Biology, 19, 239251.Google Scholar
Hedeen, S. E. (1982). Utilization of space by captive groups of lowland gorillas (Gorilla g. gorilla). Ohio Journal of Science, 82, 2730.Google Scholar
Hedeen, S. E. (1983). The use of space by lowland gorillas (Gorilla g. gorilla) in an outdoor enclosure. Ohio Journal of Science, 83, 183185.Google Scholar
Hediger, H. (1950). Wild Animals in Captivity. Butterworth Scientific Publications, London.Google Scholar
Hediger, H. (1969). Psychology and Behaviour of Animals in Zoos and Circuses. Dover Publications, New York.Google Scholar
Heidegger, E. M., von Houwald, F., Steck, B. and Clauss, M. (2016). Body condition scoring system for greater one‐horned rhino (Rhinoceros unicornis): development and application, Zoo Biology, 35, 432443.Google Scholar
Heinz, J., Anderson, K. and Wolf, K. (2022). Retrospective mortality review of tufted puffins (Fratercula cirrhata) at a single institution (1982–2017). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 53, 1118.Google Scholar
Hejna, P., Zátopková, L. and Šafr, M. (2011). A fatal elephant attack. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 57. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1556-4029.2011.01967.Google Scholar
Hellmuth, H., Augustine, L., Watkins, B. and Hope, K. (2012). Using operant conditioning and desensitization to facilitate veterinary care with captive reptiles. Veterinary Clinics: Exotic Animal Practice, 15, 425443.Google Scholar
Hemsworth, P. H. and Coleman, G. J. (1998). Human–Livestock Interactions: The Stockperson and the Productivity and Welfare of Intensively Farmed Animals. CABI, London.Google Scholar
Henry, B. A., Power, M. L., Maslanka, M. T., Rencken, C. A. and Nollman, J. A. (2022). Challenges of devising a milk recipe in a hand‐reared hippopotamus (Hippopotamus amphibius). Zoo Biology. https://doi.org/10.1002/zoo.21680.Google Scholar
Henry Doorly Zoo (2008). www.omahazoo.com/exhibits/jungle.htm (accessed 18 July 2008).Google Scholar
Herbert, H. (2014). How the Indianapolis Zoo preserved their visitor experience with dynamic pricing. https://npengage.com/nonprofit-management/how-the-indianapolis-zoo-preserved-the-visitor-experience-with-dynamic-pricing/ (accessed 15 August 2017).Google Scholar
Hermes, R., Behr, B., Hildebrandt, T. B., et al. (2009a). Sperm sex-sorting in the Asian elephant (Elephas maximus). Animal Reproduction Science, 112, 390396.Google Scholar
Hermes, R., Göritz, F., Portas, T. J., et al. (2009b). Ovarian superstimulation, transrectal ultrasound-guided oocyte recovery, and IVF in rhinoceros. Theriogenology, 72, 959968.Google Scholar
Hermes, R., Lecu, A., Potier, R., et al. (2022). Cryopreservation of giraffe epidydimal spermatozoa using different extenders and cryoprotectants. Animals, 12(7), 857.Google Scholar
Herrelko, E. S., Vick, S. J. and Buchanan-Smith, H. M. (2012). Cognitive research in zoo‐housed chimpanzees: influence of personality and impact on welfare. American Journal of Primatology, 74, 828840.Google Scholar
Herrelko, E. S., Buchanan‐Smith, H. M. and Vick, S. J. (2015). Perception of available space during chimpanzee introductions: number of accessible areas is more important than enclosure size. Zoo Biology, 34, 397405.Google Scholar
Herrick, J. R. (2019). Assisted reproductive technologies for endangered species conservation: developing sophisticated protocols with limited access to animals with unique reproductive mechanisms. Biology of Reproduction, 100, 11581170.Google Scholar
Herrick, J. R., Campbell, M. K. and Swanson, W. F. (2002). Electroejaculation and semen analysis in the La Plata three‐banded armadillo (Tolypeutes matacus). Zoo Biology, 21, 481487.Google Scholar
Hewer, M. J. (2020). Determining the effect of extreme weather events on human participation in recreation and tourism: a case study of Toronto Zoo. Atmosphere, 11, 99.Google Scholar
Hewer, M. J. and Gough, W. A. (2016a). Weather sensitivity for zoo visitation in Toronto, Canada: a quantitative analysis of historical data. International Journal of Biometeorology, 60, 16451660.Google Scholar
Hewer, M. J. and Gough, W. A. (2016b). Assessing the impact of projected climate change on zoo visitation in Toronto (Canada). Journal of Geography and Geology, 8, 3048.Google Scholar
Hewer, M. J. and Gough, W. A. (2016c). The effect of seasonal climatic anomalies on zoo visitation in Toronto (Canada) and the implications for projected climate change. Atmosphere, 7, 71.Google Scholar
Heywood, V. H. (ed.) (1995). Global Biodiversity Assessment. United Nations Environment Programme and Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Hiem, A. B. and Holt, E. A. (2022). Staring at signs: biology undergraduates pay attention to signs more othen than animals at the zoo. Curator: The Museum Journal. https://doi.org/10.1111/cura.12480.Google Scholar
Hildebrandt, T. B., Göritz, F., Pratt, N. C., et al. (2000a). Ultrasonography of the urogenital tract in elephants (Loxodonta africana and Elephas maximus): an important tool for assessing female reproductive function. Zoo Biology, 19, 321332.Google Scholar
Hildebrandt, T. B., Hermes, R., Pratt, N. C., et al. (2000b). Ultrasonography of the urogenital tract in elephants (Loxodonta africana and Elephas maximus): an important tool for assessing male reproductive function. Zoo Biology, 19, 333345.Google Scholar
Hill, D. J., Langley, R. L. and Morrow, W. M. (1998). Occupational injuries and illnesses reported by zoo veterinarians in the United States. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 29, 371385.Google Scholar
Hinkson, K. M. and Poo, S. (2020). Inbreeding depression in sperm quality in a critically endangered amphibian. Zoo Biology, 39, 197204.Google Scholar
Hioki, A. and Inaba, R. (2021). Occupational fatalities due to mammal-related accidents in Japan, 2000–2019. Wilderness & Environmental Medicine, 32, 1926.Google Scholar
Hirshi, K. and Screven, C. (1990). Effects of questions on visitor reading behavior. ILVS Review: A Journal of Visitor Behavior, 1, 5061.Google Scholar
Hirskyj-Douglas, I., Gray, S. and Piitulainen, R. (2021). ZooDesign: methods for understanding and facilitating children’s education at zoos. In: 2021 ACM Interaction Design and Children Conference (IDC 2021). https://doi.org/10.1145/3459990.3460697.Google Scholar
Hitchens, P., Hultgren, J., Frössling, J., Emanuelson, U. and Keeling, L. (2017). Circus and zoo animal welfare in Sweden: an epidemiological analysis of data from regulatory inspections by the official competent authorities. Animal Welfare, 26, 373382.Google Scholar
HMSO (1965). Report of the Technical Committee to Enquire into the Welfare of Animals kept under Intensive Livestock Husbandry Systems. HMSO, London.Google Scholar
Hoage, R. J. and Deiss, W. A. (eds.) (1996). New Worlds, New Animals: From Menagerie to Zoological Park in the Nineteenth Century. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.Google Scholar
Hoehfurtner, T., Wilkinson, A., Nagabaskaaran, G. and Burman, O. H. P. (2021). Does the provision of environmental enrichment affect the behaviour and welfare of captive snakes? Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 239, 105324. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2021.105324.Google Scholar
Hoff, M. P. and Maple, T. L. (1982). Sex and age differences in the avoidance of reptile exhibits by zoo visitors. Zoo Biology, 1, 263269.Google Scholar
Hogan, E. S., Houpt, K. A. and Sweeney, K. (1988). The effect of enclosure size on social interactions and daily activity patterns of the captive Asiatic wild horse (Equus przewalskii). Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 21, 147168Google Scholar
Höhn, M., Kronschnabl, M. and Gansloβer, U. (2000). Similarities and differences in activities and agonistic behaviour of male Eastern grey kangaroos (Macropus giganteus) in captivity and the wild. Zoo Biology, 19, 529539.Google Scholar
Hollamby, S., Murphy, D. and Schiller, C. A. (2000). An epizootic of amoebiasis in a mixed species collection of juvenile tortoises. Journal of Herpetological Medicine and Surgery, 10, 915.Google Scholar
Hollén, L. I. and Manser, M. B. (2007). Persistence of alarm-call behaviour in the absence of predators: a comparison between wild and captive-born meerkats (Suricata suricatta). Ethology, 113, 10381047.Google Scholar
Hollister, N. (1917). Some effects of environment and habit on captive lions. Proceedings of the United States National Museum, 53, 177193.Google Scholar
Holmes, B. (1998). Day of the sparrow. New Scientist, 2140, 32.Google Scholar
Holtorf, C. (2013). The zoo as a realm of memory. Anthropological Journal of European Cultures, 22, 98114.Google Scholar
Holtorf, C. and Ortman, O. (2008). Endangerment and conservation ethos in natural and cultural heritage: the case of zoos and archaeological sites. International Journal of Heritage Studies, 14, 7490.Google Scholar
Holzer, D., Scott, D. and Bixler, R. D. (1998). Socialization influences on adult zoo visitation. Journal of Applied Recreation Research, 23, 4362.Google Scholar
Honess, P. E., Gimpel, J. L., Wolfensohn, S. E. and Mason, G. J. (2005). Alopecia scoring: the quantitative assessment of hair loss in captive macaques. Alternatives to Laboratory Animals, 33, 193206.Google Scholar
Hopper, L. M. (2017). Cognitive research in zoos. Current Opinion in Behavioral Sciences, 16, 100110.Google Scholar
Horvath, K., Angeletti, D., Nascetti, G. and Carere, C. (2013). Invertebrate welfare: an overlooked issue. Annali dell’Istituto superiore di sanità, 49, 917.Google Scholar
Hosey, G. R. and Skyner, L. J. (2007). Self-injurious behaviour in zoo primates. International Journal of Primatology, 28, 14311437.Google Scholar
Hosey, G., Hill, S. P. and Lherbier, M. L. (2012). Can zoo records help answer behavioural research questions? The case of the left-handed lemurs (Lemur catta). Zoo Biology, 31, 189196.Google Scholar
Hosey, G., Melfi, V., Formella, I., et al. (2016). Is wounding aggression in zoo-housed chimpanzees and ring-tailed lemurs related to zoo visitor numbers? Zoo Biology, 35, 205209.Google Scholar
Hosey, G., Birke, L., Shaw, W. S. and Melfi, V. (2018). Measuring the strength of human–animal bonds in zoos. Anthrozoös, 31, 273281.Google Scholar
Hosey, G., Melfi, V. and Ward, S. J. (2020a). Problematic animals in the zoo: the issue of charismatic megafauna. In: Angelici, F. and Rossi, L. (eds.), Problematic Wildlife II. Springer, Cham, pp. 485508.Google Scholar
Hosey, G., Ward, S. J., Ferguson, A., Jenkins, H. and Hill, S. P. (2020b). Zoo-housed mammals do not avoid giving birth on weekends. Zoo Biology, 40, 38.Google Scholar
Houser, A., Gusset, M., Bragg, C. J., Boast, L. K. and Somers, M. J. (2011). Pre-release hunting training and post-release monitoring are key components in the rehabilitation of orphaned large felids. South African Journal of Wildlife Research, 41, 1120.Google Scholar
Houser, D. S., Martin, S., Crocker, D. E. and Finneran, J. J. (2020). Endocrine response to simulated U.S. Navy mid-frequency sonar exposures in the bottlenose dolphin (Tursiops truncatus). Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 147, 16811687.Google Scholar
Howard, J. G., Bush, M., de Voss, V. and Wildt, D. E. (1989). Electroejaculation, semen characteristics and serum testosterone concentration of free ranging African elephants (Loxodonta africana). Journal of Reproduction and Fertility, 72, 187195.Google Scholar
Howletts (2022). African elephant. www.aspinallfoundation.org/howletts/animals/African-elephant (accessed 17 December 2022).Google Scholar
Hoy, J. M., Murray, P. J. and Tribe, A. (2010). Thirty years later: enrichment practices for captive mammals. Zoo Biology, 29, 303316.Google Scholar
Huang, B., Tian, X., Maheshwari, A., et al. (2022). The destiny of living animals imported into Chinese zoos. Diversity, 15, 335. https://doi.org/1-.3390/d14050335.Google Scholar
Hugo, C., Seier, J., Mdhluli, C., et al. (2003). Fluoxetine decreases stereotypic behaviour in primates. Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry, 27, 639643.Google Scholar
Hunter, S. C., Gusset, M., Miller, L. J. and Somers, M. J. (2014). Space use as an indicator of enclosure appropriateness in African wild dogs (Lycaon pictus). Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science, 17, 98110.Google Scholar
Hussain, Z., Ali, Z., Nemat, A., et al. (2015). Enclosure size of animals of Lahore Zoological Garden in comparison of international norms. Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences, 25 (3 Suppl. 2), 500508.Google Scholar
Hutchins, M. (2006). Variation in nature; its implications for zoo elephant management. Zoo Biology, 25, 161171.Google Scholar
Hutchins, M. (2007). The animal rights–conservation debate: can zoos and aquariums play a role? In: Zimmerman, A., Hatchwell, M., Dickie, L. and West, C. (eds.), Zoos in the 21st Century. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 92109.Google Scholar
Hutchins, M. and Ballentine, J. (2001). Fueling the conservation engine: fund-raising and public relations. In: Conway, W. G., Hutchins, M., Souza, M., Kapetanakos, Y. and Paul, E. (eds.), AZA Field Conservation Resource Guide. Wildlife Conservation Society and Zoo Atlanta, Georgia, pp. 268271.Google Scholar
Hutchins, M. and Keele, M. (2006). Elephant importation from range countries: ethical considerations for accredited zoos. Zoo Biology, 25, 219233.Google Scholar
Hutchins, M. and Souza, M. (2001). AZA’s conservation endowment fund: zoos and aquariums supporting conservation action. In: Conway, W. G., Hutchins, M., Souza, M., Kapetanakos, Y. and Paul, E. (eds.), AZA Field Conservation Resource Guide. Wildlife Conservation Society and Zoo Atlanta, Georgia, pp. 291302.Google Scholar
Hutchinson, J. R., Schwerda, D., Famini, D. J., et al. (2006). The locomotor kinematics of Asian and African elephants: changes with speed and size. Journal of Experimental Zoology, 209, 38123827.Google Scholar
Ichino, J., Isoda, K., Hanai, A. and Ueda, T. (2013). Effects of the display angle in museums on user’s cognition, behavior, and subjective responses. Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. https://doi.org/10.1145/2470654.2481413Google Scholar
IDA (2022). Honoring animals purposely killed by zoos on World Zoothanasia Day. www.idausa.org/campaign/elephants/latest-news/honoring-animals-purposely-killed-by-zoos-on-world-zoothanasia-day/ (accessed 5 April 2022).Google Scholar
Idaho Fish and Game Commission. (1997). Fish and Game Commission policy paper: grizzly bear recovery. Idaho Fish and Game Commission, Boise.Google Scholar
ILAR (1998). The Psychological Well-Being of Nonhuman Primates. Committee on Well-Being of Nonhuman Primates, Institute for Laboratory Animal Research, Commission on Life Sciences, National Research Council, National Academy Press, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
The Illustrated London News (1847a). Wombwell’s Menagerie at Windsor Castle. The Illustrated London News. 6 November, pp. 297–298.Google Scholar
The Illustrated London News (1847b). Death of the zoological society’s elephant. The Illustrated London News, 19 June, pp. 1–2.Google Scholar
The Illustrated London News (1874). The Berlin Zoological Gardens. The Illustrated London News, 17 October, p. 378.Google Scholar
The Illustrated London News (1876). The New Lion House. The Illustrated London News, 1 April, p. 325.Google Scholar
The Illustrated London News (1882). Attempt to remove Jumbo, the great elephant, from the zoological gardens. 25 February, p. 200.Google Scholar
The Illustrated Sporting and Dramatic News (1875). The Zoological Society. The Illustrated Sporting and Dramatic News, 22 May, p. 190.Google Scholar
The Independent (2014). The killing of Marius the giraffe opens an important debate about genetics, animal rights and zoo inbreeding. www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/the-killing-of-marius-the-giraffe-opens-an-important-debate-about-genetics-animal-rights-and-zoo-9120219.html (accessed 14 August 2017).Google Scholar
Inglett, B. J., French, J. A., Simmons, L. G. and Vires, K. W. (1989). Dynamics of intrafamily aggression and social reintegration in lion tamarins. Zoo Biology, 8, 6778.Google Scholar
Ings, R., Waran, N. K. and Young, R. J. (1997). Attitude of zoo visitors to the idea of feeding live prey to zoo animals. Zoo Biology, 16, 343347.Google Scholar
ISIS (2006a). ISIS abstracts: Loxodonta africana. https://app.isis.org/abstracts/abs.asp (accessed 27 October 2006).Google Scholar
ISIS (2006b). ISIS abstracts: Elephas maximus. https://app.isis.org/abstracts/abs.asp (accessed 27 October 2006).Google Scholar
Ito, T. (2014). London Zoo and the Victorians. Boydell & Brewer, Rochester.Google Scholar
Itoh, K., Ide, K., Kojima, Y. and Terada, M. (2010). Hibernation exhibit for Japanese black bear Ursus thibetanus japonicus at Ueno Zoological Gardens. International Zoo Yearbook, 44, 5564.Google Scholar
Itoh, M. (2010). Japanese Wartime Zoo Policy: The Silent Victims of World War II. Palgrave Macmillan, New York.Google Scholar
IUCN (1995). IUCN/SSC Guidelines for Re-Introductions. http://iucn.org/themes/ssc/pubs/policy/reinte.htm.Google Scholar
IUCN/SSC (2013). Guidelines for Reintroductions and Other Conservation Translocations. Version 1.0. IUCN Species Survival Commission. Gland.Google Scholar
IUCN/SSC (2014). IUCN Species Survival Commission Guidelines on the Use of Ex Situ Management for Species Conservation. Version 2.0. IUCN Species Survival Commission, Gland.Google Scholar
IUDZG and the Captive Breeding Specialist Group of IUCN/SSC (1993). The World Zoo Conservation Strategy: the role of the zoos and aquaria of the world in global conservation. www.waza.org/conservation/wczs.php (accessed 21 October 2003).Google Scholar
Jachowski, D. S. and Pizzaras, C. (2005). Introducing an innovative semi-captive environment for the Philippine tarsier (Tarsius syrichta). Zoo Biology, 24, 101109.Google Scholar
Jain, N., Santymire, R. M. and Wark, J. D. (2021). Evaluating physiological and behavioural responses to social changes and construction in two zoo-housed female giraffes. Journal of Zoo and Aquarium Research, 9, 228238.Google Scholar
Jakob-Hoff, R., Harley, D., Magrath, M., Lancaster, M. L. and Kuchling, G. (2015). Advances in the contribution of zoos to reintroduction programs. In Armstrong, D., Hayward, M., Moro, D. and Seddon, P. (eds.), Advances in Reintroduction Biology in Australian and New Zealand Fauna. CSIRO Publishing, Melbourne, pp. 201215.Google Scholar
Jakob-Hoff, R., Kingan, M., Fenemore, C., et al. (2019). Potential impact of construction noise on selected animal species. Animals, 9, 504. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani9080504.Google Scholar
James, C., Nicholls, A., Freeman, M., Hunt, K. and Brereton, J. E. (2021). Should zoo foods be chopped: macaws for consideration. Journal of Zoo and Aquarium Research, 9, 200207.Google Scholar
Jang, Y. H., Lee, S. J., Lim, J. G., et al. (2008). The rate of Salmonella spp. infection in zoo animals at Seoul Grand Park, Korea. Journal of Veterinary Science, 9, 177181.Google Scholar
Jansson, M., Amundin, M. and Laikre, L. (2015). Genetic contribution from a zoo population can increase genetic variation in the highly inbred wild Swedish wolf population. Conservation Genetics, 16, 15011505.Google Scholar
Januszczak, I. S., Bryant, Z., Tapley, B., et al. (2016). Is behavioural enrichment always a success? Comparing food presentation strategies in an insectivorous lizard (Plica plica). Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 183, 95103.Google Scholar
Jarvis, C. (1967). The value of zoos for science and conservation. Oryx, 9, 127136.Google Scholar
Jarvis, C. and Morris, D. (eds.) (1960). International Zoo Yearbook, Vol. 2, Elephants, Hippopotamuses and Rhinoceroses in Captivity. Zoological Society of London, London.Google Scholar
Javed, R. M. and Khan, B. N. (2005). Saving river dolphin: report of an in situ conservation project of Lahore Zoo carried out in association with Sindh Wildlife Department, Pakistan. Zoos’ Print, 6, 911.Google Scholar
Jennings, H. (1996). Focus groups with zoo visitors who are blind or have low vision: how can we deliver our message to those who cannot see signs? Visitor Studies, 9, 171175.Google Scholar
Jensen, E. (2014). Evaluating children’s conservation biology learning at the zoo. Conservation Biology, 28, 10041011.Google Scholar
Jensvold, M. L. A. (2008). Chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes) responses to caregiver use of chimpanzee behaviours. Zoo Biology, 27, 345359.Google Scholar
Jepson, P. D. and Deaville, R. (2008). Investigation of the Common Dolphin Mass Stranding Event in Cornwall, 9th June 2008. UK Cetacean Strandings Investigation Programme, Zoological Society of London, London.Google Scholar
Jewell, P. A. (1976). Should domestic animals be kept in zoos? International Zoo Yearbook, 16, 249251.Google Scholar
Jewgenow, K., Wiedemann, C., Bertelsen, M. F. and Ringleb, J. (2011). Cryopreservation of mammalian ovaries and oocytes. International Zoo Yearbook, 45, 124132.Google Scholar
Jodidio, R. L. (2020). The Animal Welfare Act is lacking: how to update the federal statute to improve zoo animal welfare. Golden Gate University Environmental Law Journal, 12, 53.Google Scholar
Johnson, W. (1994). The Rose-Tinted Menagerie. Heretic Books Ltd, Farnham.Google Scholar
Johnston, R. J. (1998a). Estimating demand for wildlife viewing in zoological parks: an exhibit-specific, time allocation approach. Human Dimensions of Wildlife, 3, 1633.Google Scholar
Johnston, R. J. (1998b). Exogenous factors and visitor behaviour: a regression analysis of viewing time. Environment and Behavior, 31, 322347.Google Scholar
Jones, C. G. (1984). The captive management and biology of the Mauritius kestrel: Falco punctatus. International Zoo Yearbook, 23, 7682.Google Scholar
Jones, M. L. (1962). Mammals in captivity: primate longevity. Laboratory Primate Newsletter, 1, 313.Google Scholar
Jones, R. C. (2013). Science, sentience, and animal welfare. Biology & Philosophy, 28, 130.Google Scholar
Jones, R. W. (1997). The sight of creatures strange to our clime: London Zoo and the consumption of the exotic. Journal of Victorian Culture, 2, 126.Google Scholar
Jose, D., Bradfield, K., Power, V. and Lambert, C. (2011). Predator awareness training at Perth Zoo: a review. Thylanicus, 35(3), 27.Google Scholar
Jule, K. R., Leaver, L. A. and Lea, S. E. (2008). The effects of captive experience on reintroduction survival in carnivores: a review and analysis. Biological Conservation, 141, 355363.Google Scholar
Jule, K. R., Lea, S. E. G. and Leaver, L. A. (2009). Using a behaviour discovery curve to predict optimal observation time. Behaviour, 146, 15311542.Google Scholar
Kagan, R. L. (2013). Challenges of zoo animal welfare: the path from good care to great welfare – keynote. Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science, 16, 381.Google Scholar
Kamel, A. A. and Abdel-Latef, G. K. (2021). Prevalence of intestinal parasites with molecular detection and identification of Giardia duodenalis in fecal samples of mammals, birds and zookeepers at Beni-Seuf Zoo, Egypt. Journal of Parasitic Diseases, 45, 695705.Google Scholar
Kane, L. P., O’Connor, M. R. and Papich, M. G. (2022). Pharmacokinetics of a single dose of intramuscular and oral meloxicam in yellow stingrays (Urobatis jamaicensis). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 53, 153158.Google Scholar
Kappelhof, J. and Weerman, J. (2020). The development of the red panda Ailurus fulgens EEP: from a failing captive population to a stable population that provides effective support to in situ conservation. International Zoo Yearbook, 54, 102112.Google Scholar
Karanikola, P., Panagopoulos, T., Tampakis, S. and Tampakis, A. (2020). Visitor preferences and satisfaction in Attica Zoological Park, Greece. Heliyon, 6(9), e04935.Google Scholar
Karstad, L. and Sileo, L. (1971). Causes of death in captive wild waterfowl in the Kortright Waterfowl Park, 1967–1970. Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 7, 236241.Google Scholar
Katz, B. (2019). A German circus uses stunning holograms instead of live animal performers. www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/german-circus-uses-stunning-holograms-instead-live-animal-performers-180972376/ (accessed 10 September 2019).Google Scholar
Kaufman, A. B., Bashaw, M. J. and Maple, T. L. (eds.) (2019). Scientific Foundations of Zoos and Aquariums: Their Role in Conservation and Research. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Kawata, K. (2008). Zoo animal feeding: a natural history viewpoint. Zootierfütterung: ein naturgeschichtlicher Standpunkt. Der Zoologische Garten, 78, 1742.Google Scholar
Keiper, R. R. (1969). Causal factors of stereotypies in caged birds. Animal Behaviour, 17, 114119.Google Scholar
Keller, M. (2017). Feeding live invertebrate prey in zoos and aquaria: are there welfare concerns? Zoo Biology, 36, 316322.Google Scholar
Kellert, S. R. and Dunlap, J. (1989). Informal Learning at the Zoo: A Study of Attitude and Knowledge Impacts. Zoological Society of Philadelphia, Philadelphia.Google Scholar
Kelling, N. and Kelling, A. (2014). Zooar: zoo based augmented reality signage. Proceedings of the Human Factors and Ergonomics Society Annual Meeting, 58, 10991103.Google Scholar
Kelly, K. R. and Ocular, G. (2021). Family smartphone practices and parent–child conversations during informal science learning at an aquarium. Journal of Technology in Behavioral Science, 6, 114123.Google Scholar
Kelly, L. A. D., Luebke, J. F., Clayton, S., et al. (2014). Climate change attitudes of zoo and aquarium visitors: implications for climate literacy education. Journal of Geoscience Education, 62, 502510.Google Scholar
Kendall, S. K. (2003). The American Livestock Breeds Conservancy and the Rare Breeds Survival Trust. Journal of Agricultural & Food Information, 5, 310.Google Scholar
Kerr, K. C. (2021). Zoo animals as ‘proxy species’ for threatened sister taxa: defining a novel form of species surrogacy. Zoo Biology, 40, 6575.Google Scholar
Key, B. (2016). Why fish do not feel pain. Animal Sentience, 3(1), 2016003.Google Scholar
Kiers, A., Klarenbeek, A., Mendelts, B., Van Soolingen, D. and Koëter, G (2008). Transmission of Mycobacterium pinnipedii to humans in a zoo with marine mammals. The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease, 12, 14691473.Google Scholar
Kim, J.-Y., Oh, S. H., Kim, Y. B., et al. (2010). Capture myopathy in a red-necked wallaby (Macropus rufogriseus). Journal of Veterinary Clinics, 27, 198201.Google Scholar
Kim, S. H. (2008). Animal escape artists. Risk Management, 55, 30.Google Scholar
Kim, Y. I., Kim, S. G., Kim, S. M., et al. (2020). Infection and rapid transmission of SARS-CoV-2 in ferrets. Cell Host & Microbe, 27, 704709.Google Scholar
Kinder, J. M. (2013). Zoo animals and modern war: captive casualties, patriotic citizens, and good soldiers. In: Hediger, R. (ed.). Animals in War: Studies of Europe and North America. Brill, Leiden, pp. 4575.Google Scholar
King, C. E. (1994). Black stork Ciconia nigra: management in Europe. International Zoo Yearbook, 33, 4954.Google Scholar
King, N. E. and Mellen, J. D. (1994). The effects of early experience on adult copulatory behavior in zoo‐born chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Zoo Biology, 13, 5159.Google Scholar
King, S. L. and Janik, V. M. (2013). Bottlenose dolphins can use learned vocal labels to address each other. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 110, 1321613221.Google Scholar
King, T., Boyen, E. and Muilerman, S. (2003). Variation in reliability of measuring behaviours of reintroduced orphan gorillas. International Zoo News, 50, 288297.Google Scholar
Kinville, C. (1968). Oklahoma City Zoo’s education programme. International Zoo Yearbook, 8, 171172.Google Scholar
Kirchshofer, R. (1968). Frankfurt Zoo’s education programme. International Zoo Yearbook, 8, 169171.Google Scholar
Kisling, V. N. (1993). Libraries and archives in the historical and professional development of American zoological parks. Libraries & Culture, 28, 247265.Google Scholar
Kisling, V. N. (ed.) (2000). Zoo and Aquarium History: Ancient Animal Collections to Zoological Gardens. CRC Press, Boca Raton.Google Scholar
Kitchener, A. C. (2004). The problem of old bears in zoos. International Zoo News, 51, 282293.Google Scholar
Kitchener, A. C. (2020). Small carnivorans, museums and zoos. International Zoo Yearbook, 54, 4352.Google Scholar
Kitchener, A. C. and Conroy, J. W. H. (1997). The history of the Eurasian Beaver Castor fiber in Scotland. Mammal Review, 27, 95108.Google Scholar
Kleespies, M. W., Gübert, J., Popp, A., et al. (2020). Connecting high school students with nature: how different guided tours in the zoo influence the success of extracurricular educational programs. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 1804. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.0180.Google Scholar
Kleespies, M. W., Montes, N. Á., Bambach, A. M., et al. (2021). Identifying factors influencing attitudes towards species conservation: a transnational study in the context of zoos. Environmental Education Research, 27, 14211439.Google Scholar
Kleiman, D. G. (1983). Ethology and reproduction of captive giant pandas (Ailuropoda melanoleuca). Zeitschrift für Tierpsychologie, 62, 146.Google Scholar
Kleiman, D. G. (1989). Reintroduction of captive mammals for conservation. BioScience, 39, 152161.Google Scholar
Kleiman, D. G. (1992). Behavior research in zoos: past, present and future. Zoo Biology, 11, 301312.Google Scholar
Kleiman, D. G. and Mallinson, J. J. (1998). Recovery and management committees for lion tamarins: partnerships in conservation planning and implementation. Conservation Biology, 12, 2738.Google Scholar
Knežević, M., Žučko, I. and Ljuština, M. (2016). Who is visiting the Zagreb Zoo: visitors’ characteristics and motivation. Sociologija i prostor: časopis za istraživanje prostornoga i sociokulturnog razvoja, 54, 169184.Google Scholar
Knight, M. (1967). How to keep an elephant. Wolfe Publishing Ltd, London.Google Scholar
Knowles, T. G., Warriss, P. D. and Vogel, K. (2014). Stress physiology of animals during transport. In Grandin, T. (ed.), Livestock Handling and Transport (4th ed.). CABI. Wallingford, pp. 399420.Google Scholar
Kohler, I. V., Preston, S. H. and Lackey, L. B. (2006). Comparative mortality levels among selected species of captive animals. Demographic Research, 15, 413434.Google Scholar
Koldewey, H., Christie, S., Curnick, D., et al. (2020). A response to Welden et al. (2020): The contributions of EAZA zoos and aquaria to peer-reviewed scientific research. Journal of Zoo and Aquarium Research, 8, 133138.Google Scholar
Kolmstetter, C., Munson, L. and Ramsay, E. C. (2000). Degenerative spinal disease in large felids. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 31, 1519.Google Scholar
Koot, S., Kapteijn, C. M., Huiskes, R. H. and Kranendonk, G. (2016). A note on the social compatibility of an all-male group of Hamadryas baboons (Papio hamadryas). Journal of Zoo and Aquarium Research, 4, 713.Google Scholar
Kowalska, Z. (1969). A note on bear hybrids Thalarctos maritimus × Ursus arctos at Łódź Zoo. International Zoo Yearbook, 9, 8989.Google Scholar
Kragness, B. J., Graham, J. E., Bedenice, D., Restifo, M. M. and Boudrieau, R. J. (2016). Surgical correction of a cervical spinal fracture in a Bennett’s wallaby (Macropus rufogriseus). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 47, 379382.Google Scholar
Krajewska, M., Załuski, M., Zabost, A., et al. (2015a). Tuberculosis in antelopes in a zoo in Poland: problem of public health. Polish Journal of Microbiology, 4, 405407.Google Scholar
Krajewska, M., Czujkowska, A., Weiner, M., Lipiec, M. and Szulowski, K. (2015b). Avian tuberculosis in a captive cassowary (Casuarius casuarius). Bulletin of the Veterinary Institute Pulawy, 59, 483487.Google Scholar
Krajewska-Wedzina, M., Augustynowicz-Kopec, E., Weiner, M. and Szulowski, K. (2018). Treatment for active tuberculosis in giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis) in a zoo and potential consequences for public health: case report. Annals of Agricultural and Environmental Medicine, 25, 593595.Google Scholar
Kreger, M. D., Estevez, I., Hatfield, J. S. and Gee, G. F. (2004). Effects of rearing treatment on the behavior of captive whooping cranes (Grus americana). Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 89, 243261.Google Scholar
Krief, S., Jamart, A. and Hladik, C.-M. (2004). On the possible adaptive value of coprophagy in free-ranging chimpanzees. Primates, 45, 141145.Google Scholar
Kroshko, J., Clubb, R., Harper, L., et al. (2016). Stereotypic route tracing in captive Carnivora is predicted by species-typical home range sizes and hunting styles. Animal Behaviour, 117, 197209.Google Scholar
Kuhar, C. W. (2008). Group differences in captive gorillas’ reaction to large crowds. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 110, 377385.Google Scholar
Kuhar, C. W., Bettinger, T. L., Sironen, A. L., Shaw, J. H. and Lasley, B. L. (2003). Factors affecting reproduction in zoo-housed Geoffroy’s tamarins (Saguinus geoffroyi). Zoo Biology, 22, 545559.Google Scholar
Kuhar, C. W., Miller, L. J., Lehnardt, J., et al. (2010). A system for monitoring and improving animal visibility and its implications for zoological parks. Zoo Biology, 29, 6879.Google Scholar
Kuhar, C. W., Fuller, G. A. and Dennis, P. M. (2013). A survey of diabetes prevalence in zoo-housed primates. Zoo Biology, 32, 6369.Google Scholar
Kumar, A., Rai, U., Roka, B., Jha, A. K. and Reddy, P. A. (2016). Genetic assessment of captive red panda (Ailurus fulgens) population. SpringerPlus, 5(1), 1750.Google Scholar
Kumar, V., Pruthvishree, B., Pande, T., et al. (2020). SARS-CoV-2 (COVID-19): zoonotic origin and susceptibility of domestic and wild animals. Journal of Pure and Applied Microbiology, 14 (Suppl.1), 741747.Google Scholar
Kurt, F. (1995). Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) in captivity and the role of captive propagation for maintenance of the species. In: Spooner, N. G. and Whitear, J. A. (eds.), Proceedings of the Eighth UK Elephant Workshop. North of England Zoological Society, Chester Zoo, Chester, pp. 6996.Google Scholar
Kvapil, P., Nemec, A., Zadravec, M. and Račnik, J. (2018). Oral and dental examination findings in a family of zoo suricates (Suricata suricatta). Journal of Veterinary Dentistry, 35, 114120.Google Scholar
KWS (2022). Conservation fees 1st January, 2022 to 30th June, 2022. Kenya Wildlife Service. www.kws.go.ke.Google Scholar
Laméris, D. W., Staes, N., Salas, M., et al. (2021). The influence of sex, rearing history, and personality on abnormal behaviour in zoo-housed bonobos (Pan paniscus). Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 234, 105178.Google Scholar
Lamglait, B. (2018). Retrospective study of mortality in captive Struthioniformes in a French zoo. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 49, 967976.Google Scholar
Lamglait, B. (2020). A retrospective review of causes of mortality in captive springboks (Antidorcas marsupialis) at the Réserve Africaine de Sigean, France, from 1990 to 2015. Journal of Zoo and Aquarium Research, 8. https://doi.org/10.19227/jzar.v8i3.344.Google Scholar
Lamglait, B., Moresco, A., Couture, É. L., Ferrell, S. T. and Lair, S. (2022). Vaginal foreign bodies in six nonhuman primates with underlying pathological conditions. Zoo Biology. https://doi.org/10.1002/zoo.21689.Google Scholar
Landová, E., Poláková, P., Rádlová, S., et al. (2018). Beauty ranking of mammalian species kept in the Prague Zoo: does beauty of animals increase the respondents’ willingness to protect them? The Science of Nature, 105(11), 114.Google Scholar
Langman, V. A., Roberts, T. J., Black, J., et al. (1995). Moving cheaply: energetics of walking in the African elephant. Journal of Experimental Biology, 198, 629632.Google Scholar
Langman, V. A., Rowe, M., Forthman, D., et al. (1996). Thermal assessment of zoological exhibits I: sea lion enclosure at the Audubon Zoo. Zoo Biology, 15, 403411.Google Scholar
Langman, V. A., Rowe, M., Forthman, D., et al. (2003). Quantifying shade using a standard environment. Zoo Biology, 22, 253260.Google Scholar
Langman, V. A., Rowe, M. F., Roberts, T. J., Langman, N. V. and Taylor, C. R. (2012). Minimum cost of transport in Asian elephants: do we really need a bigger elephant? Journal of Experimental Biology, 215, 15091514.Google Scholar
Lankard, J. R. (ed.) (2001). AZA Annual Report on Conservation and Science 1999–2000. Volume III: Member Institution Publications. American Zoo and Aquarium Association, Silver Spring.Google Scholar
Lanza, R. P., Cibelli, J. B., Diaz, F., et al. (2000). Cloning of an endangered species (Bos gaurus) using interspecies nuclear transfer. Cloning, 2, 7990.Google Scholar
Latham, N. R. and Mason, G. J. (2008). Maternal deprivation and the development of stereotypic behaviour. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 110, 84108.Google Scholar
Lauderdale, L. K., Shorter, K. A., Zhang, D., et al. (2021). Bottlenose dolphin habitat and management factors related to activity and distance traveled in zoos and aquariums. PLoS ONE, 18, e0250687. http://doi.org/10.1371/Journal.pone.0250687.Google Scholar
Law, G. and Kitchener, A. C. (2020). Twenty years of the tiger feeding pole: review and recommendations. International Zoo Yearbook, 54, 174190.Google Scholar
Law, S., Prankel, S., Schwitzer, C. and Dutton, J. (2021). Inter-species interactions involving Lemur catta housed in mixed-species exhibits in UK zoos. Journal of Zoo and Aquarium Research, 9, 247258.Google Scholar
Learmonth, M. J. (2020). Human–animal interactions in zoos: what can compassionate conservation, conservation welfare and duty of care tell us about the ethics of interacting, and avoiding unintended consequences. Animals, 10, 2037. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani10112037.Google Scholar
Learmonth, M. J., Sherwen, S. and Hemsworth, P. H. (2018). The effects of zoo visitors on quokka (Setonix brachyurus) avoidance behaviour in a walk-through exhibit. Zoo Biology, 37, 223228.Google Scholar
Leeds, A., Boyer, D., Ross, S. R. and Lukas, K. E. (2015). The effects of group type and young silverbacks on wounding rates in Western lowland gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) groups in North American zoos. Zoo Biology, 34, 296304.Google Scholar
Lees, C. M. and Wilcken, J. (2009). Sustaining the Ark: the challenges faced by zoos in maintaining viable populations. International Zoo Yearbook, 43, 618.Google Scholar
Lefeuvre, M., Gouat, P., Mulot, B., Cornette, R. and Pouydebat, E. (2022). Analogous laterality in trunk movements in captive African elephants: a pilot study. Laterality, 27, 101126.Google Scholar
Lefevre, C. E., Wilson, V. A., Morton, F. B., et al. (2014). Facial width-to-height ratio relates to alpha status and assertive personality in capuchin monkeys. PLoS ONE, 9(4), e93369.Google Scholar
Leggett, K. (2004). Coprophagy and unusual thermoregulatory behaviour in desert-dwelling elephants of north-western Namibia. Pachyderm, 36, 113115.Google Scholar
Lehman, S. M., Ratsimbazafy, J., Rajaonson, A. and Day, S. (2006). Decline of Propithecus diadema edwardsi and Varecia variegata variegata (Primates: Lemuridae) in south-east Madagascar. Oryx, 40, 108111.Google Scholar
Lehnhardt, J. (1991). Elephant handling: a problem of risk management and resource allocation. AAZPA Regional Conference Proceedings. American Association of Zoological Parks and Aquariums, Wheeling, pp. 569575.Google Scholar
Lehocká, K., Hanusová, J. and Kadlečík, O. (2018). Genetic diversity of Barbary lion based on genealogic analysis. Acta Fytotechnica et Zootechnica, 21, 113118.Google Scholar
Leighty, K. A., Soltis, J. and Savage, A. (2010). GPS assessment of the use of exhibit space and resources by African elephants (Loxodonta africana). Zoo Biology, 29, 210220.Google Scholar
Leinwand, J. G., Moyse, J. A., Hopper, L. M., Leahy, M. and Ross, S. R. (2021). The use of biofloors in great ape zoo exhibits. Journal of Zoo and Aquarium Research, 9, 4148.Google Scholar
Leonardi, R., Buchanan‐Smith, H. M., Dufour, V., MacDonald, C. and Whiten, A. (2010). Living together: behavior and welfare in single and mixed species groups of capuchin (Cebus apella) and squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus). American Journal of Primatology: Official Journal of the American Society of Primatologists, 72, 3347.Google Scholar
Leong, K. M., Terrell, S. P. and Savage, A. (2004). Causes of mortality in captive cotton-top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus). Zoo Biology, 23, 127137.Google Scholar
Lernould, J. M., Kierulff, M. C. M. and Canale, G. (2012). Yellow‐breasted capuchin Cebus xanthosternos: support by zoos for its conservation – a success story. International Zoo Yearbook, 46, 7179.Google Scholar
Less, E. H., Lukas, K. E., Kuhar, C. W. and Stoinski, T. S. (2010). Behavioral response of captive Western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) to the death of silverbacks in multi‐male groups. Zoo Biology, 29, 1629.Google Scholar
Lethmate, J. (1979). Instrumental learning of zoo orang-utans. Journal of Human Evolution, 8, 741744.Google Scholar
Leuck, B. E. (1977). Differential use of space by eight species of birds in a free-flight zoological park aviary. Applied Animal Ethology, 3, 105126.Google Scholar
Levá, M. and Pluháček, J. (2020). Does social facilitation affect suckling behaviour in zebras? Behavioural Processes, 185, 104347.Google Scholar
Levin, A. (2015). Zoo animals as specimens, zoo animals as friends: the life and death of Marius the giraffe. Environmental Philosophy. https://doi.org/10.5840/envirophil201552622.Google Scholar
Lewbart, G. A. (ed.) (2022). Invertebrate Medicine. Wiley-Blackwell, Chichester.Google Scholar
Lewis, K., Descovich, K. and Jones, M. (2017). Enclosure utilisation and activity budgets of disabled Malayan sun bears (Helarctos malayanus). Behavioural Processes, 145, 6572.Google Scholar
Li, B. V. and Pimm, S. L. (2016). China’s endemic vertebrates sheltering under the protective umbrella of the giant panda. Conservation Biology, 30, 329339.Google Scholar
Li, C., Jiang, Z., Tang, S. and Zeng, Y. (2007). Influence of enclosure size and animal density on fecal cortisol concentration and aggression in Père David’s deer stags. General and Comparative Endocrinology, 151, 202209.Google Scholar
Li, M. F., Swaisgood, R. R., Owen, M. A., et al. (2022). Consequences of nescient mating: artificial insemination increases cub rejection in the giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca). Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 247, 105565. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2022.105565.Google Scholar
Li, S., McShea, W. J., Wang, D., et al. (2020). Retreat of large carnivores across the giant panda distribution range. Nature Ecology & Evolution, 4, 13271331.Google Scholar
Lima, G. L., Barros, F. F., Costa, L. L., et al. (2009). Determination of semen characteristics and sperm cell ultrastructure of captive coatis (Nasua nasua) collected by electroejaculation. Animal Reproduction Science, 115, 225230.Google Scholar
Lind, A. L., Lai, Y. Y., Mostovoy, Y., et al. (2019). Genome of the Komodo dragon reveals adaptations in the cardiovascular and chemosensory systems of monitor lizards. Nature Ecology & Evolution, 3, 12411252.Google Scholar
Line, S. W., Morgan, K. N. and Markowitz, H. (1991). Simple toys do not alter the behavior of aged rhesus monkeys. Zoo Biology, 10, 473484.Google Scholar
Linseele, V., Van Neer, W., Friedman, R. (2009). Special animals from a special place? The fauna from HK29A at predynastic Hierakonpolis. Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt, 45, 105136.Google Scholar
Liptovszky, M., Dobbs, P., Moittie, S., et al. (2021). Assessing the educational value of a zoo placement for veterinary students: a report on student feedback and perceptions. Journal of Veterinary Medical Education, 49, 236240.Google Scholar
Litchfield, P. (2005). Leaders and matriarchs: a new look at elephant social hierarchies. International Zoo News, 52, 338339.Google Scholar
Litwak, J. (1996). Visitors learn more from labels that ask questions. Current Trends in Audience Research, 10, 4050.Google Scholar
Live Blackpool. (2022). History of Blackpool Tower. www.liveblackpool.info/about/history/history-of-blackpool-tower (accessed 11 June 2022).Google Scholar
Llewellyn, T. and Rose, P. E. (2021). Education is entertainment? Zoo science communication on YouTube. Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens, 2, 250264.Google Scholar
Lloyd, M., Walsh, N. D. and Johnson, B. (2021). Investigating visitor activity on a safari drive. Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens, 2, 576585.Google Scholar
Lochmiller, R. L. and Grant, W. E. (1982). Intraspecific aggression results in death of a collared peccary. Zoo Biology, 1, 161162.Google Scholar
Loeb, J. (2020). Keeping dangerous pets. Veterinary Record, 186, 333.Google Scholar
Loeb, J. and Leeming, S. (2020). Dangerous snake laws need constricting. Veterinary Record, 186, 336337.Google Scholar
Loeding, E., Thomas, J., Bernier, D. and Santymire, R. (2011). Using faecal hormone and behavioral analysis to evaluate the introduction of two sable antelope at Lincoln Park Zoo. Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science, 14, 220246.Google Scholar
Long, J. L. (1981). Introduced Birds of the World: The Worldwide History, Distribution and Influence of Birds Introduced to New Environments. Food and Agriculture Organisation, Rome.Google Scholar
Loomis, R. (1987). Museum Visitor Evaluation: New Tool for Management. American Association for State and Local History, Nashville.Google Scholar
Louv, R. (2005). Last Child in the Woods: Nature Deficit Disorder. Algonquin Books, Chapel Hill.Google Scholar
Lowenstine, L. J. and Montali, R. J. (2006). Historical perspective and future directions in training of veterinary pathologists with an emphasis on zoo and wildlife species. Journal of Veterinary Medical Education, 33 , 338345.Google Scholar
Lücker, H. (2003). Haltung von schwach-elektrischen Fischen in Schauaquarien eine̜ “spannungsvolle” Sache. Zoologische Garten, 73, 284295.Google Scholar
Lugosi, Z. and Lee, P. (2021). A case study exploring the use of virtual reality in the zoo context. Animal Behavior and Cognition, 8, 576588.Google Scholar
Luis, P. L. J., Milanes, S., Ramón, D., et al. (2009). Evaluation of semen obtained by electroejaculation in nonhuman primates Anubis baboon (Papio anubis) held at the national zoo Cuba. REDVET, 10(10), 100916.Google Scholar
Lukas, K. E. and Ross, S. R. (2005). Zoo visitor knowledge and attitudes towards gorillas and chimpanzees. The Journal of Environmental Education, 36, 3348.Google Scholar
Lukas, K. E., Hoff, M. P. and Maple, T. L. (2003). Gorilla behaviour in response to systematic alternation between enclosures. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 81, 367386.Google Scholar
Lynggaard, C., Bertelsen, M. F., Jensen, C. V., et al. (2022). Airborne environmental DNA for terrestrial vertebrate community monitoring. Current Biology, 32. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cub2021.12.014.Google Scholar
Macdonald, C. and Whiten, A. (2011). The ‘Living Links to Human Evolution’ research centre in Edinburgh Zoo: a new endeavour in collaboration. International Zoo Yearbook, 45, 717.Google Scholar
Macdonald, D. W., Tattersall, F. H., Rushton, S., et al. (2000). Reintroducing the beaver (Castor fiber) to Scotland: a protocol for identifying and assessing suitable release sites. Animal Conservation, 3, 125133.Google Scholar
Maceda-Veiga, A., Domínguez-Domínguez, O., Escribano-Alacid, J. and Lyons, J. (2016). The aquarium hobby: can sinners become saints in freshwater fish conservation? Fish and Fisheries, 17, 860874.Google Scholar
Mäekivi, N. and Maran, T. (2016). Semiotic dimensions of human attitudes towards other animals: a case of zoological gardens. Sign Systems Studies, 44, 209230.Google Scholar
Mahat, T. J. and Koirala, M. (2006). Economic valuation of the Central Zoo of Nepal. 9th Biennial Conference of the International Society for Ecological Economics, pp. 1518.Google Scholar
Malamud, R. (1998). Reading Zoos: Representations of Animals and Captivity. New York University Press, New York.Google Scholar
Malamud, R., Broglio, R., Marino, L., Lilienfeld, S. O. and Nobis, N. (2010). Do zoos and aquariums promote attitude change in visitors? A critical evaluation of the American zoo and aquarium study. Society & Animals, 18, 126138.Google Scholar
Malecki, I. A., Rybnik, P. K. and Martin, G. B. (2008). Artificial insemination technology for ratites: a review. Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 48, 12841292.Google Scholar
Mallapur, A., Qureshi, Q. and Chellam, R. (2002). Enclosure design and space utilization by Indian leopards (Panthera pardus) in four zoos in Southern India. Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science, 5, 111124.Google Scholar
Mallapur, A., Waran, N. and Sinha, A. (2005). Use of enclosure space by captive lion-tailed macaques (Macaca silenus) housed in Indian Zoos. Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science, 8, 175186.Google Scholar
Mallory, H. S., Howard, A. F. and Weiss, M. R. (2016). Timing of environmental enrichment affects memory in the house cricket, Acheta domesticus. PLoS ONE, 11(4), e0152245.Google Scholar
Maloney, M. A., Meiers, S. T., White, J. and Romano, M. A. (2006). Effects of three food enrichment items on the behavior of the black lemurs (Eulemur macaco macaco) and ringtail lemurs(Lemur catta) at the Henson Robinson Zoo, Springfield, Illinois. Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science, 9, 111127.Google Scholar
Mancera, K. F., Murray, P. J., Gao, Y. N., Lisle, A. and Phillips, C. J. C. (2014). The effects of simulated transport on the behaviour of eastern blue-tongued lizards (Tiliqua scincoides). Animal Welfare, 23, 239249.Google Scholar
Maple, T. L. and Perdue, B. M. (2013). Zoo Animal Welfare. Springer, Berlin.Google Scholar
Mar, K. U., Maung, M., Thein, M., et al. (1995). Electroejaculation and semen characteristics in Myanmar timber elephants. In: Daniel, J. C. and Datye, H. (eds.), A Week with Elephants: Proceedings of the International Seminar on the Conservation of Asian elephant. Bombay Natural History Society, Oxford University Press, Oxford, pp. 473482.Google Scholar
Marcellini, D. L. and Jenssen, T. A. (1988). Visitor behavior in the National Zoo’s reptile house. Zoo Biology, 7, 329338.Google Scholar
Marešová, J. and Frynta, D. (2008). Noak’s Ark is full of common species attractive to humans: the case of boid snakes in zoos. Ecological Economics, 64, 554558.Google Scholar
Margodt, K. (2000). The Welfare Ark: Suggestions for a Renewed Policy in Zoos. VUB Press, Brussels.Google Scholar
Marinkovich, M., Wallace, C., Morris, P. J., Rideout, B. and Pye, G. W. (2016). Lessons from a retrospective analysis of a 5-yr period of preshipment testing at San Diego Zoo: a risk-based approach to preshipment testing may benefit animal welfare. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 47, 297300.Google Scholar
Marker, L., Honig, M., Pfeiffer, L., Kuypers, M. and Gervais, K. (2021). Captive rearing of orphaned African wild dogs (Lycaon pictus) in Namibia: a case study. Zoo Biology. https://doi.org/10.1002/zoo.21662.Google Scholar
Markowitz, H. (1982). Behavioral Enrichment at the Zoo. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York.Google Scholar
Markowitz, H. (2011). Enriching Animal Lives. Mauka Press, USA.Google Scholar
Markwell, K., Weiler, B., Skibins, J. C. and Saunders, R. (2019). Sympathy for the devil? Uncovering inhibitors and enablers of emotional engagement between zoo visitors and the Tasmanian devil, Sarcophilus harrisi. Visitor Studies, 22, 84103.Google Scholar
Maroldo, G. K. (1982). Zoo animal protection in the event of thermonuclear catastrophes. Zoo Biology, 1, 363369.Google Scholar
Marolf, B., McElligott, A. G. and Müller, A. E. (2007). Female social dominance in two eulemur species with different social organizations. Zoo Biology, 26, 201214.Google Scholar
Marranzino, A. (2013). The use of positive reinforcement in training zebra sharks (Stegostoma fasciatum). Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science, 16, 239253.Google Scholar
Marrow, J. C., Woc-Colburn, M., Hayek, L. A. C., Marker, L. and Murray, S. (2015). Comparison of two α2-adrenergic agonists on urine contamination of semen collected by electroejaculation in captive and semi–free-ranging cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 46, 417420.Google Scholar
Marshall, C. E. (1984). Considerations for the cryopreservation of semen. Zoo Biology, 3, 343356.Google Scholar
Marti-Colombas, M., Sánchez-Calabuig, M. J., Castaño, C., et al. (2022). Optimization of semen cryopreservation in black-footed (Spheniscus demersus) and gentoo (Pygoscelis papua) penguins using dimethylacetamide and dimethylsulphoxide. Animal Reproduction Science, 237, 106933.Google Scholar
Martin, P. and Bateson, P. (2007). Measuring Behaviour: An Introductory Guide. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Martinez, S. G., Spiro, S., Guthrie, A., et al. (2022). Cholelithiasis in captive mountain chicken frogs (Leptodactylus fallax): diagnostic imaging and histopathological features. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 53, 1930.Google Scholar
Martínez-de la Puente, J., Soriguer, R., Senar, J. C., et al. (2020). Mosquitoes in an urban zoo: identification of blood meals, flight distances of engorged females, and avian malaria infections. Frontiers in Veterinary Science, 7, 460. http://doi.org/10.3389/fvets.2020.00460.Google Scholar
Martínez‐Torres, M., Álvarez‐Rodríguez, C., Luis, J. and Sánchez‐Rivera, U. Á. (2019). Electroejaculation and semen evaluation of the viviparous lizard Sceloporus torquatus (Squamata: Phrynosomatidae). Zoo Biology, 38, 393396.Google Scholar
Mary, S., Benbow, P. and Hallman, B. C. (2008). Reading the zoo map: cultural heritage insights from popular cartography. International Journal of Heritage Studies, 14, 3042.Google Scholar
Maslak, R., Sergiel, A. and Hill, S. P. (2013). Some aspects of locomotory stereotypies in spectacled bears (Tremarctos ornatus) and changes in behavior after relocation and dental treatment. Journal of Veterinary Behavior, 8, 335341.Google Scholar
Mason, G. J. and Veasey, J. S. (2010a). How should the psychological well-being of zoo elephants be objectively investigated? Zoo Biology, 29, 237255.Google Scholar
Mason, G. J. and Veasey, J. S. (2010b). What do population-level welfare indices suggest about the well-being of zoo elephants? Zoo Biology, 29, 256273.Google Scholar
Mason, P. (2007). Roles of the modern zoo: conflicting or complementary? Tourism Review International, 11, 251263.Google Scholar
Masters, N. J., Burns, F. M. and Lewis, J. C. (2007). Peri-anaesthetic and anaesthetic-related mortality risks in great apes (Hominidae) in zoological collections in the UK and Ireland. Veterinary Anaesthesia and Analgesia, 34, 431442.Google Scholar
Masui, M., Hiramatsu, H., Nose, N., et al. (1989). Successful artificial insemination in the giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) at Ueno Zoo. Zoo Biology, 8, 1726.Google Scholar
Mather, F. (1878). Feeding of fishes in confinement. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, 7, 6772.Google Scholar
Mather, F. (1879). The management of public aquaria, with a plan for reducing their running expenses. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, 8, 4651.Google Scholar
Mather, J. A. and Anderson, R. C. (2007). Ethics and invertebrates: a cephalopod perspective. Diseases of Aquatic Organisms, 75, 119129.Google Scholar
Matrai, E., Kwok, S. T., Boos, M. and Pogány, Á. (2022). Testing use of the first multi-partner cognitive enrichment devices by a group of male bottlenose dolphins. Animal Cognition. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10071-022-01605-9.Google Scholar
Mattison, S. (2012). Training birds and small mammals for medical behaviors. Veterinary Clinics: Exotic Animal Practice, 15, 487499.Google Scholar
Maynard, L., Jacobson, S. K., Monroe, M. C. and Savage, A. (2020). Mission impossible or mission accomplished: do zoos’ organizational missions influence conservation practices? Zoo Biology, 39, 304314.Google Scholar
McAloose, D., Laverack, M., Wang, L., et al. (2020). From people to Panthera: natural SARS-CoV-2 infection in tigers and lions at the Bronx Zoo. Host-Microbe Biology, 11(5), e02220-20.Google Scholar
McCann, C. M. and Rothman, J. M. (1999). Changes in nearest-neighbor associations in a captive group of Western lowland gorillas after the introduction of five hand-reared infants. Zoo Biology, 18, 261278.Google Scholar
McCrimmon, H. R. (1950). The reintroduction of Atlantic salmon into tributary streams of Lake Ontario. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society, 78, 128132.Google Scholar
McEntire, M. S. and Sanchez, C. R. (2017). Multimodal drug therapy and physical rehabilitation in the successful treatment of capture myopathy in a lesser flamingo (Phoeniconaias minor). Journal of Avian Medicine and Surgery, 31, 232238.Google Scholar
McGreevy, P. D., Cripps, P. J., French, N. P., Green, L. E. and Nicol, C. J. (1995). Management factors associated with stereotypic and redirected behaviour in the Thoroughbred horse. Equine Veterinary Journal, 27, 8691.Google Scholar
McKay, G. M. (1973). Behavior and ecology of the Asian elephant in Southeastern Ceylon. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, 125, 1113.Google Scholar
McKenna, K. (2019). Failed million pound bid for Scottish panda ‘has been a disgrace’. The Guardian. www.theguardian.com/world/2019/dec/15/end-in-sight-for-edinburgh-panda-breeding-programme-that-shames-scotland (accessed 9 July 2021).Google Scholar
McLean, K. M., Schook, M. W. and Pye, G. W. (2021). Comparison between standard zoo quarantine practices and risk-based management of animal transfers: a retrospective analysis of avian acquisition morbidity and mortality (2013–2018). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 51, 10171020.Google Scholar
McPhee, M. E. (2002). Intact carcasses as enrichment for large felids: effects on on- and off-exhibit behaviors. Zoo Biology, 21, 3747.Google Scholar
McPhee, M. E. (2004). Generations in captivity increases behavioral variance: considerations for captive breeding and reintroduction programs. Biological Conservation, 115, 7177.Google Scholar
McRee, A. E., Tully, T. N., Nevarez, J. G., et al. (2018). Effect of routine handling and transportation on blood leukocyte concentrations and plasma corticosterone in captive Hispaniolan Amazon parrots (Amazona ventralis). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 49, 396403.Google Scholar
Medina, C. (2010). Age, rearing history and relatedness as determinants of gorilla dominance behaviors in bachelor groups at Sedgwick County Zoo. Unpublished thesis, University of Colorado Boulder.Google Scholar
Meehan, C. L., Mench, J. A., Carlstead, K. and Hogan, J. N. (2016). Determining connections between the daily lives of zoo elephants and their welfare: an epidemiological approach. PLoS ONE, 11(7), e0158124.Google Scholar
Melfi, V. A. (2009). There are big gaps in our knowledge, and thus approach, to zoo animal welfare: a case for evidence‐based zoo animal management. Zoo Biology, 28, 574588.Google Scholar
Melfi, V. (2013). Is training zoo animals enriching? Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 147, 299305.Google Scholar
Melfi, V., Skyner, L., Birke, L., et al. (2021). Furred and feathered friends: how attached are zookeepers to the animals in their care? Zoo Biology, 41 . http://doi.org/10.1002/zoo.21656.Google Scholar
Mellen, J. D. (1997). Minimum Husbandry Guidelines for Mammals; Small Felids. American Association of Zoos and Aquariums, Silver Spring.Google Scholar
Meller, C. L., Croney, C. C. and Sheperdson, D. (2007). Effects of rubberized flooring on Asian elephant behaviour in captivity. Zoo Biology, 26, 5161.Google Scholar
Mellish, S., Sanders, B., Litchfield, C. A. and Pearson, E. L. (2017 ). An investigation of the impact of Melbourne Zoo’s ‘Seal-the-Loop’ donate call-to-action on visitor satisfaction and behavior. Zoo Biology, 36, 237––242.Google Scholar
Mellish, S., Ryan, J. C., Pearson, E. L. and Tuckey, M. R. (2019a). Research methods and reporting practices in zoo and aquarium conservation‐education evaluation. Conservation Biology, 33, 4052.Google Scholar
Mellish, S., Pearson, E. L., McLeod, E. M., Tuckey, M. R. and Ryan, J. C. (2019b). What goes up must come down: an evaluation of a zoo conservation-education program for balloon litter on visitor understanding, attitudes, and behaviour. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 27, 13931415.Google Scholar
Mellor, D. J. and Reid, C. S. W. (1994). Concepts of animal well-being and predicting the impact of procedures on experimental animals. In: Baker, R. M., Jenkin, G. and Mellor, D. J. (eds.), Improving the Well-being of Animals in the Research Environment. Australian and New Zealand Council for the Care of Animals in Research and Teaching, Glen Osmond, pp. 318.Google Scholar
Mellor, D. J., Patterson-Kane, E. and Stafford, K. J. (2009). The Sciences of Animal Welfare. Wiley-Blackwell, Oxford.Google Scholar
Mellor, E., Brilot, B. and Collins, S. (2018). Abnormal repetitive behaviour in captive birds: a Tinbergian review. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 198, 109120.Google Scholar
Melville, D. F., Crichton, E. G., Paterson‐Wimberley, T. and Johnston, S. D. (2008). Collection of semen by manual stimulation and ejaculate characteristics of the black flying‐fox (Pteropus alecto). Zoo Biology, 27, 159164.Google Scholar
Mendl, M., Paul, E. S. and Chittka, L. (2011). Animal behaviour: emotion in invertebrates. Current Biology, 21, R463R465.Google Scholar
Micheletta, J. and Waller, B. M. (2012). Friendship affects gaze following in a tolerant species of macaque, Macaca nigra. Animal Behaviour, 83, 459467.Google Scholar
Mihailovic, Z., Savic, S., Damjanjuk, I., Stanojevic, A. and Milosevic, M. (2011). A case of fatal Himalayan black bear attack in the zoo. Journal of Forensic Sciences, 56, 806809.Google Scholar
Mikota, S. K. (2006). Preventative health care and physical examination. In: Fowler, E. F. and Mikota, S. K. (eds.), Biology, Medicine, and Surgery of Elephants. Blackwell Publishing, Oxford, pp. 6773.Google Scholar
Mikota, S. K., Larsen, R. S. and Montali, R. J. (2000). Tuberculosis in elephants in North America. Zoo Biology, 19, 393403.Google Scholar
Miller, A. and Kuhar, C. W. (2008). Long-term monitoring of social behavior in a grouping of six female tigers (Panthera tigris). Zoo Biology, 27, 8999.Google Scholar
Miller, L. J., Lauderdale, L. K., Mellon, J. D., Walsh, M. T. and Granger, D. A. (2021). Relationships between animal management and habitat characteristics with two potential indicators of welfare for bottlenose dolphins under professional care. PLoS ONE, 16(8), e0252861.Google Scholar
Miller, L. J., Luebke, J. F. and Matiasek, J. (2018). Viewing African and Asian elephants at accredited zoological institutions: conservation intent and perceptions of animal welfare. Zoo Biology, 37, 466477.Google Scholar
Miller, M., Michael, A., van Helden, P. and Buss, P. (2017). Tuberculosis in rhinoceros: an underrecognized threat? Transboundary and Emerging Diseases, 64, 10711078.Google Scholar
Mitchell, G., Obradovich, S., Sumner, D., et al. (1990). Cage location effects on visitor attendance at three Sacramento Zoo mangabey enclosures. Zoo Biology, 9, 5563.Google Scholar
Mitchell, P. C. (1929). Centenary History of the Zoological Society of London. Zoological Society of London, London.Google Scholar
Mkono, M. and Holder, A. (2019). The future of animals in tourism recreation: social media as spaces of collective moral reflexivity. Tourism Management Perspectives, 29, 18.Google Scholar
Moberg, G. P. (2000). Biological response to stress: implications for animal welfare. In: Moberg, G. P. and Mench, J. A. (eds.), The Biology of Animal Stress. CABI, Wallingford, pp. 121.Google Scholar
Mollineau, W. M., Adogwa, A. O. and Garcia, G. W. (2010). Improving the efficiency of the preliminary electroejaculation technique developed for semen collection from the agouti (Dasyprocta leporina). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 41, 633637.Google Scholar
Montali, R. J., Bush, M., Hess, J., et al. (1995). Ex situ diseases and their control for reintroduction of the endangered lion tamarin species (Leontopithecus spp.). Erkrankungen der Zootiere, 37, 9398.Google Scholar
Montali, R. J., Richman, L. K. and Hildebrandt, T. B. (1998). Highly fatal disease of Asian elephants in North America and Europe is attributed to a newly recognised endotheliotropic herpesvirus. Elephant Journal, 1(3–4), 3.Google Scholar
Mooney, A., Conde, D. A., Healy, K. and Buckley, Y. M. (2020). A system wide approach to managing zoo collections for visitor attendance and in-situ conservation. Nature Communications, 11(1). http://doi.org/10.1038/s41467–020-14303-2.Google Scholar
Moore, F. L. and Miller, L. J. (1984). Stress-induced inhibition of sexual behavior: corticosterone inhibits courtship behaviors of a male amphibian (Taricha granulosa). Hormones and Behavior, 18, 400410.Google Scholar
Moore, I. T., Lemaster, M. P. and Mason, R. T. (2000). Behavioural and hormonal responses to capture stress in the male red-sided garter snake, Thamnophis sirtalis parietalis. Animal Behaviour, 59, 529534.Google Scholar
Morfeld, K. A. and Brown, J. L. (2014). Ovarian acyclicity in zoo African elephants (Loxodonta africana) is associated with high body condition scores and elevated serum insulin and leptin. Reproduction, Fertility and Development, 28, 640647.Google Scholar
Morfeld, K. A., Lehnhardt, J., Alligood, C., Bolling, J. and Brown, J. L. (2014). Development of a body condition scoring index for female African elephants validated by ultrasound measurements of subcutaneous fat. PLoS ONE, 9(4), e93802.Google Scholar
Morgan, J. M. and Gramann, J. H. (1989). Predicting effectiveness of wildlife education programs: a study of students’ attitudes and knowledge towards snakes. Wildlife Society Bulletin, 17, 501509.Google Scholar
Morgan-Davies, A. M. (1980). Translocating crocodiles. Oryx, 15, 371373.Google Scholar
Morris, C. and Reed, M. (2007). From burgers to biodiversity? The McDonaldization of on-farm nature conservation in the UK. Agriculture and Human Values, 24, 207218.Google Scholar
Morris, D. (1960). Automatic seal feeding apparatus at London Zoo. International Zoo Yearbook, 2, 70.Google Scholar
Morton, F. B., Lee, P. C., Buchanan-Smith, H. M., et al. (2013a). Personality structure in brown capuchin monkeys (Sapajus apella): comparisons with chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes), orangutans (Pongo spp.), and rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). Journal of Comparative Psychology, 127, 282298.Google Scholar
Morton, F. B., Lee, P. C. and Buchanan-Smith, H. M. (2013b). Taking personality selection bias seriously in animal cognition research: a case study in capuchin monkeys (Sapajus apella). Animal Cognition, 16, 677684.Google Scholar
Mosaferi, S., Niasari-Naslaji, A., Abarghani, A., Gharahdaghi, A. A. and Gerami, A. (2005). Biophysical and biochemical characteristics of Bactrian camel semen collected by artificial vagina. Theriogenology, 63, 92101.Google Scholar
Moscardo, G., Woods, B. and Saltzer, R. (2004). The role of interpretation in wildlife tourism. In: Higginbottom, E. (ed.). Wildlife Tourism: Impacts, Management and Planning. Common Ground Publishing, University of Illinois, Urbana, pp. 231251.Google Scholar
Moss, A. and Esson, M. (2010). Visitor interest in zoo animals and the implications for collection planning and zoo education programmes. Zoo Biology, 29, 715731.Google Scholar
Moss, A. and Esson, M. (2013). The educational claims of zoos: where do we go from here? Zoo Biology, 32, 1318.Google Scholar
Moss, A., Francis, D. and Esson, M. (2008). The relationship between viewing area size and visitor behaviour in an immersive Asian elephant exhibit. Visitor Studies, 11, 2640.Google Scholar
Moss, A., Jensen, E. and Gusset, M. (2015). Evaluating the contribution of zoos and aquariums to Aichi Biodiversity Target 1. Conservation Biology, 29, 537544.Google Scholar
Moss, A., Littlehales, C., Moon, A., Smith, C. and Sainsbury, C. (2017). Measuring the impact of an in-school zoo education programme. Journal of Zoo and Aquarium Research, 5, 3337.Google Scholar
Moss, C. (1988). Elephant Memories: Thirteen Years in the Life of an Elephant Family. William Collins Sons & Co. Ltd, Glasgow.Google Scholar
Mullan, B. and Marvin, G. (1999). Zoo Culture. University of Illinois Press, Urbana.Google Scholar
Mullar, S. L., Bissell, S. L., Cunningham, K. M. and Strasser, R. (2021). How do you behave at the zoo? A look at visitor perceptions of other visitors’ behaviour at the zoo. Animal Behavior and Cognition, 8, 619631.Google Scholar
Mumby, H. S., Courtiol, A., Mar, K. U. and Lummaa, V. (2013). Climatic variation and age-specific survival in Asian elephants from Myanmar. Ecology, 94, 11311141.Google Scholar
Murray, S., Tell, L. A. and Bush, M. (1997). Zinc toxicosis in a Celebes ape (Macaca nigra) following ingestion of pennies. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 28, 101104.Google Scholar
Myers, O. E. Jr, Saunders, C. D. and Birjulin, A. A. (2004). Emotional dimensions of watching zoo animals: an experience sampling study building on insights from psychology. Curator: The Museum Journal, 47, 299321.Google Scholar
Naish, D. (2017). An ode to Britains toy animals. Scientific American, 23 August. https://blogs.scientificamerican.com/tetrapod-zoology/an-ode-to-britains-toy-animals/ (accessed 11 June 2022).Google Scholar
Napier, J. E., Loskutoff, N. M., Simmons, L. G. and Armstrong, D. L. (2011). Comparison of carfentanil-xylazine and thiafentanil-medetomidine in electroejaculation of captive gaur (Bos gaurus). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 42, 430436.Google Scholar
Narayan, E. J., Webster, K., Nicolson, V., Mucci, A. and Hero, J. M. (2013). Non-invasive evaluation of physiological stress in an iconic Australian marsupial: the koala (Phascolarctos cinereus). General and Comparative Endocrinology, 187, 3947.Google Scholar
Nath, B. G. and Chakraborty, A. (2013). Traumatic injury and stress related death of non-human primates in Assam State Zoo. Zoo’s Print, 8, 2829.Google Scholar
National Bison Association (2021). Bison by the Numbers. Data and Statistics. National Bison Association, Westminster, CO. www.bisoncentral.com (accessed 16 December 2021).Google Scholar
National Research Council (2008). Recognition and Alleviation of Distress in Laboratory Animals. National Academies Press, Washington, DC.Google Scholar
Nature (2017). News and views. 50 & 100 years ago. From Nature 23 December 1967. Nature 552, 341.Google Scholar
Naylor, W. and Parsons, E. C. M. (2019). An international online survey on public attitudes towards the keeping of whales and dolphins in captivity. Tourism in Marine Environments, 14, 133142.Google Scholar
Nechay, G. (1996) Editorial. Naturopa, 82, 3.Google Scholar
Nekaris, K. A. I., Campera, M., Nijman, V., et al. (2020). Slow lorises use venom as a weapon in intraspecific competition. Current Biology, 30, R1252R1953.Google Scholar
Nekolný, L. and Fialová, D. (2018). Zoo tourism: what actually is a zoo? Czech Journal of Tourism, 7, 153166.Google Scholar
Nekolný, L. and Fialová, D. (2021). Attendance and perceived constraints to attendance at zoological gardens during the spring 2020 COVID-19 re-opening: the Czechia case. Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens, 2, 234249.Google Scholar
New York Times (1906). Bushman shares a cage with Bronx Park apes. New York Times, 9 September.Google Scholar
NEZS (1970). Report of the Council and Statement of Accounts 1970. The North of England Zoological Society, Chester.Google Scholar
NEZS (1980). Annual Report for 1980. The North of England Zoological Society, Chester.Google Scholar
NFCA (2022). The tower. National Fairground and Circus Archive, University of Sheffield. www.sheffield.ac.uk/nfca/projects/towerhistory (accessed 11 June 2022).Google Scholar
Nicholls, R. (1992). The Belle Vue Story. Neil Richardson, Manchester.Google Scholar
Nieuwenhuijsen, K. and de Waal, F. B. M. (1982). Effects of spatial crowding on social behavior in a chimpanzee colony. Zoo Biology, 1, 528.Google Scholar
Nobles, G. (2017). John James Audubon: The Nature of the American Woodsman. University of Pennsylvania Press. Philadelphia.Google Scholar
Norris, M. (2014). World War zoo gardens: wartime zoos, the challenging future and the use of zoo history in visitor engagement. International Zoo Educators Association Journal, 50, 4247.Google Scholar
North Carolina Zoo (2008). Elephant exhibit. www.nczoo.com/give/corporate/elephant_exhibit (accessed 18 July 2008).Google Scholar
Novotny, J. F. and Beeman, J. W. (1990). Use of a fish health condition profile in assessing the health and condition of juvenile chinook salmon. The Progressive Fish‐Culturist, 52, 162170.Google Scholar
Nowak, R. M. (1999). Walker’s Mammals of the World (6th ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.Google Scholar
NSW Department of Primary Industries (1986). Policy on the Management of Solitary Elephants in New South Wales. Exhibited Animals Protection Act, 1986. A publication of the Director General, NSW Department of Primary Industries (pursuant to Clause 8(1) of the Exhibited Animals Protection Regulation, 2005).Google Scholar
Nyhus, P. J., Tilson, R. L. and Tomlinson, J. L. (2003). Dangerous animals in captivity: ex situ tiger conflict and implications for private ownership of exotic animals. Zoo Biology, 22, 573586.Google Scholar
O’Brien, J. K. and Robeck, T. R. (2006). Development of sperm sexing and associated assisted reproductive technology for sex preselection of captive bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus). Reproduction, Fertility and Development, 18, 319329.Google Scholar
O’Brien, J. K., Hollinshead, F. K., Evans, K. M., Evans, G. and Maxwell, W. M. C. (2004). Flow cytometric sorting of frozen–thawed spermatozoa in sheep and non-human primates. Reproduction, Fertility and Development, 15, 367375.Google Scholar
O’Brien, J. K., Stojanov, T., Crichton, E. G., et al. (2005). Flow cytometric sorting of fresh and frozen‐thawed spermatozoa in the Western lowland gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla). American Journal of Primatology, 66, 297315.Google Scholar
O’Brien, J. K., Steinman, K. J., Schitt, T. and Robeck, T. R. (2008). Semen collection, characterisation and artificial insemination in the beluga (Delphinapterus leucas) using liquid-stored spermatozoa. Reproduction, Fertility and Development, 20, 770783.Google Scholar
O’Grady, E., Doyle, M., Fitzgerald, C. W. R., Mortell, A. and Murray, D. (2014). Animal attack: an unusual case of multiple trauma in childhood. Irish Medical Journal, 107, 328329.Google Scholar
O’Hara, K., Kindberg, T., Glancy, M., et al. (2007). Collecting and sharing location-based content on mobile phones in a zoo visitor experience. Computer Supported Cooperative Work (CSCW), 16, 1144.Google Scholar
O’Malley, M. O., Woods, J. M., Bryant, J. and Miller, L. J. (2021). How is Western lowland gorilla (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) behavior and physiology impacted by 360° visitor viewing access? Animal Behavior and Cognition, 8, 468480.Google Scholar
O’Malley, R. C. and McGrew, W. C. (2006). Hand preferences in captive orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus). Primates, 47, 279283.Google Scholar
O’Regan, H. J. and Kitchener, A. C. (2005). The effects of captivity on the morphology of captive, domesticated and feral mammals. Mammal Review, 31, 6065.Google Scholar
O’Regan, H., Turner, A. and Sabin, R. (2006). Medieval big cat remains from the Royal Menagerie at the Tower of London. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, 16, 385394.Google Scholar
Oakleaf, B., Luce, B. and Thome, E. T. (1992). Black-footed ferret reintroduction in Wyoming: project description and 1992 protocol. Wyoming Game and Fish Department, Laramie, Wyoming (unpublished).Google Scholar
Ődberg, F. O. (1978). Abnormal behavior: stereotypies. In: Proceedings of the First World Congress of Ethology Applied to Zootechnics, Industrias Grafices Espana, Madrid, pp. 475480.Google Scholar
Odum, R. A. and Reinert, H. K. (2015). The Aruba Island rattlesnake Crotalus unicolor Species Survival Plan: a case history in ex situ and in situ conservation. International Zoo Yearbook, 49, 104112.Google Scholar
Okuyama, J., Shimizu, T., Abe, O., Yoseda, K. and Arai, N. (2010). Wild versus head-started hawksbill turtles Eretmochelys imbricata: post-release behaviour and feeding adaptations. Endangered Species Research, 10, 181190.Google Scholar
Olson, D. and Wiese, R. J. (2000). State of the North American African elephant population and projections for the future. Zoo Biology, 19, 311320.Google Scholar
Orban, D. A., Siegford, J. M. and Snider, R. J. (2016). Effects of guest feeding programs on captive giraffe behaviour. Zoo Biology, 35, 157166.Google Scholar
Orban, D. A., Soltis, J., Perkins, L. and Mellen, J. D. (2017). Sound at the zoo: using animal monitoring, sound measurement, and noise reduction in zoo animal management. Zoo Biology, 36, 231236.Google Scholar
Owen, A., Wilkinson, R. and Sözer, R. (2014). In situ conservation breeding and the role of zoological institutions and private breeders in the recovery of highly endangered Indonesian passerine birds. International Zoo Yearbook, 48, 199211.Google Scholar
Owen, M. A., Swaisgood, R. R., Czekala, N. M., Steinman, K. and Lindburg, D. G. (2004). Monitoring stress in captive giant pandas (Ailuropoda melanoleuca): behavioral and hormonal responses to ambient noise. Zoo Biology, 23, 147164.Google Scholar
Owen, M. A., Hall, S., Bryant, L. and Swaisgood, R. R. (2013). The influence of ambient noise on maternal behaviour in a Bornean sun bear (Helarctos malayanus euryspilus). Zoo Biology, 33, 4953.Google Scholar
Owen, R. (1834). On the anatomy of the cheetah, Felis jubata, Schreb. The Transactions of the Zoological Society of London, 1, 129136.Google Scholar
Owen, R. (1839a). Osteological contributions to the natural history of the orang utans (Simia, Erxleben). The Transactions of the Zoological Society of London, 2, 165172.Google Scholar
Owen, R. (1839b). Notes on the anatomy of the Nubian giraffe. The Transactions of the Zoological Society of London, 2, 217243.Google Scholar
Özkan, B., Koenhemsi, L., Sönmez, K. and Arun, S. S. (2018). Capture myopathy accompanied with severe enteritis in a female lion. Journal of Istanbul Veterinary Sciences, 2, 17.Google Scholar
Palmer, C., Morrin, H. and Sandøe, P. (2019). Defensible zoos and aquariums. In: Fischer, B. (ed.). The Routledge Handbook of Animal Ethics. Routledge, Abingdon, pp. 394406.Google Scholar
Palomino, J. M., Mastromonaco, G. F., Cervantes, M. P., et al. (2020). Effect of season and superstimulatory treatment on in vivo and in vitro embryo production in wood bison (Bison bison athabascae). Reproduction in Domestic Animals, 55, 5463.Google Scholar
Panagiotopoulou, O., Pataky, T. C., Hill, Z. and Hutchinson, J. R. (2012). Statistical parametric mapping of the regional distribution and ontogenetic scaling of foot pressures during walking in Asian elephants (Elephas maximus). Journal of Experimental Biology, 215, 15841593.Google Scholar
Paradise Wildlife Park (2022). Paradise Wildlife Park history. www.pwpark.com/about/history (accessed 27 April 2022).Google Scholar
Parker, S. T. (1994). Incipient mirror self-recognition in zoo gorillas and chimpanzees. In: Parker, S. T., Mitchell, R. W. and Boccia, M. L. (eds.), Self-Awareness in Animals and Humans: Developmental Perspectives. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 301307.Google Scholar
Parsons, R., Aldous-Mycock, C. and Perrin, M. R. (2007). A genetic index for stripe-pattern reduction in the zebra: the quagga project. African Journal of Wildlife Research, 37, 105116.Google Scholar
Pastorino, Q. G., Viau, A., Curone, G., et al. (2017). Role of personality in behavioural responses to new environments in captive Asiatic lions (Panthera leo persica). Veterinary Medicine International.. https://doi.org/10.1155/2017/6585380.Google Scholar
Patrick, P. G. (2006). Mental models students hold of zoos. Doctoral dissertation, University of North Carolina at Greensboro.Google Scholar
Patrick, P. G. and Caplow, S. (2018). Identifying the foci of mission statements of the zoo and aquarium community. Museum Management and Curatorship, 33, 120135.Google Scholar
Patrick, P. G., Matthews, C. E., Ayers, D. F. and Tunnicliffe, S. D. (2007). Conservation and education: prominent themes in zoo mission statements. Journal of Conservation Education, 38, 5360.Google Scholar
Patton, M. L., White, A. M., Swaisgood, R. R., et al. (2001). Aggression control in a bachelor herd of fringe‐eared oryx (Oryx gazella callotis), with melengestrol acetate: behavioral and endocrine observations. Zoo Biology, 20, 375388.Google Scholar
Paukner, A., Anderson, J. R. and Fujita, K. (2004). Reactions of capuchin monkeys (Cebus apella) to multiple mirrors. Behavioural Processes, 66, 16Google Scholar
Pavlov, I. P. (1906). The scientific investigation of the psychical faculties or processes in the higher animals. Science, 24, 613619.Google Scholar
Pearce-Kelly, P., Clarke, D., Robertson, M. and Andrews, C. (1991). The display, culture and conservation of invertebrates at London Zoo. International Zoo Yearbook, 30, 2130.Google Scholar
Pearce-Kelly, P., Morgan, R., Honan, P., et al. (2007). The conservation value of insect breeding programmes: rationale, evaluation tools and example programme case studies. In: Stewart, A. J. A., New, T. R. and Lewis, O. T. (eds.), Insect Conservation Biology: Proceedings of the Royal Entomological Society’s 23rd Symposium, The Royal Entomological Society, London, pp. 5773.Google Scholar
Pellet, S. and Bushell, M. (2015). Emergency care and first aid of invertebrates. Companion Animal, 20, 182186.Google Scholar
Penfold, L. M., Munson, L., Plotka, E. and Citino, S. B. (2007). Effect of progestins on serum hormones, semen production, and agonistic behavior in the gerenuk (Litocranius walleri walleri). Zoo Biology, 26, 245257.Google Scholar
Pennsylvania Game Commission (2013). Elk in Pennsylvania. Past, Present & Future. Pennsylvania Game Commission, Harrisburg.Google Scholar
The Penny Illustrated Paper and Illustrated Times (1874). The gallant rescue of keepers from the infuriated rhinoceros at the Zoological Gardens (illustration). The Penny Illustrated Paper and Illustrated Times, 5 December, p. 353 (front page).Google Scholar
Pereira, A. S., Kavanagh, E., Hobaiter, C., Slocombe, K. E. and Lameira, A. R. (2020). Chimpanzee lip-smacks confirm primate continuity for speech-rhythm evolution. Biology Letters, 16(5), 20200232.Google Scholar
Pérez, S., Encinoso, M., Corbera, J. A., et al. (2021). Cranial structure of Varanus komodoensis as revealed by computed-tomographic imaging. Animals, 11, 1078. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11041078.Google Scholar
Pérez-Granados, C. and Schuchmann, K.-L. (2020). Vocalisations of the greater Rhea (Rhea americana): an allegedly silent ratite. Bioacoustics, 30, 564574.Google Scholar
Perkins, D. R. and Debbage, K. G. (2016). Weather and tourism: thermal comfort and zoological park visitor attendance. Atmosphere, 7, 44.Google Scholar
Perrin, K. L., Nielsen, S. S., Martinussen, T. and Bertelsen, M. F. (2021). Quantification and risk factor analysis of elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus-haemorrhagic disease fatalities in Asian elephants Elephas maximus in Europe (1985–2017). Journal of Zoo and Aquarium Research, 9(1). http://doi.org/10.19227/jzar.v9i1.553.Google Scholar
Perry, C. J. and Baciadonna, L. (2017). Studying emotion in invertebrates: what has been done, what can be measured and what they can provide. Journal of Experimental Biology, 220, 38563868.Google Scholar
Persson, T., Sauciuc, G.-A. and Madsen, E. A. (2018). Spontaneous cross-species imitation in interactions between chimpanzees and zoo visitors. Primates, 59, 1929.Google Scholar
Perzanowski, K. and Olech, W. (2013). Restoration of wisent population within the Carpathian eco-region. In: Soorae, P. S. (ed.), Global Re-introduction Perspectives: 2013 – Further Case-Studies from Around the Globe. IUCN and Environment Agency, Gland and Abu Dhabi, pp. 190193.Google Scholar
PETA (2021). Dangerous animal incidents. www.peta.org/issues/animals-in-entertainment/dangerous-animal-incidents (accessed 8 June 2022).Google Scholar
Petersen, H. H., Stenbak, R., Blaabjerg, C., et al. (2022). Development of a quantitative immunoassay for serum haptoglobin as a putative disease marker in the Southern white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum simum). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 53, 141152.Google Scholar
Pfistermüller, R., Walzer, C. and Licka, T. (2011). First evidence of the use of kinetic gait analysis as a clinical tool for early detection of chronic foot disease in an Indian rhino (Rhinoceros unicornis). Rotterdam Zoo and International Elephant Foundation. www.rhinoresourcecenter.com/pdf_files/134/1344675214.pdf.Google Scholar
Philipps, M. R., Johannsen, B. F., Andersen, T. D., Levinsen, H. and Foss, K. K. (2019). Feasible ways to personal meaning mapping in out-of-school contexts? In European Conference on e-Learning, ACPIL, pp. 476485.Google Scholar
Pickering, S., Creighton, E. and Stevens‐Wood, B. (1992). Flock size and breeding success in flamingos. Zoo Biology, 11, 229234.Google Scholar
Piitulainen, R. and Hirskyj-Douglas, I. (2020). Music for monkeys: building methods to design with white-faced sakis for animal-driven audio enrichment devices. Animals, 10, 1768.Google Scholar
Plotnik, J. M., de Waal, F. B. M. and Reiss, D. (2006). Self-recognition in an Asian elephant. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 103(45), 1705317057.Google Scholar
Pohlin, F., Hooijberg, E. H. and Meyer, L. C. R. (2021). Challenges to animal welfare during transportation of wild mammals (1990–2020). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 52, 113.Google Scholar
Poindexter, S. A., Reinhardt, K. D., Nijman, V. and Nekaris, K. A. I. (2018). Slow lorises (Nycticebus spp.) display evidence of handedness in the wild and in captivity. Laterality: Asymmetries of Body, Brain and Cognition, 23, 705721.Google Scholar
Polgár, Z., Wood, L. and Haskell, M. J. (2017). Individual differences in zoo‐housed squirrel monkeys’ (Saimiri sciureus) reactions to visitors, research participation, and personality ratings. American Journal of Primatology, 79(5), e22639.Google Scholar
Pollott, G. E. and Kilkenny, J. B. (1976). A note on the use of condition scoring in commercial sheep flocks. Animal Science, 23, 261264.Google Scholar
Popp, J. W. (1984). Interspecific aggression in mixed ungulate species exhibits. Zoo Biology, 3, 211219.Google Scholar
Poulsen, E. M. B., Honeyman, V., Valentine, P. A. and Teskey, G. C. (1996). Use of fluoxetine for the treatment of stereotypical pacing behavior in a captive polar bear. Journal of the American Veterinary Association, 209, 14701474.Google Scholar
Powell, D. M. (2019). Collection planning for the next 100 years: what will we commit to save in zoos and aquariums? Zoo Biology, 38, 139148.Google Scholar
Powell, D. M. and Ardaiolo, M. (2016). Survey of U.S. zoo and aquarium animal care staff attitudes regarding humane euthanasia for population management. Zoo Biology, 35, 187200.Google Scholar
Powell, D. M. and Svoke, J. T. (2008). Novel environmental enrichment may provide a tool for rapid assessment of animal personality: a case study with giant pandas (Ailuropoda melanoleuca). Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science, 11, 301318.Google Scholar
Powell, D. M., Speeg, B., Li, S., Blumer, E. and McShea, W. (2013). An ethogram and activity budget of captive Sichuan takin (Budorcas taxicolor tibetana) with comparisons to other Bovidae. Mammalia, 77, 391401.Google Scholar
Powell, D. M., Lan, J. and Eng, C. (2018). Survey of US-based veterinarians’ attitudes on population management euthanasia. Zoo Biology, 37, 478487.Google Scholar
Powell, D. M., Dorsey, C. L. and Faust, L. J. (2019). Advancing the science behind animal program sustainability: an overview of the special issue. Zoo Biology, 38, 511.Google Scholar
Prado-Oviedo, N. A., Bonaparte-Saller, M. K., Malloy, E. J., et al. (2016). Evaluation of demographics and social life events of Asian (Elephas maximus) and African elephants (Loxodonta africana) in North American zoos. PLoS ONE, 11(7), e0154750.Google Scholar
Prates, H. M. and Bicca-Marques, J. C. (2005). Coprophagy in captive brown capuchin monkeys (Cebus appella). Neotropical Primates, 13, 1821.Google Scholar
Princée, P. G. and Glatston, A. R. (2016). Influence of climate on the survivorship of neonatal red pandas in captivity. Zoo Biology, 35, 104110.Google Scholar
Proctor, H. S., Carder, G. and Cornish, A. R. (2013). Searching for animal sentience: a systematic review of the scientific literature. Animals, 3(3), 882906.Google Scholar
Prokop, P. and Tunnicliffe, S. D. (2010). Effects of having pets at home on children’s attitudes toward popular and unpopular animals. Anthrozoös, 23, 2135.Google Scholar
Prokop, P., Prokop, M. and Tunnicliffe, S. D. (2008). Effects of keeping animals as pets on children’s concepts of vertebrates and invertebrates. International Journal of Science Education, 30, 431449.Google Scholar
Proskuryakova, A. A., Kulemzina, A. I., Perelman, P. L., et al. (2017). X chromosome evolution in Cetartiodactyla. Genes, 8, 216. https://doi.org/10.3390/genes8090216.Google Scholar
Prosser, N. S., Gardner, P. C., Smith, J. A., et al. (2016). Body condition scoring of Bornean banteng in logged forests. BMC Zoology, 1. http://doi.org/10.1186/s40850-016-0007-5.Google Scholar
Pruetz, J. D. and Bloomsmith, M. A. (1992). Comparing two manipulable objects as enrichment for captive chimpanzees. Animal Welfare, 1, 127137.Google Scholar
Puan, C. L. and Zakaria, M. (2007). Perception of visitors towards the role of zoos: a Malaysian perspective. International Zoo Yearbook, 41, 226232.Google Scholar
Pullen, P. K. (2005). Preliminary comparisons of male/male interactions within bachelor and breeding groups of Western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla). Applied Animal Behaviour Science 90, 143153.Google Scholar
Pullen, P. K. (2009). Male–male social interactions in breeder and bachelor groups of gorillas (Gorilla gorilla): an indication of behavioural flexibility. PhD thesis, University of Exeter.Google Scholar
Putnam, A. S., Ferrie, G. M. and Ivy, J. A. (2022). Ex situ breeding programs benefit from science-based co-operative management. Zoo Biology. https://doi.org/10.1002/zoo.21700.Google Scholar
Pye, G. W., Adkesson, M. J., Guthrie, A., Clayton, L. A. and Janssen, D. L. (2018). Risk analysis: changing the quarantine paradigm? Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 49, 513519.Google Scholar
Pyott, B. E. and Schulte-Hostedde, A. I. (2020). Peer-reviewed scientific contributions from Canadian zoos and aquariums. FACETS, 5, 381392.Google Scholar
Quadros, S., Goulart, V. D. L., Passos, L., Vecci, M. A. M. and Young, R. J. (2014). Zoo visitor effect on mammal behaviour: does noise matter? Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 156, 7884.Google Scholar
Rachels, J. (1986). The End of Life. Oxford University Press, New York.Google Scholar
Radford, H. V. (1906). Bringing back the beaver: its successful reintroduction to the Adirondack region. Four-Track-News, April.Google Scholar
Raines, J. A. and Fried, J. J. (2016). Use of deslorelin acetate implants to control aggression in a multi-male group of rock hyrax (Procavia capensis). Zoo Biology, 35, 201204.Google Scholar
Ralls, K. and Ballou, J. D. (1992). Managing genetic diversity in captive breeding and reintroduction programs. In Transactions of the Fifty-Seventh North American Wildlife and Natural Resources Conference, pp. 263282.Google Scholar
Ramakrishnan, B., Ilakkia, M. and Ramkumar, K. (2014). Use of shade trees for Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) in the Mudumalai Tiger Reserve, Nilgiris, Tamilnadu, Southern India. Scientific Transactions in Environment and Technovation, 7, 144150.Google Scholar
Rammelmeyer, A. and Porterfield, K. (1978). How do you zoo? Beauvoir first-graders use National Zoo as extension of their classroom. Roundtable Reports. www.jstor.org/stable/40479408.Google Scholar
Ramsey, M. A. and Stirling, I. (1988). Reproductive biology and ecology of female polar bears (Ursus maritimus). Journal of Zoology, 214, 601633.Google Scholar
Randerson, J. (2003). Wide-roaming carnivores suffer most in zoos. New Scientist, 1 October. www.newscientist.com/article/dn4221-wideroaming-carnivores-suffer-most-in-zoos.html (accessed 27 May 2008).Google Scholar
Rawski, M. and Józefiak, D. (2014). Body condition scoring and obesity in captive African side-neck turtles (Pelomedusidae). Annals of Animal Science, 14, 573584.Google Scholar
Reade, L. S. and Waran, N. K. (1996). The modern zoo: how do people perceive zoo animals? Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 47, 109118.Google Scholar
Reading, R. P., Miller, B. and Shepherdson, D. (2013). The value of enrichment to reintroduction success. Zoo Biology, 32, 332341.Google Scholar
Redford, K. H. (1985). Feeding and food preference in captive and wild giant anteaters (Myrmecophaga tridactyla). Journal of Zoology, 205, 559572.Google Scholar
Redford, K. H. and Dorea, J. G. (1984), The nutritional value of invertebrates with emphasis on ants and termites as food for mammals. Journal of Zoology, 203, 385395.Google Scholar
Redmond, J. and Lamperez, A. (2004). Leading limb preference during brachiation in the gibbon family member, Hylobates syndactylus (siamangs): a study of the effects of singing on lateralisation. Laterality: Asymmetries of Body, Brain and Cognition, 9, 381396.Google Scholar
Rees, P. A. (1977). Some aspects of the feeding ecology of the African elephant (Loxodonta africana africana, Blumenbach 1797) in captivity. Unpublished BSc dissertation, University of Liverpool, Liverpool.Google Scholar
Rees, P. A. (1982). Gross assimilation efficiency and food passage time in the African elephant. African Journal of Ecology, 20, 193198.Google Scholar
Rees, P. A. (1983). Synchronization of defaecation in the African elephant (Loxodonta africana). Journal of Zoology, 201, 581585.Google Scholar
Rees, P. A. (2000). Are elephant enrichment studies missing the point? International Zoo News, 47, 369371.Google Scholar
Rees, P. A. (2001). Is there a legal obligation to reintroduce animal species into their former habitats? Oryx, 35, 216223.Google Scholar
Rees, P. A. (2002). Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) dust bathe in response to an increase in environmental temperature. Journal of Thermal Biology, 27, 353358.Google Scholar
Rees, P. A. (2003). Asian elephants in zoos face global extinction: should zoos accept the inevitable? Oryx, 37, 2022.Google Scholar
Rees, P. A. (2004a). Low environmental temperature causes an increase in stereotypic behaviour in captive Asian elephants (Elephas maximus). Journal of Thermal Biology, 29, 3743.Google Scholar
Rees, P. A. (2004b). Some preliminary evidence of the social facilitation of mounting behavior in the Asian elephant (Elephas maximus). Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science, 7, 4958.Google Scholar
Rees, P. A. (2004c). Unreported appeasement behaviours in the Asian elephant (Elephas maximus). Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, 101, 7174.Google Scholar
Rees, P. A. (2005a). The EC Zoos Directive: a lost opportunity to implement the Convention on Biological Diversity. Journal of International Wildlife Law and Policy, 8, 5162.Google Scholar
Rees, P. A. (2005b). Will the EC Zoos Directive increase the conservation value of zoo research? Oryx, 39, 128131.Google Scholar
Rees, P. A. (2009a). Activity budgets and the relationship between feeding and stereotypic behaviours in Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) in a zoo. Zoo Biology, 28, 7997.Google Scholar
Rees, P. A. (2009b). The sizes of elephant groups in zoos: implications for elephant welfare. Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science, 12, 4460.Google Scholar
Rees, P. A. (2011). An Introduction to Zoo Biology and Management. Wiley-Blackwell, Chichester.Google Scholar
Rees, P. A. (2013). Dictionary of Zoo Biology and Animal Management. Wiley-Blackwell, Chichester.Google Scholar
Rees, P. A. (2015). Studying Captive Animals: A Workbook of Methods in Behaviour, Welfare and Ecology. Wiley-Blackwell, Chichester.Google Scholar
Rees, P. A. (2017). The Laws Protecting Animals and Ecosystems. Wiley-Blackwell, Chichester.Google Scholar
Rees, P. A. (2021). Elephants under Human Care: The Behaviour, Ecology, and Welfare of Elephants in Captivity. Academic Press, San Diego.Google Scholar
Reeve, C. L., Spitzmüller, C., Rogelberg, S. G., et al. (2004). Employee reactions and adjustments to euthanasia-related work: identifying turning-point events through retrospective narratives. Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science, 7, 125.Google Scholar
Regaiolli, B., Rizzo, A., Ottolini, G., et al. (2019). Motion illusions as environmental enrichment for zoo animals: a preliminary investigation on lions (Panthera leo). Frontiers in Psychology, 10, 2220.Google Scholar
Regaiolli, B., Bolcato, S., Ottolini, G., et al. (2021). Preliminary investigation of foot preference for a string-pulling task in zoo macaws. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 238, 105307.Google Scholar
Reid, G. M. (2007). Science in zoos and aquariums. Science in Parliament, 64, 67.Google Scholar
Reinhardt, V. and Roberts, A. (1997). Effective feeding enrichment for non-human primates: a brief review. Animal Welfare, 6, 265272.Google Scholar
Reinhardt, V., Houser, W. D., Cowley, E. and Champoux, M. (1987). Preliminary comments on environmental enrichment with branches for individually caged rhesus monkeys. Laboratory Primate Newsletter, 26, 13.Google Scholar
Reiss, D. and Marino, L. (2001). Mirror self-recognition in the bottlenose dolphin: a case of cognitive convergence. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 98, 59375942.Google Scholar
Remis, M. J. (2000). Initial studies on the contributions of body size and gastrointestinal passage rates to dietary flexibility among gorillas. American Journal of Physical Anthropology, 112, 171180.Google Scholar
Remport, L., Sós-Koroknai, V., Hoitsy, M. and Sós, E. (2022). Mandibular fractures in giraffes (Giraffa camelopardalis) in European zoos. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 53, 448454.Google Scholar
Reuter, H. O. and Adcock, K. (1998). Standardised body condition scoring system for black rhinoceros (Diceros bicornis). Pachyderm, 26, 116121.Google Scholar
Rhoads, D. L. and Goldsworthy, R. J. (1979). The effects of zoo environments on public attitudes toward endangered wildlife. International Journal of Environmental Studies, 13, 283287.Google Scholar
Richardson, D. M. (2000). Euthanasia: a nettle we need to grasp. Ratel, 27, 8088.Google Scholar
Richmond, D. J., Sinding, M.-H. S., Thomas, M. and Gilbert, P. (2016). The potential and pitfalls of de-extinction. Zoologica Scripta, 45, 2236.Google Scholar
Rickman, L. K., Montali, R. J., Garber, R. L., et al. (1999). Novel endotheliotropic herpesviruses fatal for Asian and African elephants. Science, 283, 1171.Google Scholar
Riggio, G., Pirrone, F., Lunghini, E., Gazzano, A. and Mariti, C. (2020). Zookeepers’ perception of zoo canid welfare and its effect on job satisfaction, worldwide. Animals, 10(5), 916.Google Scholar
Ritvo, S. E. and MacDonald, S. E. (2016). Music as enrichment for Sumatran orangutans (Pongo abelii). Journal of Zoo and Aquarium Research, 4, 156163.Google Scholar
Ritzer, G. (2008). The McDonaldization of Society 5. Pine Forge Press, Thousand Oaks.Google Scholar
Robbins, C. T., Tollefson, T. N., Rode, K. D., Erlenbach, J. A. and Ardente, A. J. (2022). New insights into dietary management of polar bears (Ursus maritimus) and brown bears (U. arctos). Zoo Biology, 41, 166175.Google Scholar
Robbins, L. and Margulis, S. W. (2014). The effects of auditory enrichment on gorillas. Zoo Biology, 33, 197203.Google Scholar
Robbins, L. and Margulis, S. W. (2016). Music for the birds: effects of auditory enrichment on captive bird species. Zoo Biology, 35, 2934.Google Scholar
Robbins, M. M., Gray, M., Fawcett, K. A., et al. (2011). Extreme conservation leads to recovery of the Virunga mountain gorillas. PLoS ONE, 6(6), e19788.Google Scholar
Robbins, R. L. and Sheridan, J. (2021). Effect of enclosure expansion on the activity budgets of Eastern black‐and‐white colobus monkeys, Colobus guereza. Zoo Biology, 40, 115123.Google Scholar
Robert, A., Colas, B., Guigon, I., et al. (2015). Defining reintroduction success using IUCN criteria for threatened species: a demographic assessment. Animal Conservation, 18, 397406.Google Scholar
Robert, S. (1986). Ontogeny of mirror behavior in two species of great apes. American Journal of Primatology, 10, 109117.Google Scholar
Roberts, M. and Cunningham, B. (1986). Space and substrate use in captive Western tarsiers (Tarsius bancanus). International Journal of Primatology, 7, 113130.Google Scholar
Robinson, L. M., Altschul, D. M., Wallace, E. K., et al. (2017). Chimpanzees with positive welfare are happier, extraverted, and emotionally stable. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 191, 9097.Google Scholar
Roe, K., McConney, A. and Mansfield, C. F. (2014). The role of zoos in modern society: a comparison of zoos’ reported priorities and what visitors believe they should be. Anthrozoös, 27, 529541.Google Scholar
Rohr, L. (1989). A survey of American zoo and aquarium archives. Science & Technology Libraries, 9, 7584.Google Scholar
Roocroft, A. (2007). Protected contact training of elephants in Europe. International Zoo News, 54, 626.Google Scholar
Rose, P. E. and Croft, D. P. (2015). The potential of social network analysis as a tool for the management of zoo animals. Animal Welfare, 24, 123138.Google Scholar
Rose, P. and Robert, R. (2013). Evaluating the activity patterns and enclosure usage of a little-studied zoo species, the sitatunga (Tragelaphus spekii). Journal of Zoo and Aquarium Research, 1, 1419.Google Scholar
Rose, P. E., Brereton, J. E. and Croft, D. P. (2018). Measuring welfare in captive flamingos: activity patterns and exhibit usage in zoo-housed birds. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 205, 115125.Google Scholar
Rose, P. E., Brereton, J. E., Rowden, L. J., de Figueiredo, R. L. and Riley, L. M. (2019). What’s new from the zoo? An analysis of ten years of zoo-themed research output. Palgrave Communications, 5, 128. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-019-0345-3.Google Scholar
Rosenzweig, M. R., Bennett, E. L., Hebert, M. and Morimoto, H. (1978). Social grouping cannot account for cerebral effects of enriched environments. Brain Research, 153, 563576.Google Scholar
Rosier, R. L. and Langkilde, T. (2011). Does environmental enrichment really matter? A case study using the Eastern fence lizard, Sceloporus undulatus. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 131, 7176.Google Scholar
Ross, S. R. and Gillespie, K. L. (2008). Influences on visitor behavior at a modern immersive zoo exhibit. Zoo Biology, 28, 462472.Google Scholar
Ross, S. R. and Lukas, K. E. (2006). Use of space in a non-naturalistic environment by chimpanzees and lowland gorillas. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 96, 143152.Google Scholar
Ross, S. R, Schapiro, S. J., Hau, J. and Lukas, K. E. (2009). Space use as an indicator of enclosure appropriateness: a novel measure of captive animal welfare. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 121, 4250.Google Scholar
Roth, A. M. and Cords, M. (2020). Zoo visitors affect sleep, displacement activities, and affiliative and aggressive behaviours in captive ebony langurs (Trachypithecus auratus). Acta Ethologica, 23, 6168.Google Scholar
Roth, T. L., Stoops, M. A., Atkinson, M. W., et al. (2005). Semen collection in rhinoceroses (Rhinoceros unicornis, Diceros bicornis, Ceratotherium simum) by electroejaculation with a uniquely designed probe. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 36, 617627.Google Scholar
Rothwell, E. S., Bercovitch, F. B., Andrews, J. R. M. and Anderson, M. J. (2011). Estimating daily walking distance of captive African elephants using an accelerometer. Zoo Biology, 30, 579591.Google Scholar
Rowell, T. A. A. D., Magrath, M. J. L. and Magrath, R. D. (2020). Predator-awareness training in terrestrial vertebrates: progress, problems and possibilities. Biological Conservation, 252. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.biocon.2020.108740.Google Scholar
Rowlands, A. N., Capel, T., Rowden, L. and Dow, S. (2021). Burrowing in captive juvenile Desertas wolf spiders Hogen ingens. Journal of Zoo and Aquarium Research, 9, 6672.Google Scholar
RSPB (2021). Annual Report 2020–2021. Royal Society for the Protection of Birds, Sandy, Bedfordshire.Google Scholar
Ruby, S. and Buchanan‐Smith, H. M. (2015). The effects of individual cubicle research on the social interactions and individual behavior of brown capuchin monkeys (Sapajus apella). American Journal of Primatology, 77, 10971108.Google Scholar
Rushen, J. (1993). The ‘coping’ hypothesis of stereotypic behaviour. Animal Behaviour, 45, 613615.Google Scholar
Rushen, J., de Passillé, A. M. and Munksgaard, L. (1999). Fear of people by cows and effects on milk yield, behavior and heart rate at milking. Journal of Dairy Science, 82, 720727.Google Scholar
Russow, L. M. (1994). Why do species matter? In: Westphal, D. and Westphal, F. (eds.), Planet in Peril: Essays in Environmental Ethics. Holt, Reinhart and Winston, Orlando, pp. 149170.Google Scholar
Rutowski, P. (1990). Theater techniques in an aquarium or a natural history museum. Journal of Museum Education, 15, 57.Google Scholar
Ryan, C. and Saward, J. (2004). The zoo as ecotourism attraction: visitor reactions, perceptions and management implications. The case of Hamilton Zoo, New Zealand. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 12, 245266.Google Scholar
Ryan, S., Thompson, S. D., Roth, A. M. and Gold, K. C. (2002). Effects of hand‐rearing on the reproductive success of Western lowland gorillas in North America. Zoo Biology 21, 389401.Google Scholar
Sach, F., Fitzpatrick, M., Masters, N. and Field, D. (2019). Financial planning required to keep elephants in zoos in the United Kingdom in accordance with the Secretary of State’s Standards of Modern Zoo Practice for the next 30 years. International Zoo Yearbook. https://doi.org/10.1111/izy.12213.Google Scholar
Sadhukhan, C., Root-Gutteridge, H. and Habib, B. (2021). Identifying unknown wolves by their distinctive howls: its potential as a non-invasive survey method. Scientific Reports, 11, 7309.Google Scholar
Safadi, R. and Ram, J. (2020). Creating an effective electric eel display for the Belle Isle Aquarium. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3729126.Google Scholar
Saha, J. (2016). Murder at London Zoo: late colonial sympathy in interwar Britain. The American Historical Review, 121, 14681491.Google Scholar
Saint Jalme, M., Lecoq, R., Seigneurin, F., Blesbois, E. and Plouzeau, E. (2003). Cryopreservation of semen from endangered pheasants: the first step towards a cryobank for endangered avian species. Theriogenology, 59(3–4), 875888.Google Scholar
Saito, Y. (1998). Appreciating nature on its own terms. Environmental Ethics, 20, 135149.Google Scholar
Sakagami, T. and Ohta, M. (2010). The effect of visiting zoos on human health and quality of life. Animal Science Journal, 81, 129134.Google Scholar
Samways, M. J. (2019). Insect Conservation: A Global Synthesis. CABI, Oxford.Google Scholar
Sanderson, E. W. (2006). How many animals do we want to save? The many ways of setting population target levels for conservation. Bioscience, 56, 911922.Google Scholar
Sandstrom, P. A., Phan, K. O., Switzer, W. M., et al. (2000). Simian foamy virus infection among zoo keepers. The Lancet, 355(9203), 551552.Google Scholar
Santymire, R., Branvold‐Faber, H. and Marinari, P. E. (2014). Recovery of the black‐footed ferret. In: Fox, J. G. and Marini, R. P. (eds.), Biology and Diseases of the Ferret (3rd ed.). Wiley & Sons, Hoboken, pp. 219231.Google Scholar
Sayer, E. C., Whitham, J. C. and Margulis, S. W. (2007). Who needs a forelimb anyway? Locomotor, postural and manipulative behaviour in a one-armed gibbon. Zoo Biology, 26, 215222.Google Scholar
Schaefer, S. A. and Steklis, H. D. (2014). Personality and subjective well‐being in captive male Western lowland gorillas living in bachelor groups. American Journal of Primatology, 76, 879889.Google Scholar
Schaffer, N. E., Beehler, B., Jeyendran, R. S. and Balke, B. (1990). Methods of semen collection in an ambulatory greater one-horned rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis). Zoo Biology, 9, 211221.Google Scholar
Schalinski, S., Hollmann, T. and Tsokos, M. (2008). Fatal attacks of zoo animals on humans: a case report. Archiv fur Kriminologie, 221, 113119.Google Scholar
Schaller, G. (1972). The Serengeti Lion. University of Chicago Press, Chicago.Google Scholar
Schlaich, J. and Schober, H. (1997). Glass roof for the Hippo House at the Berlin Zoo. Structural Engineering International, 7, 252254.Google Scholar
Schmidt, H. and Kappelhof, J. (2019). Review of the management of the Asian elephant Elephas maximus EEP: current challenges and future solutions. International Zoo Yearbook, 53, 3144.Google Scholar
Schmitt, D. (2008). View from the big top:. why elephants belong in North American circuses. In: Wemmer, C. and Christen, C. A. (eds.), Elephants and Ethics: Towards a Morality of Coexistence. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, pp. 227234.Google Scholar
Schmitt, D. L. (1998). Report of a successful artificial insemination in an Asian elephant. In Third International Elephant Research Symposium, Springfield.Google Scholar
Schmitt, E. C. (1988). Effects of conservation legislation on the professional development of zoos. International Zoo Yearbook, 27, 39.Google Scholar
Schmitt, T. L., St. Aubin, D. J., Schaefer, A. M. and Dunn, J. L. (2010). Baseline, diurnal variations, and stress-induced changes of stress hormones in three captive beluga whales, Delphinapterus leucas. Marine Mammal Science, 26, 635647.Google Scholar
Schneider, M., Nogge, G. and Kolter, L. (2014). Implementing unpredictability in feeding enrichment for Malayan sun bears (Helarctos malayanus). Zoo Biology, 33, 5462.Google Scholar
Schneider, S. and Dierkes, P. W. (2021). Localize Animal Sound Events Reliably (LASER): a new software for sound localization in zoos. Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens, 2, 146163.Google Scholar
Schneider, W. H. (2008). The ethnographic exhibitions of the Jardin Zoologique d’Acclimation. In: Blanchard, P., Bancel, N., Boëtsch, G., et al. (eds.), Human Zoos: Science and Spectacle in the Age of Colonial Empires. Liverpool University Press, Liverpool, pp. 142150.Google Scholar
Schneiderová, I. and Vodička, R. (2021). Bioacoustics as a tool to monitor the estrus cycle in a female slow loris (Nycticebus sp.). Zoo Biology, 40, 575583.Google Scholar
Schneiderová, I., Zouhar, J., Štefanská, L., et al. (2016).Vocal activity of lesser galagos (Galago spp.) at zoos. Zoo Biology, 35, 147156.Google Scholar
Schneiders, A., Sonksen, J. and Hodges, J. K. (2004). Penile vibratory stimulation in the marmoset monkey: a practical alternative to electro‐ejaculation, yielding ejaculates of enhanced quality. Journal of Medical Primatology, 33, 98104.Google Scholar
Schomberg, G. (1970). The value of zoological collections in conservation. Journal of Small Animal Practice, 11, 5562.Google Scholar
Schreier, A. L., Readyhough, T. S., Moresco, A., Davis, M. and Joseph, S. (2021). Social dynamics of a newly integrated bachelor group of Asian elephants (Elephas maximus): welfare implications. Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science. http://doi.org/10.1080/10888705.2021.1908141.Google Scholar
Schultz, J. G. W. and Joordens, S. (2014). The effect of visitor motivation on the success of environmental education at the Toronto Zoo. Environmental Education Research, 20, 753775.Google Scholar
Schwartz, G. T., Reid, D. J., Dean, M. C. and Zihlman, A. L. (2006). A faithful record of stressful life events recorded in the dental developmental record of a juvenile gorilla. International Journal of Primatology, 27, 12011219.Google Scholar
Schwarzenberger, F., Möstl, E., Palme, R. and Bamberg, E. (1996). Faecal steroid analysis for non-invasive monitoring of reproductive status in farm, wild and zoo animals. Animal Reproduction Science, 42, 515526.Google Scholar
Schwitzer, C. and Kaumanns, W. (2001). Body weights of ruffed lemurs (Varecia variegata) in European zoos with reference to the problem of obesity. Zoo Biology, 20, 261269.Google Scholar
Scoleri, V. P., Johnson, C. N., Vertigan, P. and Jones, M. E. (2020). Conservation trade-offs: island introduction of a threatened predator suppresses invasive mesopredators but eliminates a seabird colony. Biological Conservation, 248, 108635.Google Scholar
Scottish Beaver Trial (2007). Trial reintroduction of the European beaver to Knapdale, Mid-Argyll. Scottish Beaver Trial. Local consultation report: 1 October–30 November 2007.Google Scholar
Scotto-Lomassese, S., Strambi, C., Strambi, A., et al. (2000). Influence of environmental stimulation on neurogenesis in the adult insect brain. Journal of Neurobiology, 45, 162171.Google Scholar
Seeber, P. A., Morrison, T., Ortega, A., et al. (2020). Immune differences in captive and free-ranging zebras (Equus quagga and E. zebra). Mammalian Biology, 100, 155164.Google Scholar
Seidensticker, J. and Doherty, J. G. (1996). Integrating animal behavior and exhibit design. In: Kleiman, D. G., Allen, M. E., Thompson, K. V. and Lumpkins, S. (eds.), Wild Mammals in Captivity: Principles and Techniques. University of Chicago Press, Chicago, pp. 180190.Google Scholar
Seidlitz, A., Bryant, K. A., Armstrong, N. J., Calver, M. and Wayne, A. F. (2021). Optimising camera trap height and model increases detection and individual identification rates for a small mammal, the numbat (Myrmecobius fasciatus). Australian Mammalogy, 43, 226234.Google Scholar
Semple, S. (2002). Analysis of research projects conducted in Federation collections to 2000. Federation Research Newsletter, 3(1), 3.Google Scholar
Senn, H. V., Ghazali, M., Kaden, J., et al. (2019). Distinguishing the victim from the threat: SNP-based methods reveal the extent of introgressive hybridization between wildcats and domestic cats in Scotland and inform future in situ and ex situ management options for species restoration. Evolutionary Applications, 12, 399414.Google Scholar
Shannon, D., Kitchener, A. C. and Macdonald, A. A. (1995). The preputial glands of the coati, Nasau nasau. Journal of Zoology, 236, 319357.Google Scholar
Shapiro, B. (2017). Pathways to de-extinction: how close can we get to resurrection of an extinct species? Functional Ecology, 31, 9961002.Google Scholar
Shapland, A. (2004). Where have all the monkeys gone? The changing nature of the Monkey Temple at Bristol Zoo. Anthrozoös, 17, 194209.Google Scholar
Shapland, A. and Van Reybrouck, D. (2008). Competing natural and historical heritage: the Penguin Pool at London Zoo. International Journal of Heritage Studies, 14, 1029.Google Scholar
Shchukina, M., Korobkov, A., Byrkova, P. and Pavlova, N. (2019). Image of St. Petersburg public oceanarium in the minds of its visitors. Scientific Notes Journal of St. Petersburg State Institute of Psychology and Social Work, 31, 3241.Google Scholar
Sheldon, J. D., Adkesson, M. J., Allender, M. C., et al. (2020). Objective gait analysis in Humboldt penguins (Spheniscus humboldti) using a pressure-sensitive walkway. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 50, 910916.Google Scholar
Shepherdson, D. J. (1998). Introduction: tracing the path of environmental enrichment in zoos. In: Shepherdson, D. J., Mellen, J. D. and Hutchins, M. (eds.), Second Nature: Environmental Enrichment for Captive Animals. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, DC, pp. 112.Google Scholar
Shepherdson, D. J., Carlstead, K., Mellen, J. D. and Seidensticker, J. (1993). The influence of food presentation on the behavior of small cats in confined environments. Zoo Biology, 12, 203216.Google Scholar
Shepherdson, D. J., Mellen, J. D. and Hutchins, M. (1998). Second Nature: Environmental Enrichment for Captive Animals. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington.Google Scholar
Sherwen, S. L., Magrath, M. J. L., Butler, K. L., Phillips, C. J. C. and Hemsworth, P. H. (2014). A multi-enclosure study investigating the behavioural response of meerkats to zoo visitors. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 156, 7077.Google Scholar
Sherwen, S. L., Magrath, M. J. L., Butler, K. L. and Hemsworth, P. H. (2015). Little penguins, Eudyptula minor, show increased avoidance, aggression and vigilance in response to zoo visitors. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 168, 7176.Google Scholar
Sherwood, K. P., Rallis, S. F. and Stone, J. (1989). Effects of live vs. preserved specimens on student learning. Zoo Biology, 8, 99104.Google Scholar
Shettel-Neuber, J. and O’Reilly, J. (1981). Now Where? A Study of Visitor Orientation and Circulation at the Arizona-Sonora Desert Museum. Technical Report No. 87-25. Psychology Institute, Jacksonville State University, Jacksonville.Google Scholar
Shier, D. (2016). Manipulating behavior to ensure reintroduction success. In: Berger-Tal, O. and Saltz, D. (eds.), Conservation Behavior: Applying Behavioral Ecology to Wildlife Conservation Management. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 275304.Google Scholar
Shier, D. M. and Swaisgood, R. R. (2012). Fitness costs of neighborhood disruption in translocations of a solitary mammal. Conservation Biology, 26, 116123.Google Scholar
Shopland, S., Barbon, A. R., Cotton, S., Whitford, H. and Barrows, M. (2020). Retrospective review of mortality in captive pink pigeons (Nesoenas mayeri) housed in European collections: 1977–2018. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 51, 159169.Google Scholar
Shora, J., Myhill, M. and Brereton, J. E. (2018). Should zoo foods be coati chopped. Journal of Zoo and Aquarium Research, 6, 2225.Google Scholar
Shoshani, J. and Eisenberg, J. F. (1982). Elephas maximus. Mammalian Species, 182, 18.Google Scholar
Shyne, A. (2006). Meta-analytic review of the effects of enrichment on stereotypic behavior in zoo mammals. Zoo Biology, 25, 317337.Google Scholar
Sickler, J. and Fraser, J. (2009). Enjoyment in zoos. Leisure Studies, 28, 313331.Google Scholar
Siew, K. M., Ramachandran, S., Siow, M. L., Shuib, A. and Kunasekaran, P. (2018). Visitors’ level of awareness on safety instructions at Giant Panda Conservation Centre (GPCC), Zoo Negara, Malaysia. International Journal of Business and Society, 19, 103116.Google Scholar
Silinski, S., Walzer, C., Schwarzenberger, F., Slotta-Bachmayr, L. and Stolla, R. (2002). Pharmacological methods of enhancing penile erection for ex-copula semen collection in standing white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simium simum). In European Association of Zoo and Wildlife Veterinarians (EAZWV) 4th Scientific Meeting Joint With the Annual Meeting of the European Wildlife Diseases Association (EXDA), Heidelberg, pp. 391394.Google Scholar
Silva, G. F., Gomes, J. E., Cunha, R., et al. (2022). Fatal congenital and traumatic cervical spine injuries in a newborn plains zebra (Equus quagga). Open Veterinary Journal, 12, 7579.Google Scholar
Sim, R. R., Stringer, E., Donovan, D., et al. (2017). Use of composite materials as a component of tusk fracture management in an Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) and an African elephant (Loxodonta africana). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 48, 891896.Google Scholar
Singer, P. (1975). Animal Liberation: A New Ethics of Our Treatment of Animals. Jonathan Cape Ltd, London.Google Scholar
Singer, P. (1995). Animal Liberation (2nd ed.). Pimlico, London.Google Scholar
Sitompul, A. F., Griffin, C. R., Rayl, N. D. and Fuller, T. K. (2013). Spatial and temporal habitat use of an Asian elephant in Sumatra. Animals, 3, 670679.Google Scholar
Skibiel, A. L., Trevino, H. S. and Naugher, K. (2007). Comparison of several types of enrichment for captive felids. Zoo Biology, 26, 371381.Google Scholar
Smart, T., Counsell, G. and Quinnell, R. J. (2021). The impact of immersive exhibit design on visitor behaviour and learning at Chester Zoo, UK. Journal of Zoo and Aquarium Research, 9, 139149.Google Scholar
Smith, A., Lindburg, D. G. and Vehrencamp, S. (1989). Effect of food preparation on feeding behavior of lion‐tailed macaques. Zoo Biology, 8, 5765.Google Scholar
Smith, B. and Hutchins, M. (2000). The value of captive breeding programmes to field conservation: elephants as an example. Pachyderm, 28, 101109.Google Scholar
Smith, B., Hutchins, M., Allard, R. and Warmolts, D. (2002). Regional collection planning for speciose taxonomic groups. Zoo Biology, 21, 313320.Google Scholar
Smith, K. M., Murray, S. and Sanchez, C. (2005). Successful treatment of suspected exertional myopathy in a rhea (Rhea americana). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 36, 316320.Google Scholar
Smith, L. and Broad, S. (2008). Do zoo visitors attend to conservation messages? A case study of an elephant exhibit. Tourism Review International, 11, 225235.Google Scholar
Smith, L., Broad, S. and Weiler, B. (2008). A closer examination of the impact of zoo visits on visitor behaviour. Journal of Sustainable Tourism, 16, 544562.Google Scholar
Smith, L., Weiler, B. Smith, A. and van Dijk, P. (2012). Applying visitor preference criteria to choose pro-wildlife behaviours to ask of zoo visitors. Curator: The Museum Journal, 55, 453466.Google Scholar
Smith, R. J. and Barley, R. (eds.) (2019). Living Collections Strategy 2019. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew.Google Scholar
Smits, K., Hoogewijs, M., Woelders, H., Daels, P. and Van Soom, A. (2012). Breeding or assisted reproduction? Relevance of the horse model applied to the conservation of endangered equids. Reproduction in Domestic Animals, 47, 239248.Google Scholar
Sommerfeld, R., Bauert, M., Hillman, E. and Stauffacher, M. (2006). Feeding enrichment by self-operated food boxes for white-fronted lemurs (Eulemur fulvus albifrons) in the Masoala exhibit of the Zurich Zoo. Zoo Biology, 25, 145154.Google Scholar
Sonnweber, R., Ravignani, A. and Fitch, W. (2015). Non-adjacent visual dependency learning in chimpanzees. Animal Cognition, 18, 733745.Google Scholar
South, A., Rushton, S. and Macdonald, D. (2000). Simulating the proposed reintroduction of the European beaver (Castor fiber) to Scotland. Biological Conservation, 93, 103116.Google Scholar
Sowińska, N. (2021). The domestic cat as a research model in the assisted reproduction procedures of wild felids. Postepy Biochemii, 67, 362369.Google Scholar
Spalton, A. (1993). A brief history of the reintroduction of the Arabian oryx Oryx leucoryx into Oman 1980–1992. International Zoo Yearbook, 32, 8190.Google Scholar
Spalton, J. A., Lawrence, M. W. and Brend, S. A. (1999). Arabian oryx reintroduction in Oman: successes and setbacks. Oryx, 33, 168175.Google Scholar
Spooner, S. L., Jense, E. A., Tracey, L. and Marshall, A. R. (2021). Evaluating the effectiveness of live animal shows at delivering information to zoo audiences. International Journal of Science Education, Part B, 11, 116.Google Scholar
Sripiboon, S., Tanhaew, P., Lungka, G. and Thitaram, C. (2013). The occurrence of elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus in captive Asian elephants (Elephas maximus): first case of EEHV4 in Asia. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 44, 100104.Google Scholar
Stanley-Price, M. R. (1989). Animal Reintroductions: the Arabian Oryx in Oman. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.Google Scholar
Stevens, E. F. and Pickett, C. (1994). Managing the social environments of flamingos for reproductive success. Zoo Biology, 13, 501507.Google Scholar
Stevens, P. E., Hill, H. M. and Bruck, J. N. (2021). Cetacean acoustic welfare in wild and managed-care settings: gaps and opportunities. Animals, 11, 3312. http://doi.org/10.3390/ani11113312.Google Scholar
STL Zoo (2014). Saint Louis Zoo. www.stlzoo.org/about/economicimpact/ (accessed 15 August 2017).Google Scholar
Stoinski, T. S. and Beck, B. B. (2004). Changes in locomotor and foraging skills in captive-born, reintroduced golden lion tamarins (Leontopithecus roselia roselia). American Journal of Primatology, 62, 113.Google Scholar
Stoinski, T. S., Lukas, K. E. and Maple, T. L. (1998). A survey of research in North American zoos and aquariums. Zoo Biology, 17, 167180.Google Scholar
Stoinski, T. S., Daniel, E. and Maple, T. L. (2000). A preliminary study of the behavioral effects of feeding enrichment on African elephants. Zoo Biology, 19, 485493.Google Scholar
Stoinski, T. S., Hoff, M. P. and Maple, T. L. (2001). Habitat use and structural preferences of captive Western lowland gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla): effects of environmental and social variables. International Journal of Primatology, 22, 431447.Google Scholar
Stoinski, T. S., Allen, M. T., Bloomsmith, M. A., Forthman, D. L. and Maple, T. L. (2002). Educating zoo visitors about complex environmental issues: should we do it and how? Curator: The Museum Journal, 45, 129143.Google Scholar
Stoinski, T. S., Lukas, K. E., Kuhar, C. W. and Maple, T. L. (2004). Factors influencing the formation and maintenance of all-male gorilla groups in captivity. Zoo Biology, 23, 189203.Google Scholar
Stoinski, T. S., Lukas, K. E. and Kuhar, C. W. (2013). Effects of age and group type on social behaviour of Western gorillas (Gorilla gorilla gorilla) in North American Zoos. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 147, 316323.Google Scholar
Suddendorf, T. and Collier-Baker, E. (2009). The evolution of primate visual self-recognition: evidence of absence in lesser apes. Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences, 276(1662), 16711677.Google Scholar
Sulser, C. E., Steck, B. L. and Baur, B. (2008). Effects of construction noise on behaviour of and exhibit use by snow leopards Uncia uncia at Basel Zoo. International Zoo Yearbook, 42, 199205.Google Scholar
Summers, L., Clingerman, K. J. and Yang, X. (2012). Validation of a body condition scoring system in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta): assessment of body composition by using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science, 51, 8893.Google Scholar
Suter, I. C., Maurer, G. P. and Baxter, G. (2014). Population viability of captive Asian elephants in the Lao PDR. Endangered Species Research, 24, 17.Google Scholar
Suzuki, M., Hirako, K., Saito, S., et al. (2008). Usage of high-performance mattresses for transport of Indo-Pacific bottlenose dolphin. Zoo Biology, 27, 331340.Google Scholar
Swaisgood, R. R., Dickman, D. and White, A. M. (2006). A captive population in crisis: testing hypotheses for reproductive failure in captive-born southern white rhinoceros females. Biological Conservation, 129, 468476.Google Scholar
Swaisgood, R. R., Wang, D. and Wei, F. (2018). Panda downlisted but not out of the woods. Conservation Letters, 11(1), e12355.Google Scholar
Swanagan, J. S. (2000). Factors influencing zoo visitors’ conservation attitudes and behavior. Journal of Environmental Education, 31, 2631.Google Scholar
Swanson, W. F., Stoops, M. A., Magarey, G. M. and Herrick, J. R. (2007). Sperm cryopreservation in endangered felids: developing linkage of in situ–ex situ populations. Society of Reproduction and Fertility, 65(suppl.), 417.Google Scholar
Świderska-Kiełbik, S., Krakowia, K. A., Wiszniewska, M., et al. (2009). Work-related respiratory symptoms in bird zoo keepers: questionnaire data. International Journal of Occupational Medicine and Environmental Health, 22, 393399.Google Scholar
Swim, J. and Fraser, J. (2014). Zoo and aquarium professionals’ concerns and confidence about climate change education. Journal of Geoscience Education, 62, 495501.Google Scholar
Swinnerton, K. J., Groombridge, J. J., Jones, C. G., Burn, R. W. and Mungroo, Y. (2004). Inbreeding depression and founder diversity among captive and free-living populations of the endangered pink pigeon Columba mayeri. Animal Conservation, 7, 353364.Google Scholar
Switzer, W. M., Bhullar, V., Shanmugam, V., et al. (2004). Frequent simian foamy virus infection in persons occupationally exposed to nonhuman primates. Journal of Virology, 78, 27802789.Google Scholar
Szleszkowski, L., Thannhäuser, A. and Jurek, T. (2017). Compound mechanism of fatal neck injury: a case report of a tiger attack in a zoo. Forensic Science International, 277, e16e20.Google Scholar
Taber, A. B. (1987). The behavioral ecology of the mara, Dolichotis patagonum. Doctoral dissertation, Oxford University, Oxford.Google Scholar
Tafalla, M. (2017). The aesthetic appreciation of animals in zoological gardens. Contemporary Aesthetics, 15. https://ddd.uab.cat/pub/artpub/2017/178154/2017-zoos-contempa-publicado.pdf.Google Scholar
Tait, P. (2016). Fighting Nature: Travelling Menageries, Animal Acts and War Shows. Sydney University Press, Sydney.Google Scholar
Takasu, M., Morita, N., Tajima, S., et al. (2016). Cryopreservation of lar gibbon semen collected by manual stimulation. Primates, 57, 303307.Google Scholar
Tanner, J. E. and Byrne, R. W. (1999). The development of spontaneous gestural communication in a group of zoo-living lowland gorillas. In: Parker, S. T., Mitchell, R. W. and Miles, H. L. (eds.), The Mentalities of Gorillas and Orangutans: Comparative Perspectives. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 211239.Google Scholar
Taronga Zoo (2017). Indigenous programs. https://taronga.org.au/education/education-sydney/indigenous-programs (accessed 17 August 2017).Google Scholar
Taylor, G., Canessa, S., Clarke, R. H., et al. (2017). Is reintroduction biology an effective applied science? Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 32, 873880.Google Scholar
Taylor, S. M. (1986). Understanding processes of informal education: a naturalistic study of visitors to a public aquarium. Unpublished PhD dissertation, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley.Google Scholar
Taylor, V. J. and Poole, T. B. (1998). Captive breeding and infant mortality in Asian elephants: a comparison between twenty western zoos and three eastern elephant centers. Zoo Biology, 17, 311322.Google Scholar
Ten, D. C. Y., Edinur, H. A., Jani, R., Hashim, N. H. and Abdullah, M. T. (2021). Covid 19 and the Malaysian zoo preventative measure readiness. Journal of Sustainability Science and Management, 16, 4654.Google Scholar
Tetley, C. L. and O’Hara, S. J. (2012). Ratings of animal personality as a tool for improving the breeding, management and welfare of zoo mammals. Animal Welfare, 21, 463476.Google Scholar
Tetzlaff, S. J., Sperry, J. H. and DeGregorio, B. A. (2019a). Effects of antipredator training, environmental enrichment, and soft release on wildlife translocations: a review and meta-analysis. Biological Conservation, 236, 324331.Google Scholar
Tetzlaff, S. J., Sperry, J. H., Kingsbury, B. A. and DeGregorio, B. A. (2019b). Captive-rearing duration may be more important than environmental enrichment for enhancing turtle head-starting success. Global Ecology and Conservation, 20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.gecco.2019.e00797.Google Scholar
Thiangtum, K., Swanson, W. F., Howard, J., et al. (2006). Assessment of basic seminal characteristics, sperm cryopreservation and heterologous in vitro fertilisation in the fishing cat (Prionailurus viverrinus). Reproduction, Fertility and Development, 18, 373382.Google Scholar
Thode-Arora, H. (2008). Hagenbeck’s European tours: the development of the human zoo. In: Blanchard, P., Bancel, N., Boëtsch, G., et al. (eds). Human Zoos: Science and Spectacle in the Age of Colonial Empires. Liverpool University Press, Liverpool, pp. 165173.Google Scholar
Thomas, J. A., Kastelein, R. A. and Awbrey, F. T. (1990). Behavior and blood catecholamines of captive belugas during plackbacks of noise from an oil drilling platform. Zoo Biology, 9, 393402.Google Scholar
Thompson, K. A., Henderson, E., Fitzgerald, S. D., Walker, E. D. and Kiupel, M. (2021). Eastern equine encephalitis virus in Mexican wolf pups at zoo, Michigan, USA. Emerging Infectious Diseases, 27, 11731176.Google Scholar
Thorpe, S. K. S., Crompton, R. H. and Wang, W. J. (2004). Stresses exerted in the hindlimb muscles of common chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) during bipedal locomotion. Folia Primatologica, 75, 253265.Google Scholar
Tidière, M., Gaillard, J.-M., Berger, V., et al. (2016). Comparative analyses of longevity and senescence reveal variable survival benefits of living in zoos across mammals. Science Reports, 6, 36361. http://doi.org/10.1038/srep36361.Google Scholar
Tilson, R. L., Sweeny, K. A., Binczik, G. A. and Reindl, N. J. (1988). Buddies and bullies: social structure of a bachelor group of Przewalski horses. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 21, 169185.Google Scholar
The Times (2017). Danger: flying lemurs. The Times, 6 October, p. 6.Google Scholar
Tishler, C., Assaraf, O. B. Z. and Fried, M. N. (2020). How do visitors from different cultural backgrounds perceive the messages conveyed to them by their local zoo. Interdisciplinary Journal of Environmental and Science Education, 16(3), e2216. https://doi.org/10.29333/ijese/8335.Google Scholar
Titus, S. E., Patterson, S., Prince-Wright, J., Dastjerdi, A. and Molenaar, F. M. (2022). Effects of between and within herd moves on elephant endotheliotropic herpesvirus (EEHV) recrudescence and shedding in captive Asian elephants (Elephas maximus). Viruses, 14, 229. https://doi.org/10.3390/v14020229.Google Scholar
Tlustry, M. F., Rhyne, A. L., Kaufman, L., et al. (2013). Opportunities for public aquariums to increase the sustainability of the aquatic animal trade. Zoo Biology, 32, 112.Google Scholar
Toledo, D., Agudelo, M. S. and Bentley, A. L. (2011). The shifting of ecological restoration benchmarks and their social impacts: digging deeper into Pleistocene re-wilding. Restoration Ecology, 19, 564568.Google Scholar
Toni, P. (2017). Combat leads to intraspecific killing in Eastern grey kangaroos. Australian Mammalogy, 40, 109111.Google Scholar
Toscano, G. (1997). Dangerous jobs. In Fatal Workplace Injuries in 1995: A Collection of Data and Analysis. US Department of Labor, Washington, pp. 3841.Google Scholar
Toscano, M. J., Friend, T. H. and Nevill, C. H. (2001). Environmental conditions and body temperature of circus elephants transported during relatively high and low temperature conditions. Journal of the Elephant Managers Association, 12, 115149.Google Scholar
Traylor-Holzer, K., Leus, K. and Bauman, K. (2019). Integrated collection assessment and planning (ICAP) workshop: helping zoos move towards the One Plan Approach. Zoo Biology, 38, 95105.Google Scholar
Tribe, A. and Booth, R. (2003). Assessing the role of zoos in wildlife conservation. Human Dimensions of Wildlife, 8, 6574.Google Scholar
Tuite, E. K., Moss, S. A., Phillips, C. J. and Ward, S. J. (2022). Why are enrichment practices in zoos difficult to implement effectively? Animals, 12, 554. https://doi.org/10.3390/ani12050554.Google Scholar
Turkowski, F. J. (1972). Education at zoos and aquariums in the United States. Bioscience, 22, 468475.Google Scholar
Turley, S. K. (1999). Exploring the future of the traditional UK zoo. Journal of Vacation Marketing, 5, 340355.Google Scholar
Turley, S. K. (2001). Children and the demand for recreational experiences: the case of zoos. Leisure Studies, 20, 118.Google Scholar
Turner, J. W., Nemeth, R. and Rogers, C. (2003). Measurement of fecal glucocorticoids in parrotfishes to assess stress. General and Comparative Endocrinology, 133, 341352.Google Scholar
Turvey, S. T., Walsh, C., Hansford, J. P., et al. (2019). Complementarity, completeness and quality of long-term faunal archives in an Asian biodiversity hotspot. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B, 374(1788), 20190217.Google Scholar
Tyson, E. (2021). Licensing Laws and Animal Welfare: The Legal Protection of Wild Animals. Palgrave Macmillan, London.Google Scholar
Úbeda, Y., Ortín, S., Robeck, T. R., Llorente, M. and Almunia, J. (2021). Personality of killer whales (Orcinus orca) is related to welfare and subjective well-being. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 237, 105297.Google Scholar
Ueno, A. and Matsuzawa, T. (2005). Response to novel food in infant chimpanzees: do infants refer to mothers before ingesting food on their own? Behavioural Processes, 68, 8590.Google Scholar
Uher, J. and Asendorpf, J. B. (2008). Personality assessment in the Great Apes: comparing ecologically valid behavior measures, behavior ratings, and adjective ratings. Journal of Research in Personality, 42, 821838.Google Scholar
USFWS (2007). U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service reintroduces black-footed ferrets in Logan County, Kansas. News release, 20 December. www.fws.gov/mountain-prairie/PRESSREI/07-74.htm (accessed 25 April 2017).Google Scholar
Van De Bunte, W., Weerman, J. and Hof, A. R. (2021). Potential effects of GPS collars on the behaviour of two red pandas (Ailurus fulgens) in Rotterdam Zoo. PLoS ONE, 16, e0252456.Google Scholar
Van der Poel, W. H. M., Van der Heide, R., Van Amerongen, G., et al. (2000). Characterisation of a recently isolated lyssavirus in frugivorous zoo bats. Archives of Virology, 145, 19191931.Google Scholar
van Hoek, C. S. and Ten Cate, C. (1998). Abnormal behavior in caged birds kept as pets. Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science, 1, 5164.Google Scholar
van Hooff, J. A., Dienske, H., Jens, W. and Spijkerman, R. P. (1996). Differences in variability, interactivity and skills in social play of young chimpanzees living in peer groups and in a large family zoo group. Behaviour, 133, 717739.Google Scholar
Van Houtan, K. S., Gagne, T., Jenkins, C. N. and Joppa, L. (2020). Sentiment analysis of conservation studies captures successes of species reintroductions. Patterns, 1(1), 100005.Google Scholar
Van Praag, H., Kempermann, G. and Gage, F. H. (2000). Neural consequences of enviromental enrichment. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 1, 191198.Google Scholar
Van Reybrouck, D. (2005). Archaeology and urbanism: railway stations and zoological gardens in the 19th-century cityscape. Public Archaeology, 4, 225241.Google Scholar
Vandevoort, C. A., Neville, L. E., Tollener, T. L. and Field, P. P. (1993). Noninvasive semen collection from an adult orang-utan. Zoo Biology, 12, 257265.Google Scholar
Vandiver, M. M. (1978). Keeper training at Santa Fe Community College: a progress report. International Zoo Yearbook, 18, 237240.Google Scholar
Vargas, A. and Anderson, S. H. (1996). Effects of diet on captive black-footed ferret (Mustela nigripes) food preference. Zoo Biology, 15, 105113.Google Scholar
Varner, G. (2008). Personhood, memory, and elephant management. In: Wemmer, C. and Christen, C. A. (eds.), Elephants and Ethics: Towards a Morality of Coexistence. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore, pp. 4167.Google Scholar
Veado, B. V. (1997). Parental behaviour in maned wolf Chrysocyon brachyurus at Belo Horizonte Zoo. International Zoo Yearbook, 35, 279286.Google Scholar
Veado, B. V. (2005). Paternal behaviour of maned wolf Chrysocyon brachyurus at Fundação Zoo-Botânica de Belo Horizonte. International Zoo Yearbook, 39, 198205.Google Scholar
Veasey, J. S. (2020). Can zoos ever be big enough for large wild animals? A review using an expert panel assessment of the psychological priorities of the Amur tiger (Panther tigris altaica) as a model species. Animals, 10(9), 1536. http://doi.org/10.3390/ani10091536.Google Scholar
Veasey, J. S., Waran, N. K. and Young, R. J. (1996). On comparing the behaviour of zoo housed animals with wild conspecifics as a welfare indicator, using the giraffe (Giraffa camelopardalis) as a model. Animal Welfare, 5, 139153.Google Scholar
Vergne, A. L., Aubin, T., Martin, S. and Mathevon, N. (2012). Acoustic communication in crocodilians: information encoding and species specificity of juvenile calls. Animal Cognition, 15, 10951109.Google Scholar
Vester, B. M., Burke, S. L., Dikeman, C. L., Simmons, L. G. and Swanson, K. S. (2008). Nutrient digestibility and fecal characteristics are different among captive exotic felids fed a beef-based raw diet. Zoo Biology, 27, 126136.Google Scholar
Vick, S.-J., Waller, B. M., Parr, L. A., Smith Pasqualini, M. C. and Bard, K. (2007). A cross-species comparison of facial morphology and movement in humans and chimpanzees using the Facial Action Coding System (FACS). Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 31, 120.Google Scholar
Victoria, J. K. and Collias, N. E. (1973). Social facilitation of egg-laying in experimental colonies of a weaverbird. Ecology, 54, 399405.Google Scholar
Videan, E. N., Fritz, J. and Murphy, J. (2007). Development of guidelines for assessing obesity in captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes). Zoo Biology, 26, 93104.Google Scholar
Vincze, O., Colchero, F., Lemaître, J.-F., et al. (2022). Cancer risk across mammals. Nature, 601, 263267.Google Scholar
Wagner, W. M., Hartley, M. P., Duncan, N. M. and Barrows, M. G. (2005). Spinal spondylosis and acute intervertebral disc prolapse in a European brown bear (Ursus arctos arctos): clinical communication. Journal of the South African Veterinary Association, 76, 120122.Google Scholar
Walker, B. N., Kim, J. and Pendse, A. (2007). Musical soundscapes for an accessible aquarium: bringing dynamic exhibits to the visually impaired. In International Computer Music Conference, Copenhagen.Google Scholar
Walker, E. H., Verschueren, S., Schmidt-Küntzel, A. and Marker, L. (2022). Recommendations for the rehabilitation and release of wild-born, captive-raised cheetahs: the importance of pre- and post-release management for optimizing survival. Oryx. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0030605321000235.Google Scholar
Wallace, C., Marinkovich, M., Morris, P. J., Rideout, B. and Pye, G. W. (2016). Lessons from a retrospective analysis of a 5-yr period of quarantine at San Diego Zoo: a risk-based approach to quarantine isolation and testing may benefit animal welfare. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 47, 291296.Google Scholar
Wallace, E. K., Altschul, D., Körfer, K., et al. (2017). Is music enriching for group-housed captive chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes)? PLoS ONE, 12(3), e0172672.Google Scholar
Wallace, E. K., Herrelko, E. S., Koski, S. E., et al. (2019). Exploration of potential triggers for self-directed behaviours and regurgitation and reingestion in zoo-housed chimpanzees. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 221, 104878.Google Scholar
Wallace, E. K., Kingston-Jones, M., Ford, M. and Semple, S. (2013). An investigation into the use of music as potential auditory enrichment for moloch gibbons (Hylobates moloch). Zoo Biology, 32, 423426.Google Scholar
Wallace, M. P. (1994). Control of behavioral development in the context of reintroduction programs for birds. Zoo Biology, 13, 491499.Google Scholar
Wallace, R. S. and Bush, M. (1987). Exertional myopathy complicated by a ruptured bladder in a dama gazelle (Gazella dama). Journal of Zoo Animal Medicine, 18, 111114.Google Scholar
Wallace, R. S., Bush, M. and Montali, R. J. (1985). Deaths from exertional myopathy at the National Zoological Park from 1975 to 1985. Journal of Wildlife Diseases, 23, 454462.Google Scholar
Walples, K. A. and Gales, N. J. (2002). Evaluating and minimising social stress in the care of captive bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops aduncus). Zoo Biology, 21, 526.Google Scholar
Walraven, V., Van Elsacker, L. and Verheyen, R. (1995). Reactions of a group of pygmy chimpanzees (Pan paniscus) to their mirror-images: evidence of self-recognition. Primates, 36, 145150.Google Scholar
Walsh, B. (2017). Asian elephant (Elephas maximus) sleep study: long-term quantitative research at Dublin Zoo. Journal of Zoo and Aquarium Research, 5, 8285.Google Scholar
Walzer, C., Pucher, H. and Schwarzenberger, F. (2000). A restraint chute for semen collection in white rhinoceros (Ceratotherium simum simum): preliminary results. In Proceedings of the European Association of Zoo and Wildlife Veterinarians (EAZWV) Third Scientific Meeting, Paris.Google Scholar
WAP (2022). World Animal Protection. www.api.worldanimalprotection.org (accessed 4 April 2022).Google Scholar
Ward, M. P., Ramer, J. C., Proudfoot, J., et al. (2003). Outbreak of salmonellosis in a zoological collection of lorikeets and lories (Trichoglossus, Lorius, and Eos spp.). Avian Diseases, 47, 493498.Google Scholar
Ward, P. I., Mosberger, N., Kistler, C. and Fischer, O. (1998). The relationship between popularity and body size in zoo animals. Conservation Biology, 12, 14081411.Google Scholar
Ward, S. J. and Melfi, V. (2015). Keeper–animal interactions: differences between the behaviour of zoo animals affect stockmanship. PLoS ONE, 10(10), e0140237.Google Scholar
Warin, R. and Warin, A. (1985). Portrait of a Zoo: Bristol Zoological Gardens 1835–1985. Redcliffe Press Ltd, Bristol.Google Scholar
Wark, J. D., Kuhar, C. W. and Lukas, K. E. (2014). Behavioral thermoregulation in a group of zoo-housed colobus monkeys (Colobus guereza). Zoo Biology, 33, 257266.Google Scholar
Wark, J. D., Wierzal, N. K. and Cronin, K. A. (2020). Mapping shade availability and use in zoo environments: a tool for evaluating thermal comfort. Animals, 10(7), 1189.Google Scholar
Waroff, A. J., Fanucchi, L., Robbins, C. T. and Nelson, O. L. (2017). Tool use, problem-solving, and the display of stereotypic behaviors in the brown bear (Ursus arctos). Journal of Veterinary Behavior, 17, 6268.Google Scholar
Wascher, C. A. F., Baur, N., Hengl, M., et al. (2021). Behavioural responses of captive corvids to the presence of visitors. Animal Behavior and Cognition, 8, 481492.Google Scholar
Watson, S. K., Townsend, S. W., Schel, A. M., et al. (2015). Vocal learning in the functionally referential food grunts of chimpanzees. Current Biology, 25, 495499.Google Scholar
Watts, P. C., Buley, K. R., Sanderson, S., et al. (2006). Parthenogenesis in komodo dragons. Nature, 444, 10211022.Google Scholar
Waugh, D. (1988). Training in zoo biology, captive breeding, and conservation. Zoo Biology, 7, 269280.Google Scholar
WAZA (2020). Guidelines for Animal–Visitor Interactions. World Association of Zoos and Aquariums, Barcelona.Google Scholar
Webster, K., Narayan, E. and De Vos, N. (2017). Fecal glucocorticoid metabolite response of captive koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus) to visitor encounters. General and Comparative Endocrinology, 244, 157163.Google Scholar
Wechsler, B. (1995). Coping and coping strategies: a behavioural review. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 43, 123134.Google Scholar
Wei, W., Swaisgood, R. R., Dai, Q., et al. (2018). Giant panda distributional and habitat‐use shifts in a changing landscape. Conservation Letters, 11(6), e12575.Google Scholar
Weinstein, T. A., Capitanio, J. P. and Gosling, S. D. (2008). Personality in animals. Handbook of Personality: Theory and Research, 3, 328348.Google Scholar
Weiss, E. and Wilson, S. (2003). The use of classical and operant conditioning in training Aldabra tortoises (Geochelone gigantea) for venipuncture and other husbandry issues. Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science, 6, 3338.Google Scholar
Weissenbacher, A., Preininger, D., Ghosh, R., Morshed, A. G. J. and Praschag, P. (2015). Conservation breeding of the Northern river terrapin Batagur baska at the Vienna Zoo, Austria, and in Bangladesh. International Zoo Yearbook, 49, 3141.Google Scholar
Welden, L. A., Stelvig, M., Nielsen, C. K., et al. (2020). The contributions of EAZA zoos and aquaria to peer-reviewed scientific research. Journal of Zoo and Aquarium Research, 8, 133138.Google Scholar
Weldon, C., Crottini, A., Bollen, A., et al. (2013). Pre-emptive national monitoring plan for detecting the amphibian chytrid fungus in Madagascar. EcoHealth, 10, 234240.Google Scholar
Wells, D. L. and Egli, J. M. (2004). The influence of olfactory enrichment on the behaviour of black-footed cats, Felis nigripes. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 85, 107119.Google Scholar
Wells, D. L. and Irwin, R. M. (2008). Auditory stimulation as enrichment for zoo-housed Asian elephants (Elephas maximus). Animal Welfare, 17, 335340.Google Scholar
Wells, D. L. and Irwin, R. M. (2009). The effect of feeding enrichment on the moloch gibbon (Hylobates moloch). Journal of Applied Animal Welfare Science, 12, 2129.Google Scholar
Wells, D. L., Coleman, D. and Challis, M. G. (2006). A note on the effect of auditory stimulation on the behaviour and welfare of zoo-housed gorillas. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 100, 327332.Google Scholar
Wemmer, C. and Christen, C. A. (eds.) (2008). Elephants and Ethics: Towards a Morality of Coexistence. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.Google Scholar
Wemmer, C. M. and Derrickson, S. R. (1987). Vertebrate reintroductions and translocations: an overview. International Journal of Primatology, 8, 424424.Google Scholar
Wemmer, C., Pickett, C. and Teare, J. A. (1990). Training zoo biology in tropical countries: a report on a method and progress. Zoo Biology, 9, 461470.Google Scholar
Wemmer, C., Rodden, M. and Pickett, C. (1997). Publication trends in zoo biology: a brief analysis of the first 15 years. Zoo Biology, 16, 38.Google Scholar
Wemmer, C., Krishnamurthy, V., Shrestha, S., et al. (2006). Assessment of body condition in Asian elephants (Elephas maximus). Zoo Biology, 25, 187200.Google Scholar
Wenker, C. J., Stich, H., Müller, M. and Lussi, A. (1999). A retrospective study of dental conditions of captive brown bears (Ursus arctos spp.) compared with free-ranging Alaskan grizzles (Ursus arctos horribilis). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 30, 208221.Google Scholar
West, P. C. and Virgene, H. (1990). Minorities and the Detroit Zoo. Visitor Studies, 2, 149152.Google Scholar
Westlund, K. (2014). Training is enrichment: and beyond. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 152, 16.Google Scholar
Wheeler, C. L. and Fa, J. E. (1995). Enclosure utilisation and activity in Round Island geckos (Phelsuma guentheri). Zoo Biology, 14, 361369.Google Scholar
White, B. C., Beare, J., Fuller, J. A. and Houser, L. A. (2003). Social spacing in a bachelor group of related captive brown woolly monkey (Lagothrix lagotricha). Neotropical Primates, 11, 3538.Google Scholar
White, J. and Barry, S. (1984). Science Education for Families in Informal Learning Settings: An Evaluation of the Herp Lab Project. National Zoological Park, Washington.Google Scholar
Whitehouse, J., Waller, B. M., Chanvin, M., et al. (2014). Evaluation of public engagement activities to promote science in a zoo environment. PLoS ONE, 9(11), e113395.Google Scholar
Whiten, A., Allan, G., Devlin, S., et al. (2016). Social learning in the real-world: ‘over-imitation’ occurs in both children and adults unaware of participation in an experiment and independently of social interaction. PLoS ONE, 11(7), e0159920.Google Scholar
Whitham, J. C. and Wielebnowski, N. (2009). Animal‐based welfare monitoring: using keeper ratings as an assessment tool. Zoo Biology, 28, 545560.Google Scholar
WHO (2022). Multi-country monkeypox outbreak: situation update 27 June 2022. www.who.int/emergencies/disease-outbreak-news/item/2022-DON396 (accessed 3 July 2022).Google Scholar
Wich, S. A. and Koh, L. P. (2018). Conservation Drones: Mapping and Monitoring Biodiversity. Oxford University Press, Oxford.Google Scholar
Wich, S. A., Shumaker, R. W., Perkins, L. and de Vries, H. (2009). Captive and wild orangutan (Pongo sp.) survivorship: a comparison and the influence of management. American Journal of Primatology, 71, 680686.Google Scholar
Wiedenmayer, C. (1998). Food hiding and enrichment in captive Asian elephants. Applied Animal Behaviour Science, 56, 7782.Google Scholar
Wielebnowski, N. (1996). Reassessing the relationship between juvenile mortality and genetic monomorphism in captive cheetahs. Zoo Biology, 15, 353369.Google Scholar
Wielebnowski, N. C., Fletchall, N., Carlstead, K., Busso, J. M. and Brown, J. L. (2002). Noninvasive assessment of adrenal activity associated with husbandry and behavioral factors in the North American clouded leopard population. Zoo Biology, 21, 7798Google Scholar
Wienker, W. R. (1986). Giraffe squeeze cage procedures. Zoo Biology, 5, 371377.Google Scholar
Wiese, R. J. (2000). Asian elephants are not self-sustaining in North America. Zoo Biology, 19, 299309.Google Scholar
Wiese, R. J., Hutchins, M., Willis, K. and Becker, S. (eds.) (1992). AAZPA Annual Report on Conservation and Science. American Association of Zoological Parks and Aquariums, Bethesda.Google Scholar
Wijeyamohan, S., Treiber, K., Schmitt, D. and Santiapillai, C. (2015). A visual system for scoring body condition of Asian elephants (Elephas maximus). Zoo Biology, 34, 5359.Google Scholar
Wildwood Trust (2022). Wilder Blean. https://wildwoodtrust.org/Wilder-blean (accessed 17 December 2022).Google Scholar
Wiley, J. N., Leeds, A., Carpenter, K. D. and Kendall, C. J. (2018). Patterns of wounding in Hamadryas baboons (Papio hamadryas) in North American zoos. Zoo Biology, 37, 7479.Google Scholar
Wiley, J. W., Snyder, N. F. R. and Gnam, N. F. R. (1992). Reintroduction as a conservation strategy for parrots. In: Beissinger, S. R. and Snyder, N. F. R. (eds.), New World Parrots in Crisis. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, pp. 165200.Google Scholar
Williams, E., Cabana, F. and Nekaris, K. A. I. (2015). Improving diet and activity in insectivorous primates in captivity: naturalizing the diet of Northern Ceylon grey slender lorises (Loris lydekkerianus nordicus). Zoo Biology, 34, 473482.Google Scholar
Williams, E., Carter, A., Rendle, J. and Ward, S. J. (2021a). Impacts of COVID-19 on animals in zoos: a longitudinal multi-species analysis. Journal of Zoological and Botanical Gardens, 2, 130135.Google Scholar
Williams, E., Carter, A., Rendle, J. and Ward, S. J. (2021b). Understanding impacts of zoo visitors: quantifying behavioural changes of two popular zoo species during COVID-19 closures. Applied Animal Behaviour Science. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applanim.2021.105253.Google Scholar
Williams, L. E., Abee, C. R., Barnes, S. R. and Ricker, R. B. (1988). Cage design and configuration for an arboreal species of primate. Laboratory Animal Science, 38, 289291.Google Scholar
Williams, R. L., Porter, S. K., Hart, A. G. and Goodenough, A. E. (2012). The accuracy of behavioural data collected by visitors in a zoo environment: can visitors collect meaningful data? International Journal of Zoology. http://doi.org/10.1155/2012/724835.Google Scholar
Willis, G. P., Kapustin, N., Warrick, J. M., et al. (1999). Preventing dental calculus formation in lemurs (Lemur catta, Eulemur fulvus collaris) and baboons (Papio cynocephalus). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 30, 377382.Google Scholar
Wilson, E. O. (1993). Biophilia and the conservation ethic. In: Kellert, S. and Wilson, E. O. (eds.), The Biophilia Hypothesis. Island Press, Washington, pp. 3141.Google Scholar
Wilson, J. W., Bergl, R. A., Minter, L. J., Loomis, M. R. and Kendall, C. J. (2019). The African elephant Loxodonta spp. conservation programmes of North Carolina Zoo: two decades of using emerging technologies to advance in situ conservation efforts. International Zoo Yearbook, 53, 151160.Google Scholar
Wilson, S. and Zimmerman, A. (2005). Zoos and Conservation Bibliography 2005. North of England Zoological Society. www.chesterzoo.org/conservation.asp (accessed 1 June 2006).Google Scholar
Wilson, S. C., Holder, H. W., Martin, J. M., et al. (2006). An indoor air quality study of an alligator (Alligator mississippiensis) holding facility. Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine, 37, 108115.Google Scholar
Wilson, S., Davies, T., Hazarika, N. and Zimmermann, A. (2015). Understanding spatial and temporal patterns of human–elephant conflict in Assam, India. Oryx, 49, 140149.Google Scholar
Wilson, V., Lefevre, C. E., Morton, F. B., et al. (2014). Personality and facial morphology: links to assertiveness and neuroticism in capuchins (Sapajus [Cebus] apella). Personality and Individual Differences, 58, 8994.Google Scholar
Wilting, A., Courtiol, A., Christiansen, P., et al. (2015). Planning tiger recovery: understanding intraspecific variation for effective conservation. Science Advances, 1(5), e1400175.Google Scholar
Wise, S. (2015). Update on the Sandra Orangutan Case in Argentina. Nonhuman Rights Project. www.nohumanrights.org/blog/update-on-the-sandra-orangutan-case-in-argentina (accessed 17 April 2022).Google Scholar
Wojtusik, J., Roth, T. L. and Curry, E. (2021). Evaluation of polar bear (Ursus maritimus) sperm collection and cryopreservation techniques. Reproduction, Fertility and Development, 34, 247.Google Scholar
Wojtusik, J., Roth, T. L. and Curry, E. (2022). Case studies in polar bear (Ursus maritimus) sperm collection and cryopreservation techniques. Animals, 12(4), 430.Google Scholar
Wood, J., Ballou, J. D., Callicrate, T., et al. (2020). Applying the zoo model to conservation of threatened exceptional plant species. Conservation Biology, 34, 14161425.Google Scholar
Woods, B. (1998). Animals on display: principles for interpreting captive wildlife. Journal of Tourism Studies, 9, 2839.Google Scholar
Woods, B. (2002). Good zoo/bad zoo: visitor experiences in captive settings. Anthrozoös, 15, 343360.Google Scholar
Woodside, D. P. and Kelly, J. D. (1995). The development of local, national and international zoo-based education programmes. International Zoo Yearbook, 34, 231246.Google Scholar
Wright, D. W. M. (2018). Cloning animals for tourism in the year 2070. Futures, 95, 5875.Google Scholar
Wünschmann, S., Wüst-Ackermann, P., Randler, C., Vollmer, C. and Itzek-Greulich, H. (2017). Learning achievement and motivation in an out-of-school setting: visiting amphibians and reptiles in a zoo is more effective than a lesson at school. Research in Science Education, 47, 497. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11165-016-9513-2.Google Scholar
WWF-UK (2021). WWF-UK Annual Report Summary 2020–21. World Wildlife Fund, Woking.Google Scholar
WWF-US (2021). 2021 WWF-US Annual Report. World Wildlife Fund, Washington.Google Scholar
Wyatt, J. R. and Eltringham, S. K. (1974). The daily activity of the elephant in Rwenzori National Park, Uganda. East African Wildlife Journal, 12, 273289.Google Scholar
Wyse, S. V., Dickie, J. B. and Willis, K. J. (2018). Seed banking not an option for many threatened plants. Nature Plants, 4, 848850.Google Scholar
Xu, N., Yu, J., Zhang, F., et al. (2022). Colony composition and nutrient analysis of Polyrhachis dives ants, a natural prey of the Chinese pangolin (Manis pentadactyla). Zoo Biology, 41, 157165.Google Scholar
Yaacob, M. N. (1994). Captive-breeding and reintroduction project for the milky stork Mycteria cinerea: at Zoo Negara, Malaysia. International Zoo Yearbook, 33, 3948.Google Scholar
Yalcin, E. and Aytug, N. (2007). Use of fluoxetine to treat stereotypical pacing behaviour in a brown bear (Ursus arctos). Journal of Veterinary Behavior, 2, 7376.Google Scholar
Yarrell, W. (1830). December 28, 1830. Letter from Mr J. C. Cox Esq. FLS. Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London, 1, 1720.Google Scholar
Yasui, S., Konno, A., Tanaka, M., et al. (2012). Personality assessment and its association with genetic factors in captive Asian and African elephants. Zoo Biology, 32, 7078.Google Scholar
Yasumoro, H. and Ikeda, Y. (2011). Effects of environmental enrichment on the behaviour of the tropical octopus Callistoctopus aspilosomatis. Marine and Freshwater Behaviour and Physiology, 44, 143157.Google Scholar
Yasumuro, H. and Ikeda, Y. (2016). Environmental enrichment accelerates the ontogeny of cryptic behavior in pharaoh cuttlefish (Sepia pharaonis). Zoological Science, 33, 255265.Google Scholar
Yasumuro, H. and Ikeda, Y. (2018). Environmental enrichment affects the ontogeny of learning, memory, and depth perception of the pharaoh cuttlefish Sepia pharaonis. Zoology, 128, 2737.Google Scholar
Yerke, R. and Burns, A. (1991). Measuring the impact of animal shows on visitor attitudes. In AAZPA Annual Conference Proceedings, American Association of Zoological Parks and Aquariums, Wheeling, pp. 532539.Google Scholar
Yew, W. (1991). Noah’s Art: Zoo, Aquarium, Aviary and Wildlife Park Graphics. Quon Editions, Singapore.Google Scholar
Yoelinda, V. T., Arifiantini, R. I., Agil, M., et al. (2020). The use of transrectal massage combined with artificial vagina as semen collection in Javan banteng (Bos javanicus) bull. In E3S Web of Conferences 151, EDP Sciences.Google Scholar
Yorzinski, J. L., Penkunas, M. J., Platt, M. L. and Coss, R. G. (2014). Dangerous animals capture and maintain attention in humans. Evolutionary Psychology, 12, 534–48.Google Scholar
Yoshida, H. (1997). On the training of a female bonobo for artificial insemination in the Columbus Zoo. Pan Africa News, 4, 1617.Google Scholar
Young, R. J. (2003). Environmental Enrichment for Captive Animals. Blackwell Publishing, Oxford.Google Scholar
Young, R. P., Hudson, M. A., Terry, A. M. R., et al. (2014). Accounting for conservation: using the IUCN Red List Index to evaluate the impact of a conservation organization. Biological Conservation, 180, 8496.Google Scholar
Yu, J. H., Brown, J., Boisseau, N., Barthel, T. and Murray, S. (2021). Effects of Lupron and surgical castration on fecal androgen metabolite concentrations and intermale aggression in capybaras (Hydrochoerus hydrochaeris). Zoo Biology, 40, 135141.Google Scholar
Yuan, Y., Yuzhong, Y. and Liu, Q. (2021). Inbreeding depression and population viability analysis of the South China tigers (Panthera tigris amoyensis) in captivity. Mammalian Biology, 101, 803809.Google Scholar
Žagar, Ž., Šmalc, K., Primožič, P. K., Kvapil, P. and Nemec, A. (2021). Oral and dental examinations findings in 15 zoo Bolivian squirrel monkeys (Saimiri boliviensis) and black-tufted marmosets (Callithrix penicillata). Journal of Veterinary Dentistry, 38, 6774.Google Scholar
Zahid, U. N., Dar, L. M., Amin, U., et al. (2018). Delayed peracute capture myopathy in a Himalayan Ibex Capra sibirica (Mammalia: Cetartiodactyla: Bovidae). Journal of Threatened Taxa, 26, 1236312367.Google Scholar
Zeppel, H. and Muloin, S. (2007). Indigenous wildlife interpretation at Australian zoos and wildlife parks. Tourism Review International, 11, 265277.Google Scholar
Zhang, G., Swaisgood, R. R. and Zhang, H. (2004). Evaluation of behavioral factors influencing reproductive success and failure in captive giant pandas. Zoo Biology, 23, 1531.Google Scholar
Zhang, L., Jiang, W., Wang, Q. J. et al. (2016). Reintroduction and post-release survival of a living fossil: the Chinese giant salamander. PLoS ONE, 11(6), e0156715.Google Scholar
Zhao, D., Wang, Y., Han, K., Zhang, H. and Li, B. (2015). Does target animacy influence manual laterality of monkeys? First answer from Northern pig-tailed macaques (Macaca leonina). Animal Cognition 18, 931936.Google Scholar
Zharkikh, T. L. and Andersen, L. (2009). Behaviour of bachelor males of the Przewalski horse (Equus ferus przewalskii) at the reserve Askania Nova. Der Zoologische Garten, 78, 282299.Google Scholar
Zhiyun, O., Zhenxin, L., Jianguo, L., et al. (2002). The recovery processes of giant panda habitat in Wolong Nature Reserve, Sichuan China. Acta Ecologica Sinica, 22, 18401849.Google Scholar
Ziegler, T. (2015). In situ and ex situ reptile projects of the Cologne Zoo: implications for research and conservation of South East Asia’s herpetodiversity. International Zoo Yearbook, 49, 821.Google Scholar
Zimbler‐DeLorenzo, H. S. and Dobson, F. S. (2011). Demography of squirrel monkeys (Saimiri sciureus) in captive environments and its effect on population growth. American Journal of Primatology, 73, 10411050.Google Scholar
Zimmerman, C., Chen, Y., Hardt, D. and Vatrapu, R. (2014). Marius, the giraffe: a comparative informatics case study of linguistic features of the social media discourse. In Proceedings of the 5th ACM International Conference on Collaboration Across Boundaries: Culture, Distance & Technology, pp. 131140.Google Scholar
Zimmermann, A., Davies, T. E., Hazarika, N., et al. (2009). Community-based human-elephant conflict management in Assam. Gajah, 30, 3440.Google Scholar
ZIMS (2018a). Species holding report: Elephas maximus/Asian elephant. Zoological Information Management System. Species 360. www.species360.org (accessed 26 March 2018).Google Scholar
ZIMS (2018b). Species holding report: Loxodonta africana/African elephant. Zoological Information Management System. Species 360. www.species360.org (accessed 26 March 2018).Google Scholar
Zinner, D., Wygoda, C., Razafimanantsoa, L., et al. (2014). Analysis of deforestation patterns in the central Menabe, Madagascar, between 1973 and 2010. Regional Environmental Change, 14, 157166.Google Scholar
Zoological Society of San Diego (2008). About the Zoological Society of San Diego. www.sandiegozoo.org/disclaimers/aboutus.html (accessed 18 July 2008).Google Scholar
ZSI (2019). Annual Report 2019. Zoological Society of Ireland, Phoenix Park, Ireland.Google Scholar
ZSL (1829). The Charter, By-laws and Regulations of the Zoological Society of London, Incorporated 27 March, 1896. Zoological Society of London. Waterlow and Sons. Ltd, Printers, London.Google Scholar
ZSL (2015). ZSL’s Annual Report and Accounts 2015. Zoological Society of London, London. www.zsl.org/sites/default/files/media/2016-06/ZSL%20-%20Annual%20Report%20and%20Accounts%202015.pdfGoogle Scholar
ZSL (2018). Zoological Society of London’s Annual Report and Accounts 2017–18. Zoological Society of London, London.Google Scholar
ZSL (2019). ZSL Annual Report and Accounts 2018–19. Zoological Society of London, London.Google Scholar
ZSL (2021a). ZSL Annual Report and Accounts 2020–21. Zoological Society of London, London.Google Scholar
ZSL (2021b). HEAT-seeking. www.zsl.org/blogs/conservation/heat-seeking (accessed 25 February 2021).Google Scholar
ZSL (2022). ZSL London Zoo Stocklist 2022. Zoological Society of London, London. www.zsl.org/about-us/list-of-animals-and-animal-inventory (accessed 24 March 2022).Google Scholar
Zuolo, F. (2016). Dignity and animals: does it make sense to apply the concept of dignity to all sentient beings? Ethical Theory and Moral Practice, 19, 11171130.Google Scholar
Zwartepoorte, H. (2015). Captive breeding the Critically Endangered Egyptian tortoise Testudo kleinmanni Lortet, 1883, for an in situ recovery project in Egypt. International Zoo Yearbook, 49, 4248.Google Scholar
Zwiefelhofer, E. M., Mastromonaco, G. F., Gonzalez-Marin, C., Zwiefelhofer, M. L. and Adams, G. P. (2021). 14 pregnancies produced after fixed-time artificial insemination using sex-sorted sperm in wood bison. Reproduction, Fertility and Development, 34, 241.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

  • References
  • Paul A. Rees
  • Book: Zoo Studies
  • Online publication: 12 May 2023
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108566049.017
Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

  • References
  • Paul A. Rees
  • Book: Zoo Studies
  • Online publication: 12 May 2023
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108566049.017
Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

  • References
  • Paul A. Rees
  • Book: Zoo Studies
  • Online publication: 12 May 2023
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781108566049.017
Available formats
×