Abraham, K. F. and Keddy, C. J. (2005). The Hudson Bay Lowland. In The World's Largest Wetlands: Ecology and Conservation, eds. Fraser, L. H. and Keddy, P. A., pp. 118–48. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Adam, P. (1990). Saltmarsh Ecology. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Adams, G. D. (1988). Wetlands of the prairies of Canada. In Wetlands of Canada, National Wetlands Working Group, Ecological Land Classification Series No. 24, pp. 158–98. Montreal, QC: Polyscience Publications for Sustainable Development Branch, Environment Canada.Google Scholar

Adamus, P. R. (1992). Choices in monitoring wetlands. In Ecological Indicators, eds. McKenzie, D. H., Hyatt, D. E., and McDonald, V. J., pp. 571–92. London: Elsevier.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Adamus, P. R. (1996). Bioindicators for Assessing Ecological Integrity of Prairie Wetlands, EPA/600/R-96/082. Corvallis, OR: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Health and Environmental Effects Research Laboratory, Western Ecology Division.Google Scholar

Adamus, P. R. and Stockwell, L. T. (1983). A Method for Wetland Functional Assessment, Vol. 1 Critical Review and Evaluation Concepts, Report No. FHA-PI-82-23, and Vol. 2 Federal Highway Administration Assessment Method, Report No. FHA-PI-82-24. Springfield, VA: National Technical Information Service.Google Scholar

Adamus, P. R., , ARA Inc., Clairain, E. J., Smith, R. D., and Young, R. E. (1987). Wetland Evaluation Technique (WET), Vol. 2, Methodology. Vicksburg, MS: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.Google Scholar

Aerts, R. and Berendse, F. (1988). The effect of increased nutrient availability on vegetation dynamics in wet heathlands. Vegetatio, 76, 63–9.Google Scholar

Agrawala, S., Ota, T., Ahmed, A. U., Smith, J., and Aalst, M. (2003). Development and Climate Change in Bangladesh: Focus on Coastal Flooding and The Sundarbans. Paris: Environment Directorate, OECD.Google Scholar

Agren, G. I. and Fagerstrom, T. (1984). Limiting dissimilarity in plants: randomness prevents exclusion of species with similar competitive abilities. Oikos, 43, 369–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Alestalio, J. and Haikio, J.. (1979). Forms created by the thermal movement of lake ice in Finland in winter 1972–73. Fennia, 157, 51–92.Google Scholar

Alho, C. J. R. (2005). The Pantanal. In The World's Largest Wetlands: Ecology and Conservation, eds. Fraser, L. H. and Keddy, P. A., pp. 271–303. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Alho, C. J. R., Lacher, T. E., Jr., and Goncalves, H. C. (1988). Environmental degradation in the Pantanal ecosystem. BioScience, 38, 164–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Allison, M. A. (1998). Historical changes in the Ganges–Brahmaputra delta front. Journal of Coastal Research, 14, 1269–75.Google Scholar

Allison, S. K. (1995). Recovery from small-scale anthropogenic disturbances by northern California salt marsh plant assemblages. Ecological Applications, 5, 693–702.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Anderson, R. C., Liberta, A. E., and Dickman, L. A. (1984). Interaction of vascular plants and vesicular–arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi across a soil moisture–nutrient gradient. Oecologia, 64, 111–17.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Anthoni, J. F. (2006). The chemical composition of seawater. www.seafriends.org.nz/oceano/seawater.htm. (accessed June 4, 2008)

Archibold, O. W. (1995). Ecology of World Vegetation. London: Chapman and Hall.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Aresco, M. J. (2004). Highway mortality of turtles and other herpetofauna at Lake Jackson, Florida, USA, and the efficacy of a temporary fence/culvert system to reduce roadkills. In Proceedings of the 2003 International Conference on Ecology and Transportation, eds. Irwin, C. L., Garrett, P., and McDevmott, K. P., pp. 433–49. Raleigh, NC: Center for Transportation and the Environment, North Carolina State University.Google Scholar

Armentano, T. V. and Verhoeven, J. T. A. (1990). Biogeochemical cycles: global. In Wetlands and Shallow Continental Water Bodies, Vol. 1, Natural and Human Relationships, ed. Patten, B. C., pp. 281–311. The Hague, the Netherlands: SPB Academic Publishing.Google Scholar

Armstrong, W., Armstrong, J., Beckett, P. M. and Justin, S. H. F. W. (1991). Convective gas-flows in wetland plant aeration. In Plant Life under Oxygen Deprivation, eds. Jackson, M. B., Davies, D. D., and Lambers, H., pp. 283–302. The Hague, the Netherlands: SPB Academic Publishing.Google Scholar

Armstrong, J., Armstrong, W. and Beckett, P. M.. (1992). Phragmites australis: Venturi- and humidity-induced pressure flows enhance rhizome aeration and rhizosphere oxidation. New Phytologist, 120, 197–207.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Arnold, S. J. (1972). Species densities of predators and their prey. The American Naturalist, 106, 220–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Arnold, T. W. and Frytzell, E. K. (1990). Habitat use by male mink in relation to wetland characteristics and avian prey abundances. Canadian Journal of Zoology, 68, 2205–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Arrhenius, O. (1921). Species and area. Journal of Ecology, 9, 95–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Arroyo, M. T. K., Pliscoff, P., Mihoc, M., and Arroyo-Kalin, M. (2005). The Magellanic moorland. In The World's Largest Wetlands, eds. Fraser, L. H. and Keddy, P. A., pp. 424–45. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Aselman, I. and Crutzen, P. J. (1989). Global distribution of natural freshwater wetlands and rice paddies, their net primary productivity, seasonality and possible methane emissions. Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry, 8, 307–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Atwood, E. L. (1950). Life history studies of the nutria, or coypu, in coastal Louisiana. Journal of Wildlife Management, 14, 249–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Auclair, A. N. D., Bouchard, A. and Pajaczkowski, J. (1976a). Plant standing crop and productivity relations in a Scirpus–Equisetum wetland. Ecology, 57, 941–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Auclair, A. N. D., Bouchard, A. and Pajaczkowski, J. (1976b). Productivity relations in a Carex-dominated ecosystem. Oecologia, 26, 9–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Austin, M. P. (1982). Use of a relative physiological performance value in the prediction of performance in multispecies mixtures from monoculture performance. Journal of Ecology, 70, 559–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Austin, M. P., Pausas, J. G., and Nicholls, A. O. (1996). Patterns of tree species richness in relation to environment in southeastern New South Wales, Australia. AustralianJournal of Ecology, 21, 154–64.Google Scholar

Bacon, P. R. (1978). Flora and Fauna of the Caribbean. Trinidad: Key Caribbean Publications.Google Scholar

Baedke, S. J. and Thompson, T. A.. (2000). A 4700-year record of lake level and isostasy for Lake Michigan. Journal of Great Lakes Research, 26, 416–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bakker, J. P. (1985). The impact of grazing on plant communities, plant populations and soil conditions on salt marshes. Vegetatio, 62, 391–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bakker, S. A., Jasperse, C. and Verhoeven, J. T. A. (1997). Accumulation rates of organic matter associated with different successional stages from open water to carr forest in former turbaries. Plant Ecology, 129, 113–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Baldwin, A. H. and Mendelssohn, I. A. (1998a). Response of two oligohaline marsh communities to lethal and nonlethal disturbance. Oecologia, 116, 543–555.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Baldwin, A. H. and Mendelssohn, I. A. (1998b). Effects of salinity and water level on coastal marshes: an experimental test of disturbance as a catalyst for vegetation change. Aquatic Botany, 61, 255–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Baldwin, A. H., McKee, K. L., and Mendelssohn, I. A. (1996). The influence of vegetation, salinity and inundation of seedbanks of oligohaline coastal marshes. American Journal of Botany, 83, 470–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ball, P. J. and Nudds, T. D. (1989). Mallard habitat selection: an experiment and implications for management. In Freshwater Wetlands and Wildlife, eds. Sharitz, R. R., and Gibbons, J. W., pp. 659–71. US Department of Energy. Proceedings of a Symposium held at Charleston, South Carolina, March 24–27, 1986. Washington, DC:U.S. Department of Energy.Google Scholar

Barbour, C. D. and Brown, J. H. (1974). Fish species diversity in lakes. The American Naturalist, 108, 473–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bardecki, M. J., Bond, W. K., and Manning, E. W. (1989). Assessing Greenock Swamp: functions benefits and values. In Wetlands: Inertia or Momentum?, pp. 235–44. Conference Proceedings, Oct 21–22. Toronto, ON: Federation of Ontario Naturalists.Google Scholar

Barko, J. W. and Smart, R. M. (1978). The growth and biomass distribution of two emergent freshwater plants, Cyperus esculentus and Scirpus validus, on different sediments. Aquatic Botany, 5, 109–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Barko, J. W. and Smart, R. M. (1979). The nutritional ecology of Cyperus esculentus, an emergent aquatic plant, grown on different sediments. Aquatic Botany, 6, 13–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Barko, J. W. and Smart, R. M. (1980). Mobilization of sediment phosphorus by submersed freshwater macrophytes. Freshwater Biology, 10, 229–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Barnard, J. R. (1978). Externalities from urban growth: the case of increased storm runoff and flooding. Land Economics, 54, 298–315.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Barry, J. M. (1997). Rising Tide: The Great Mississippi Flood of 1927 and How It Changed America. New York: Simon and Schuster.Google Scholar

Barthelemy, A. (1874). De la respiration et de la circulation des gaz dans les végétaux. Annales des Sciences Naturelles Botaniques, 19, 131–75.Google Scholar

Bartram, W. (1791). Travels through North & South Carolina, Georgia, East & West Florida, the Cherokee Country, the Extensive Territories of the Muscogulges, or Creek Confederacy, and the Country of the Chactaws: Containing an Account of the Soil and Natural Productions of These Regions, Together with Observations on the Manners of the Indians. Philadelphia, PA: James and Johnson. (Digital edition, 2001, in Documenting the South, Chapel Hill, NC: University of North Carolina.)Google Scholar

Batt, B. D. J., Anderson, M. G., Anderson, C. D., and Caswell, F. D. (1989). The use of prairie potholes by North American ducks. In Northern Prairie Wetlands, ed. Valk, A. G., pp. 204–27. Ames, IA: Iowa State University Press.Google Scholar

Bauder, E. T. (1989). Drought stress and competition effects on the local distribution of Pogogyne abramsii. Ecology, 70, 1083–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bazely, D. R. and Jefferies, R. L. (1989). Lesser snow geese and the nitrogen economy of a grazed salt marsh. Journal of Ecology, 77, 24–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bazilevich, N. I., Rodin, L. Y., and Rozov, N. N. (1971). Geophysical aspects of biological productivity. Soviet Geography, Review and Translations, 12, 293–317.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Beanland, G. E. and Duinker, P. N. (1983). An Ecological Framework for Environmental Impact Assessment in Canada. Halifax, NS: Institute for Resource and Environmental Studies, Dalhousie University, and Federal Environmental Assessment Review Office.Google Scholar

Beard, J. S. (1949). The Natural Vegetation of the Windward and Leeward Islands. Oxford, UK: Clarendon Press.Google Scholar

Bedford, B. L. (1996). The need to define hydrologic equivalence at the landscape scale for freshwater wetland mitigation. Ecological Applications, 6, 57–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bedford, B. L. and Preston, E. M. (1988). Developing the scientific basis for assessing cumulative effects of wetland loss and degradation on landscape functions: status, perspectives and prospects. Environmental Management, 12, 751–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Beebee, T. J. C. (1996). Ecology and Conservation of Amphibians. London: Chapman and Hall.Google Scholar

Beeftink, W. G. (1977). The coastal salt marshes of western and northern Europe: an ecological and phytosociological approach. In Wet Coastal Ecosystems, ed. Chapman, V. J., pp. 109–55. Amsterdam, the Netherlands: Elsevier.Google Scholar

Begin, Y., Arseneault, S., and Lavoie, J. (1989). Dynamique d'une bordure forestière par suite de la hausse récente du niveau marin, rive sud-ouest du Golfe du Saint-Laurent, Nouveau-Brunswick. Géographie physique et Quaternaire, 43, 355–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Belanger, L. and Bedard, J. (1994). Role of ice scouring and goose grubbing in marsh plant dynamics. Journal of Ecology, 82, 437–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Belkin, D. A. (1963). Anoxia: tolerance in reptiles. Science, 139, 492–3.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Bender, E. A, Case, T. J., and Gilpin, M. E. (1984). Perturbation experiments in community ecology: theory and practice. Ecology, 65, 1–13.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Benson, L. (1959). Plant Classification. Lanham, MD: Lexington Books.Google Scholar

Berenbaum, M. R. (1991). Coumarins. In Herbivores: Their Interactions with Secondary Plant Metabolites, eds. Rosenthal, G. A. and Berenbaum, M. R., pp. 221–49. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Berendse, F. and Aerts, R. (1987). Nitrogen-use efficiency: a biologically meaningful definition?Functional Ecology, 1, 293–6.Google Scholar

Bernatowicz, S. and Zachwieja, J. (1966). Types of littoral found in the lakes of the Masurian and Suwalki Lakelands. Komitet Ekolgiezny-Polska Akademia Nauk, 14, 519–45.Google Scholar

Bertness, M. D. (1991). Interspecific interactions among high marsh perennials in a New England salt marsh. Ecology, 72, 125–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bertness, M. D. and Ellison, A. E. (1987). Determinants of pattern in a New England salt marsh plant community. Ecological Monographs, 57, 12–147.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bertness, M. D. and Hacker, S. D. (1994). Physical stress and positive associations among marsh plants. The American Naturalist, 144, 363–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bertness, M. D. and Leonard, G. H. (1997). The role of positive interactions in communities: lessons from intertidal habitats. Ecology, 78, 1976–89.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bertness, M. D. and Shumway, S. W. (1993). Competition and facilitation in marsh plants. The American Naturalist, 142, 718–34.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Bertness, M. D. and Yeh, S. M. (1994). Cooperative and competitive interactions in the recruitment of marsh elders. Ecology, 75, 2416–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bertness, M. D., Gough, L., and Shumway, S. W. (1992a). Salt tolerances and the distribution of fugitive salt marsh plants. Ecology, 73, 1842–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bertness, M. D., Wikler, K., and Chatkupt, T. (1992b). Flood tolerance and the distribution of Iva frutescens across New England salt marshes. Oecologia, 91, 171–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Best, E. P. H., Verhoeven, J. T. A., and Wolff, W. J. (1993). The ecology of The Netherlands wetlands: characteristics, threats, prospects and perspectives for ecological research. Hydrobiologia, 265, 305–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bethke, R. W. and Nudds, T. D. (1993). Variation in the diversity of ducks along a gradient of environmental variability. Oecologia, 93, 242–50.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Biesterfeldt, J. M., Petranka, J. W., and Sherbondy, S. (1993). Prevalence of chemical interference competition in natural populations of wood frogs, Rana sylvatica. Copeia, 3, 688–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bilby, R. E., and Ward, J. (1991). Characteristics and function of large woody debris in streams draining old-growth, clear-cut, and 2nd-growth forests in southwestern Washington. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, 48, 2499–508.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Binford, M. W., Brenner, M., Whitmore, T. J., Higuera-Gundy, , Deevey, A., , E. S., and Leyden, B. (1987). Ecosystems, paleoecology and human disturbance in subtropical and tropical America. Quaternary Scientific Review, 6, 115–28.Google Scholar

Bliss, L. C. and Gold, W. G. (1994). The patterning of plant communities and edaphic factors along a high arctic coastline: implications for succession. Canadian Journal of Botany, 72, 1095–107.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Blizard, D. (1993). The Normandy Landings D-Day: The Invasion of Europe 6 June 1944. London: Reed International.Google Scholar

Bloom, S. A. (1980). Multivariate quantification of community recovery. In The Recovery Process in Damaged Ecosystems, ed. Cairns, J., pp. 141–51. Ann Arbor, MI: Ann Arbor Science Publishers.Google Scholar

Bodsworth, F. (1963). Last of the Curlews. Toronto, ON: McClelland and Stewart.Google Scholar

Boers, A. M., Veltman, R. L. D., and Zedler, J. B. (2007) Typha × glauca dominance and extended hydroperiod constrain restoration of wetland diversity. Ecological Engineering, 29, 232–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Boesch, D. F., Josselyn, M. N., Mehta, A. J., Morris, J. T., Nuttle, W. K., Simenstad, C. A., and Swift, D. P. J. (1994). Scientific assessment of coastal wetland loss, restoration and management in Louisiana. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 20.Google Scholar

Bogan, A. E. (1996). Margaritifera hembeli. In: IUCN (2007). 2007 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. www.iucnredlist.org. (accessed June 30, 2008)

Bolen, E. G., Smith, L. M., and Schramm, H. L.. (1989). Playa lakes: prairie wetlands of the southern High Plains. BioScience, 39, 615–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bond, G. (1963). In Plant Physiology, eds. Salisbury, F. B. and Ross, C. W. (1985), 3rd edn, p. 254, Figure 13.3. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.Google Scholar

Bondavalli, C. and Ulanowicz, R. E. (1999). Unexpected effects of predators upon their prey: the case of the American Alligator. Ecosystems, 2, 49–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bonetto, A. A. (1986). The Parana River system. In The Ecology of River Systems, eds. Davies, B. R. and Walker, K. F., pp. 541–55. Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Dr. W. Junk Publishers.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bonnicksen, T. M. (1988). Restoration ecology: philosophy, goals and ethics. The Environmental Professional, 10, 25–35.Google Scholar

Bormann, E. H. and Likens, G. E. (1981). Patterns and Process in a Forested Ecosystem. New York: Springer-Verlag.Google Scholar

Boston, H. L. (1986). A discussion of the adaptation for carbon acquisition in relation to the growth strategy of aquatic isoetids. Aquatic Botany, 26, 259–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Boston, H. L. and Adams, M. S. (1986). The contribution of crassulacean acid metabolism to the annual productivity of two aquatic vascular plants. Oecologia, 68, 615–22.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Botch, M. S. and Masing, V. V. (1983). Mire ecosystems in the USSR. In Ecosystems of the World, Vol. 4B, Mires: Swamp, Bog, Fen and Moor – Regional Studies, ed. Gore, A. J. P., pp. 95–152. Amsterdam, the Netherlands: Elsevier.Google Scholar

Botkin, D. B. (1990). Discordant Harmonies. A New Ecology for the Twenty-first Century. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Boucher, D. H. (1985). The Biology of Mutualism: Ecology and Evolution. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Boutin, C. and Keddy, P. A. (1993). A functional classification of wetland plants. Journal of Vegetation Science, 4, 591–600.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bowden, W. B. (1987). The biogeochemistry of nitrogen in freshwater wetlands. Biogeochemistry, 4, 313–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bowers, M. D. (1991). Iridoid glycosides. In Herbivores: Their Interactions with Secondary Plant Metabolites, eds. Rosenthal, G. A. and Berenbaum, M. R., pp. 297–325. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Boyd, C. E. (1978). Chemical composition of wetland plants. In Freshwater Wetlands: Ecological Processes and Management Potential, eds. Good, R. E., Whigham, D. F., and Simpson, R. L., pp. 155–68. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar

Boyd, R. and Penland, S. (1988). A geomorphologic model for Mississippi River Delta evolution, Transactions Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies, 38, 443–52.Google Scholar

Bradley, C. E. and Smith, D. G. (1986). Plains cottonwood recruitment and survival on a prairie meandering river floodplain, Milk River, southern Alberta and northern Montana. Canadian Journal of Botany, 64, 1433–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Brandle, R. A. (1991). Flooding resistance of rhizomatous amphibious plants. In Plant Life under Oxygen Deprivation, eds. Jackson, M. B., Davis, D. D., and Lambers, H., pp. 35–46. The Hague, the Netherlands: SPB Academic Publishing.Google Scholar

Brasher, S. and Perkins, D. F. (1978). The grazing intensity and productivity of sheep in the grassland ecosystem. In Production Ecology of British Moors and Montane Grasslands, Ecological Studies Vol. 27, eds. Heal, O. W. and Perkins, D. F., pp. 354–74. Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Brewer, J. S. and Grace, J. B. (1990). Plant community structure in an oligohaline tidal marsh. Vegetatio, 90, 93–107.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bridgham, S. D., Pastor, J., Janssens, J. A., Chapin, C., and Malterer, T. J. (1996). Multiple limiting gradients in peatlands: a call for a new paradigm. Wetlands, 16, 45–65.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Brinkman, R. and Diepen, C. A. (1990). Mineral soils. In Wetlands and Shallow Continental Water Bodies, Vol. 1, Natural and Human Relationships, ed. Patten, B. C., pp. 37–59. The Hague, the Netherlands: SPB Academic Publishing.Google Scholar

Brinson, M. M. (1993a). Changes in the functioning of wetlands along environmental gradients. Wetlands, 13, 65–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Brinson, M. M. (1993b). A Hydrogeomorphic Classification for Wetlands, Technical Report No. WRP-DE-4. Washington, DC: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.Google Scholar

Brinson, M. M. (1995). Functional classifications of wetlands to facilitate watershed planning. In Wetlands and Watershed Management: Science Applications and Public Policy, eds. Kusler, J. A., Willard, D. E., and Hull, H. C., pp. 65–71. A collection of papers from a national symposium and several workshops at Tampa, FL, Apr 23–26. Berne, NY: Association of State Wetland Managers.Google Scholar

Brinson, M. M., Lugo, A. E. and Brown, S. (1981). Primary productivity, decomposition and consumer activity in freshwater wetlands. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 12, 123–61.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Brinson, M. M., Christian, R. R. and Blum, L. K. (1995). Multiple states in the sealevel induced transition from terrestrial forest to estuary. Estuaries, 18, 648–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bronmark, C. (1985). Interactions between macrophytes, epiphytes and herbivores: an experimental approach. Oikos, 45, 26–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bronmark, C. (1990). How do herbivorous freshwater snails affect macrophytes? – a comment. Ecology, 71, 1213–15.Google Scholar

Brosnan, D., Courtney, S., Sztukowski, L., Bedford, B., Burkett, V., Collopy, M., Derrickson, S., Elphick, C., Hunt, R., Potter, K., Sedinger, J. and Walters, J. (2007). Everglades Multi-Species Avian Ecology and Restoration Review: Final Report. Portland, OR: Sustainable Ecology Institute.Google Scholar

Brown, J. F. (1997). Effects of experimental burial on survival, growth, and resource allocation of three species of dune plants. Journal of Ecology, 85, 151–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Brown, L. R. (2001). Paving the Planet: Cars and Crops Competing for Land. Washington, DC: Earth Policy Institute.Google Scholar

Brown, S., Brinson, M. M., and Lugo, A. E. (1979). Structure and function of riparian wetlands. In Strategies for Protection and Management of Floodplain Wetlands and Other Riparian Ecosystems, Gen. Tech. Rep. No. WO-12, tech. coord. Johnson, R. R. and McCormick, J. F., pp. 17–31. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service.Google Scholar

Bruland, G. L. and Richardson, C. J. (2005). Hydrologic, edaphic, and vegetative responses to microtopographic reestablishment in a restored wetland. Restoration Ecology, 13, 515–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Brunton, D. F. and Di Labio, B. M. (1989). Diversity and ecological characteristics of emergent beach flora along the Ottawa River in the Ottawa–Hull region, Quebec and Ontario. Naturaliste Canadien, 116, 179–91.Google Scholar

Brutsaert, W. (2005). Hydrology: An Introduction. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bubier, J. L. (1995). The relationship of vegetation to methane emission and hydrochemical gradients in northern peatlands. Journal of Ecology, 83, 403–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bucher, E. H., Bonetto, A., Boyle, T. P., Canevari, P., Castro, G., Huszar, P., and Stone, T. (1993). Hidrovia: An Initial Environmental Examination of the Paraguay–Paraná Waterway. Manomet, MA and Buenos Aires, Argentina: Wetlands for the Americas.Google Scholar

Bump, S. R. (1986). Yellow-headed blackbird nest defense: aggressive responses to marsh wrens. The Condor, 88, 328–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Burger, J., Shisler, J., and Lesser, F. H. (1982). Avian utilization on six salt marshes in New Jersey. Biological Conservation, 23, 187–212.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Burnett, J. H. (1964). The study of Scottish vegetation. In The Vegetation of Scotland, ed. Burnett, J. H., pp. 1–11. Edinburgh, UK: Oliver and Boyd.Google Scholar

Bury, B. R. (1979). Population ecology of freshwater turtles. In Turtles: Perspectives and Research, eds. Harless, M. and Morlock, H., pp. 571–602. New York: John Wiley.Google Scholar

Cade, B. S. and Noon, B. R. (2003). A gentle introduction to quantile regression for ecologists. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment, 1, 412–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cade, B. S., Terrell, J. W., and Schroeder, R. L. (1999). Estimating effects of limiting factors with regression quantiles. Ecology, 80, 311–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cairns, , J. (ed.) (1980). The Recovery Process in Damaged Ecosystems. Ann Arbor, MI: Ann Arbor Science Publishers.

Cairns, , J. (ed.) (1988). Rehabilitating Damaged Ecosystems, Vols. 1 and 2. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.

Cairns, J. (1989). Restoring damaged ecosystems: is predisturbance condition a viable option?The Environmental Professional, 11, 152–9.Google Scholar

Cairns, J., Niederlehner, B. R., and Orvos, D. R. (1992). Predicting Ecosystem Risk. Princeton, NJ: Princeton Scientific Publishing.Google Scholar

Callaway, R. M. and King, L. (1996). Temperature-driven variation in substrate oxygenation and the balance of competition and facilitation. Ecology, 77, 1189–95.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Campbell, D. (2005). The Congo River basin. In The World's Largest Wetlands: Ecology and Conservation, eds. Fraser, L. H. and Keddy, P. A., pp. 149–65. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Campbell, D. R. and Rochefort, L. (2003). Germination and seedling growth of bog plants in relation to the recolonization of milled peatlands. Plant Ecology, 169, 71–84.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

,Canadian Hydrographic Service. (2009). Historical water level data. www.waterlevels.gc.ca/C&A/historical_e.html (accessed May 4, 2009)

Canny, M. J. (1998). Transporting water in plants. American Scientist, 86, 152–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Carignan, R. and Kalff, J. (1980). Phosphorus sources for aquatic weeds: water or sediments?Science, 207, 987–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Carpenter, S. R. and Kitchell, J. F. (1988). Consumer control of lake productivity. BioScience, 38, 764–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Carpenter, S. R. and Lodge, D. M. (1986). Effects of submersed macrophytes on ecosystem processes. Aquatic Botany, 26, 341–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Carpenter, S. R., Kitchell, J. F., Hodgson, J. R., Cochran, P. A., Elser, J. J., Elser, M. M., Lodge, D. M., Kretchmer, D., He, X., and Ende, C. N. (1987). Regulation of lake primary productivity by food web structure. Ecology, 68, 1863–76.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Carpenter, S. R., Chisholm, S. W., Krebs, C. J., Schindler, D. W., and Wright, R. F. (1995). Ecosystem experiments. Science, 269, 324–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Carvalho, A. R. (2007). An ecological economics approach to estimate the value of a fragmented wetland in Brazil (Mato Grosso do Sul state). Brazilian Journal of Biology, 67, 663–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Carver, E. and Caudill, J. (2007). Banking on Nature: The Economic Benefits to Local Communites of National Wildlife Refuge Visitation. Washington, DC: U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.Google Scholar

Castellanos, E. M., Figueroa, M. E., and Davy, A. J. (1994). Nucleation and facilitation in saltmarsh succession: interactions between Spartina maritima and Arthrocnemum perenne. Journal of Ecology, 82, 239–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Catling, P. M., Spicer, K. W., and Lefkovitch, L. P. (1988). Effects of the introduced floating vascular aquatic, Hydrocharis morsus-ranae (Hydrocharitaceae), on some North American aquatic macrophytes. Naturaliste Canadien, 115, 131–7.Google Scholar

Cavalieri, A. J. and Huang, A. H. C. (1979). Evaluation of proline accumulation in the adaptation of diverse species of marsh halophytes to the saline environment. American Journal of Botany, 66, 307–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cazenave, A. and Nerem, R. (2004). Present-day sea level change: observations and causes. Reviews of Geophysics, 42, 139–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Chaneton, E. J. and Facelli, J. M. (1991). Disturbance effects on plant community diversity: spatial scales and dominance hierarchies. Vegetatio, 93, 143–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Chapin, F. S., III. (1980). The mineral nutrition of wild plants. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 11, 233–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Chapman, V. J. (1940). The functions of the pneumatophores of Avicennia nitida Jacq. Proceedings of the Linnean Society of London, 152, 228–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Chapman, V. J. (1974). Salt Marshes and Salt Deserts of the World. Lehre, Germany: J. Cramer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Chapman, , V. J. (ed.) (1977). Wet Coastal Ecosystems. Amsterdam, the Netherlands: Elsevier.

Charlton, D. L. and Hilts, S. (1989). Quantitative evaluation of fen ecosystems on the Bruce Peninsula. In Ontario Wetlands: Inertia or Momentum, eds. Bardecki, M. J. and Patterson, N., pp. 339–54. Proceedings of Conference, Ryerson Polytechnical Institute, Toronto, Oct 21–22, 1988. Toronto, ON: Federation of Ontario Naturalists.Google Scholar

Cherry-Garrard, A. (1922). The Worst Journey in the World. London: Constable.Google Scholar

Chesson, P. L. and Warner, R. R. (1981). Environmental variability promotes coexistence in lottery competitive systems. The American Naturalist, 117, 923–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Chimney, M. and Goforth, G. (2006). History and description of the Everglades Nutrient Removal Project. Ecological Engineering, 27, 268–78.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

,China Development Brief. (2004). Ploughshares into fishing nets. www.chinadevelopmentbrief.com/node/204 (accessed Dec 3, 2007)

Christensen, N. L. (1999). Vegetation of the Coastal Plain of the southeastern United States. In Vegetation of North America, 2nd edn, eds. Barbour, M. and Billings, W. D., pp. 397–448. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Christensen, N. L., Burchell, R. B., Liggett, A., and Simms, E. L. (1981). The structure and development of pocosin vegetation. In Pocosin Wetlands: An Integrated Analysis of Coastal Plain Freshwater Bogs in North Carolina, ed. Richardson, C. J., pp. 43–61. Stroudsburg, PA: Hutchinson Ross.Google Scholar

Christensen, N. L., Bartuska, A. M., Brown, J. H., Carpenter, S., D'Antonio, C., Francis, R., Franklin, J. F., MacMahon, J. A., Noss, R. F., Parsons, D. J., Peterson, C. H., Turner, M. G., and Woodmansee, R. G. (1996). The report of the Ecological Society of America Committee on the Scientific Basis for Ecosystem Management. Ecological Applications, 6, 665–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Christie, W. J. (1974). Changes in the fish species composition of the Great Lakes. Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, 31, 827–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Chung, C. (1982). Low marshes, China. In Creation and Restoration of Coastal Plant Communities, ed. Lewis, R. R., pp. 131–45. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.Google Scholar

Cicerone, R. J. and Ormland, R. S. (1988). Biogeochemical aspects of atmospheric methane. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 2, 299–327.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Clapham, W. B.. (1973). Natural Ecosystems. New York: Macmillan.Google Scholar

Clark, M. A., Siegrist, J., and Keddy, P. A. (2008). Patterns of frequency in species-rich vegetation in pine savannas: effects of soil moisture and scale. Ecoscience, 15, 529–35.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Clarke, L. D. and Hannon, N. J. (1967). The mangrove swamp and salt marsh communities of the Sydney district. I. Vegetation, soils and climate. Journal of Ecology, 55, 753–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Clarke, L. D. and Hannon, N. J. (1969). The mangrove swamp and salt marsh communities of the Sydney district. II. The holocoenotic complex with particular reference to physiography. Journal of Ecology, 57, 213–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Clegg, J. (1986). Pond Life. London: Frederick Warne.Google Scholar

Clements, F. E. (1916). Plant Succession: An Analysis of the Development of Vegetation. Washington, DC: Carnegie Institution of Washington.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Clements, F. E. (1935). Experimental ecology in the public service. Ecology, 16, 342–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Clements, F. E. (1936). Nature and structure of climax. Journal of Ecology, 24, 254–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Clements, F. E., Weaver, J. E., and Hanson, H. C. (1929). Plant Competition. Washington, DC: Carnegie Institution of Washington.Google Scholar

Clymo, R. S. and Duckett, J. G. (1986). Regeneration of Sphagnum. New Phytologist, 102, 589–614.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Clymo, R. S. and Hayward, P. M. (1982). The ecology of Sphagnum. In Bryophyte Ecology, ed. Smith, A. J. E., pp. 229–89. London: Chapman and Hall.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cobbaert, D, Rochefort, L., and Price, J. S. (2004). Experimental restoration of a fen plant community after peat mining. Applied Vegetation Science, 7, 209–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Coleman, J. M., Roberts, H. H., and Stone, G. W. (1998). Mississippi River Delta: an overview. Journal of Coastal Research, 14, 698–716.Google Scholar

Coles, B. and Coles, J. (1989). People of the Wetlands: Bogs, Bodies and Lake-Dwellers. London: Thames and Hudson.Google Scholar

Coley, P. D. (1983). Herbivory and defense characteristics of tree species in a lowland tropical forest. Ecological Monographs, 53, 209–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Colinvaux, P. (1978). Why Big Fierce Animals Are Rare: An Ecologist's Perspective. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.Google Scholar

Colwell, R. K. and Fuentes, E. R. (1975). Experimental studies of the niche. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 6, 281–309.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

,Committee on Characterization of Wetlands. (1995). Wetlands: Characteristics and Boundaries. Washington, DC: National Academy of Sciences Press.

,Committee on Ecological Land Classification. (1988). Wetlands of Canada, Ecological Land Classification Series No. 24. Ottawa, ON: National Wetlands Working Group, Environment Canada.

Conant, R. and Collins, J. T. (1998). A Field Guide to Reptiles and Amphibians, Eastern/Central North America, 3rd edn. New York: Houghton Mifflin.Google Scholar

Connell, J. H. (1978). Diversity in tropical rain forests and coral reefs. Science, 199, 1302–10.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Connell, J. H. (1980). Diversity and the coevolution of competitors, or the ghost of competition past. Oikos, 35, 131–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Connell, J. H. (1987). Maintenance of species diversity in biotic communities. In Evolution and Coadaptation in Biotic Communities, eds. Kawano, S., Connell, J. H., and Hidaka, T., pp. 208–18. Tokyo: University of Tokyo Press.Google Scholar

Connell, J. H. and Orias, E. (1964). The ecological regulation of species diversity. The American Naturalist, 98, 399–414.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Conner, W. H. and Buford, M. A. (1998). Southern deepwater swamps. In Southern Forested Wetlands: Ecology and Management, eds. Messina, M. G. and Conner, W. H., pp. 261–87. Boca Raton, FL: Lewis Publishers.Google Scholar

Conner, W. H., Day, J. W., Baumann, R. H., and Randall, J. M. (1989). Influence of hurricanes on coastal ecosystems along the northern Gulf of Mexico. Wetlands Ecology and Management, 1, 45–56.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Connor, E. F. and McCoy, E. D. (1979). The statistics and biology of the species–area relationship. The American Naturalist, 113, 791–833.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Connor, E. F. and Simberloff, D. (1979). The assembly of species communities: chance or competition?Ecology, 69, 1132–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cordone, A. J. and Kelley, D. W. (1961). The influences of inorganic sediment on the aquatic life of streams. California Fish and Game, 47, 189–228.Google Scholar

Cornwell, W. K., Bedford, B. L., and Chapin, C. T. (2001). Occurrence of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in a phosphorus-poor wetland and mycorrhizal response to phosphorus fertilization. American Journal of Botany, 88, 1824–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Costanza, R., Cumberland, J., Daly, H., Goodland, R., and Norgaard, R. (1997). An Introduction to Ecological Economics. Boca Raton, FL: St. Lucie Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cowardin, L. M. and Golet, F. C. (1995). US Fish and Wildlife Service 1979 wetland classification: a review. Vegetatio, 118, 139–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cowardin, L. M., Carter, V., Golet, F. C., and LaRoe, E. T. (1979). Classification of Wetlands and Deepwater Habitats of the United States, FWS/OBS-79/31. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of the Interior Fish and Wildlife Service.Google Scholar

Cowling, R. M., Rundel, P. W., Lamont, B. B., Arroyo, M. K., and Arianoutsou, M. (1996a). Plant diversity in Mediterranean-climate regions. Trends in Ecology and Evolution, 11, 362–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Cowling, R. M., MacDonald, I. A. W., and Simmons, M. T. (1996b). The Cape Peninsula, South Africa: physiographical, biological and historical background to an extraordinary hot-spot of biodiversity. Biodiversity and Conservation, 5, 527–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Craft, C. B., Vymazal, J., and Richardson, C. J. (1995). Response of everglades plant communities to nitrogen and phosphorus additions. Wetlands, 15, 258–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Craighead, F. C.. (1968). The role of the alligator in shaping plant communities and maintaining wildlife in the southern Everglades. The Florida Naturalist, 41, 2–7, 69–74.Google Scholar

Crawford, R. M. M. (1982). Physiological response to flooding. In Encyclopedia of Plant Physiology, new series Vol. 12B, Physiological Plant Ecology II, eds. Large, O. L., Nobel, P. S., Osmond, C. B., and Ziegler, H., pp. 453–77. Berlin, Germany: Springer-Verlag.Google Scholar

Crawford, R. M. M. and Braendle, R. (1996). Oxygen deprivation stress in a changing environment. Journal of Experimental Botany, 47, 145–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Crawford, R. M. M. and McManmon, M (1968). Inductive responses of alcohol and malic acid dehydrogenases in relation to flooding tolerance in roots. Journal of Experimental Botany, 19, 435–41.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Crawley, M. J. (1983). Herbivory: The Dynamics of Plant/Animal Interactions. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Scientific Publications.Google Scholar

Crocker, L. P. (1990). Army Officer's Guide, 45th edn. Harrisburg, PA: Stackpole Books.Google Scholar

Crook, D. A. and Robertson, A. I. (1999). Relationships between riverine fish and woody debris: implications for lowland rivers. Marine and Freshwater Research, 50, 941–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Crosby, A.W. (1993). Economic Imperialism: The Biological Expansion of Europe 900–1900. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Crow, G. E. (1993). Species diversity in aquatic angiosperms: latitudinal patterns. Aquatic Botany, 44, 229–58.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Crowder, A. A. and Bristow, J. M. (1988). Report: the future of waterfowl habitats in the Canadian lower Great Lakes wetlands. Journal of Great Lakes Research, 14, 115–27.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cummins, K. W. (1973). Trophic relationships of aquatic insects. Annual Review of Entomology, 18, 83–206.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cummins, K. W. and Klug, M. J. (1979). Feeding ecology of stream invertebrates. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 10, 147–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Currie, D. J. (1991). Energy and large-scale patterns of animal- and plant-species richness. The American Naturalist, 137, 27–49.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cyr, H. and Pace, M. L. (1993). Magnitude and patterns of herbivory in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. Nature, 361, 148–50.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Czaya, E. (1983). Rivers of the World. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Dacey, J. W. H. (1980). Internal winds in water lillies: an adaptation for life in anaerobic sediments. Science, 210, 1017–19.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dacey, J. W. H. (1981). Pressurized ventilation in the yellow water lily. Ecology, 62, 1137–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dacey, J. W. H. (1988). In Plant Physiology, 3rd edn, eds. Salisbury, F. B. and Ross, C. W., pp. 68–70. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.Google Scholar

Dahm, C. N., Cummins, K. W., Valett, H. M., and Coleman, R. L. (1995). An ecosystem view of the restoration of the Kissimmee River. Restoration Ecology, 3, 225–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Daily, G. C. (1997). Nature's Services: Societal Dependence Upon Natural Ecosystems. Washington, DC: Island Press.Google Scholar

Damman, A. W. H. (1986). Hydrology, development, and biogeochemistry of ombrogenous bogs with special reference to nutrient relocation in a western Newfoundland bog. Canadian Journal of Botany, 64, 384–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Damman, A. and Dowhan, J. (1981). Vegetation and habitat conditions in Western Head Bog, a southern Nova Scotian plateau bog. Canadian Journal of Botany, 59, 1343–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dansereau, P. (1959). Vascular aquatic plant communities of southern Quebec: a preliminary analysis. Transactions of the Northeast Wildlife Conference, 10, 27–54.Google Scholar

Dansereau, P. and Segadas-Vianna, F. (1952). Ecological study of the peat bogs of eastern North America. Canadian Journal of Botany, 30, 490–520.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Darlington, P. J. (1957). Zoogeography: The Geographical Distribution of Animals. New York: John Wiley.Google Scholar

Davis, D. W. (2000). Historical perspective on crevasses, levees, and the Mississippi River. In Transforming New Orleans and Its Environs: Centuries of Change, ed. Colten, C. E., pp. 84–108. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh Press.Google Scholar

Davis, S.M. and Ogden, J.C. (eds.) (1994). Everglades: The Ecosystem and its Restoration. Delray Beach, FL: St. Lucie Press.

Day, J. W., Boesch, D. F., Clairain, E. J., Kemp, G. P., Laska, S. B., Mitsch, W. J., Orth, K., Mashriqui, H., Reed, D. J., Shabman, L., Simenstad, C. A., Streever, B. J., Twilley, R. R., Watson, C. C., Wells, J. T., and Whigham, D. F. (2007). Restoration of the Mississippi Delta: lessons from Hurricanes Katrina and Rita. Science, 315, 1679–84.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Day, R. T., Keddy, P. A., McNeill, J., and Carleton, T. (1988). Fertility and disturbance gradients: a summary model for riverine marsh vegetation. Ecology, 69, 1044–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Day, W. (1984). Genesis on Planet Earth, 2nd edn. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press.Google Scholar

Dayton, P. K. (1979). Ecology: a science and a religion. In Ecological Processes in Coastal and Marine Systems, ed. Livingston, R. J., pp. 3–18. New York: Plenum Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

DeBenedictis, P. A. (1974). Interspecific competition between tadpoles of Rana pipiens and Rana sylvatica: an experimental field study. Ecological Monographs, 44, 129–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Groot, R. S. (1992). Functions of Nature. Groningen, the Netherlands: Wolters-Noordhoff.Google Scholar

Delany, S. N. and Scott, D. A. (2006). Waterbird Population Estimates, 4th edn. Wageningen, the Netherlands: Wetlands International.Google Scholar

Delcourt, H. R. and Delcourt, P. A. (1988). Quaternary landscape ecology: relevant scales in space and time. Landscape Ecology, 2, 23–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Delcourt, H. R. and Delcourt, P. A. (1991). Quaternary Ecology: A Paleoecological Perspective. London: Chapman and Hall.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

del Moral, R., Titus, J. H., and Cook, A. M. (1995). Early primary succession on Mount St. Helens, Washington, USA. Journal of Vegetation Science, 6, 107–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Luc, J. A. (1810). Geologic travels. In Gorham, E. (1953). Some early ideas concerning the nature, origin and development of peat lands. Journal of Ecology, 41, 257–74.

Denny, P. (1972). Sites of nutrient absorption in aquatic macrophytes. Journal of Ecology, 60, 819–29.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Denny, P. (1985). The Ecology and Management of African Wetland Vegetation. Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Dr. W. Junk Publishers.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Denny, P. (1993a).Wetlands of Africa: Introduction. In Wetlands of the World, Vol. 1, eds. Whigham, D. F., D. Dykyjova, and S. Hejny, pp. 1–31. Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Kluwer.Google Scholar

Denny, P. (1993b). Eastern Africa. In Wetlands of the World, Vol. 1, ed. Whigham, D. F., D. Dykyjova, and S. Hejny, pp. 32–46. Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Kluwer.Google Scholar

Denny, P. (1995). Benefits and priorities for wetland conservation: the case for national conservation strategies. In Wetlands. Archaeology and Nature Conservation, eds. Cox, M., Straker, V., and Taylor, D., pp. 249–74. London: HMSO.Google Scholar

Desmukh, I. (1986). Ecology and Tropical Biology. Palo Alto, CA: Blackwell Scientific Publications.Google Scholar

Desrochers, D. W., Keagy, J. C., and Cristol, D. A. (2008). Created versus natural wetlands: avian communities in Virgina salt marshes. Ecoscience, 15, 36–43.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Diamond, J. M. (1975). Assembly of species communities. In Ecology and Evolution of Communities, eds. Cody, M. L. and Diamond, J. M., pp. 342–444. Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press.Google Scholar

Diamond, J. M. (1983). Laboratory, field and natural experiments. Nature, 304, 586–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Diamond, J. (1994). Ecological collapses of past civilisations. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society, 138, 363–70.Google Scholar

Diamond, J. (2005). Collapse: How Societies Choose to Fail or Succeed. New York: Penguin Books.Google Scholar

Dickinson, C. H. (1983). Micro-organisms in peatlands. In Ecosystems of the World Vol. 4A, Mires: Swamp, Bog, Fen and Moor–General Studies, ed. Gore, A. J. P., pp. 225–45. Amsterdam, the Netherlands: Elsevier.Google Scholar

Digby, P. G. N. and Kempton, R. A. (1987). Multivariate Analysis of Ecological Communities. London: Chapman and Hall.Google Scholar

Dinerstein, E. (1991). Seed dispersal by greater one-horned rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis) and the flora of Rhinoceros latrines. Mammalia, 55, 355–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dinerstein, E. (1992). Effects of Rhinoceros unicornis on riverine forest structure in lowland Nepal. Ecology, 73, 701–4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dittmar, L. A. and Neely, R. K. (1999). Wetland seed bank response to sedimentation varying in loading rate and texture. Wetlands, 19, 341–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Douglas, B. C. (1997). Global sea rise: a redetermination. Surveys in Geophysics, 18, 279–92.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dowdeswell, J. A. (2006). The Greenland ice sheet and global sea-level rise. Science, 311, 963–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Doyle, T. W., Garrett, F. G., and Books, M. A. (2003). Modeling mangrove forest migration along the southwest coast of Florida under climate change. In Integrated Assessment of the Climate Change Impacts on the Gulf Coast Region, eds. Ning, Z. H., Tumer, R. E., Doyle, T., and Abdollahi, K. K., pp. 211–21. Baton Rouge, LA: Gulf Coast Climate Change Assessment Council (GCRCC) and Louisiana State University (LSU) Graphic Services.Google Scholar

Dray, F. A., Bennett, B. C., and Center, T. D. (2006). Invasion history of Melaleuca quinquenervia (Cav.) S. T. Blake in Florida. Castanea, 71, 210–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dugan, , P. (ed.) (1993). Wetlands in Danger. New York: Oxford University Press.

Dugan, , P. (ed.) (2005). Guide to Wetlands. Buffalo, NY: Firefly Books.

Dumortier, M., Verlinden, A., Beeckman, H., and Mijnsbrugge, K. (1996). Effects of harvesting dates and frequencies on above- and below-ground dynamics in Belgian wet grasslands. Ecoscience, 3, 190–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Duncan, R. P. (1993). Flood disturbance and the coexistence of species in a lowland podocarp forest, south Westland, New Zealand. Journal of Ecology, 81, 403–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Durant, W. (1944). The Story of Civilization III: Caesar and Christ. New York: Simon and Schuster.Google Scholar

du Rietz, G. E. (1931). Life-Forms of Terrestrial Flowering Plants. Uppsala, Sweden: Almqvist & Wiksell.Google Scholar

Dynesius, M. and Nilsson, C. (1994). Fragmentation and flow regulation of river systems in the northern third of the world. Science, 266, 753–62.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Edmonds, , J. (ed.) (1997). Oxford Atlas of Exploration. New York: Oxford University Press.

Ehrenfeld, J. G. (1983). The effects of changes in land-use on swamps of the New Jersey pine barrens. Biological Conservation, 25, 353–75.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ehrlich, A. and Ehrlich, P. (1981). Extinction: The Causes and Consequences of the Disappearance of Species. New York: Random House.Google Scholar

Elakovich, S. D. and Wootten, J. W. (1989). Allelopathic potential of sixteen aquatic and wetland plants. Journal of Aquatic Plant Management, 27, 78–84.Google Scholar

Ellenberg, H. (1985). Veranderungen der Flora Mitteleuropas unter dem Einflus von Dungung und Immissionen. Schweizerische Zeitschrift für Forstwesen, 136, 19–39.Google Scholar

Ellenberg, H. (1988). Floristic changes due to nitrogen deposition in central Europe. In Critical Loads for Sulfur and Nitrogen, eds. Nilsson, J. and Grennfelt, P., pp. 375–83. Report from a workshop held at Skokloster, Sweden, Mar 19–24, 1988. Copenhagen: Nordic Council of Ministers.Google Scholar

Ellenberg, H. (1989). Eutrophierung: das gravierendste Problem im Naturschutz?Norddeutsche Naturschutzakademie, 2, 9–12.Google Scholar

Ellery, W. N., Ellery, K., Rogers, K. H., McCarthy, T. S., and Walker, B. H. (1993). Vegetation, hydrology and sedimentation processes as determinants of channel form and dynamics in the northeastern Okavango Delta, Botswana. African Journal of Ecology, 31, 10–25.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ellison, A. M. and Farnsworth, E. J. (1996). Spatial and temporal variability in growth of Rhizophora mangle saplings on coral cays: links with variation in insolation, herbivory, and local sedimentation rate. Journal of Ecology, 84, 717–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Elton, C. (1927). Animal Ecology. London: Sidgwick and Jackson.Google Scholar

Elveland, J. (1978). Management of Rich Fens in Northern Sweden: Studies of Various Factors Influencing the Vegetational Dynamics, Statens naturvardsverk PM 1007. Solna, Sweden: Forskningsnamnden.Google Scholar

Elveland, J. (1979). Irrigated and Naturally Flooded Hay-Meadows in North Sweden: A Nature Conservancy Problem, Statens naturvardsverk PM 1174. Solna, Sweden: Forskningssekretariatet.Google Scholar

Elveland, J. and Sjoberg, K. (1982). Some Effects of Scything and Other Management Procedures on the Plant and Animal Life of N. Swedish Wetlands Formerly Mown for Hay, Statens naturvardsverket PM 1516. Solna, Sweden: Forskningssekretariatet.Google Scholar

,Encyclopaedia Britannica. (1991). Vol. 16, p. 481. Chicago, IL: Encyclopaedia Britannica Inc.

,Environment Canada. (1976). Marine Environmental Data Service, Ocean and Aquatic Sciences: Monthly and Yearly Mean Water Levels, Vol. 1, Inland. Ottawa, ON: Department of Environment.

,Environment Canada. (2000). The Importance of Nature to Canadians: The Economic Significance of Nature-Related Activities. Ottawa, ON: Environment Canada.

Eriksson, O. (1993). The species-pool hypothesis and plant community diversity. Oikos, 68, 371–4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Essame, H. (1974). Patton: A Study in Command. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons.Google Scholar

Ewel, J. J. (1986). Invasibility: lessons from south Florida. In Ecology of Biological Invasions of North America and Hawaii, eds. Mooney, H. A. and Drake, J. A., pp. 214–30. New York: Springer-Verlag.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Facelli, J. M., Leon, R. J. C., and Deregibus, V. A. (1989). Community structure in grazed and ungrazed grassland sites in the flooding Pampa, Argentina. American Midland Naturalist, 121, 125–33.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Faith, D. P., Minchin, P. R. and Belbin, L. (1987). Compositional dissimilarity as a robust measure of ecological distance. Vegetatio, 69, 57–68.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Farney, R. A. and Bookhout, T. A. (1982). Vegetation changes in a Lake Erie marsh (Winous Point, Ottawa County, Ohio) during high water years. Ohio Journal of Science, 82, 103–7.Google Scholar

Faulkner, S. P. and Richardson, C. J. (1989). Physical and chemical characteristics of freshwater wetland soils. In Constructed Wetlands for Wastewater Treatment, ed. Hammer, D. A., pp. 41–72. Chelsea, MI: Lewis Publishers.Google Scholar

Fernandez-Armesto, F. (1989). The Spanish Armada: The Experience of War in 1588. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Field, R., Stuzeski, E. J., Masters, H. E., and Tafuri, A. N. (1974). Water pollution and associated effects from street salting. Journal of Environmental Engineering Division, 100, 459–77.Google Scholar

Findlay, S. C. and Houlahan, J. (1997). Anthropogenic correlates of biodiversity in southeastern Ontario wetlands. Conservation Biology, 11, 1000–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Finney, B. P. and Johnson, T. C. (1991). Sedimentation in Lake Malawi (East Africa) during the past 10,000 years: a continuous paleoclimatic record from the southern tropics. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 85, 351–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Fitter, A. and Hay, R. (2002). Environmental Physiology of Plants, 3rd edn. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.Google Scholar

Flint, R. F. (1971). Glacial and Quaternary Geology. New York: John Wiley.Google Scholar

Flores, D. L. (ed.) (1984). Jefferson and Southwestern Exploration: The Freeman and Custis Accounts of the Red River Expedition of 1806. Norman, OK: University of Oklahoma Press.Google Scholar

,Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO). (2009). Commodities by Country. http://faostat.fao.org/site/339/default.aspx (accessed Dec 4, 2009)

Forman, A. T. and Alexander, L. E. (1998). Roads and their ecological effects. Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, 29, 207–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Forman, , R. T. T. (ed.) (1998). Pine Barrens: Ecosystem and Landscape. Rutgers, NJ: Rutgers University Press.

Forman, R. T. T., Sperling, D., Bissonette, J., Clevenger, A. P., Cutshall, C. D., Dale, V. H., Fahrig, L., France, R., Goldman, C. R., Heanue, K., Jones, J. A., Swanson, F. J., Turrentine, T., and Winter, T. C. (2002). Road Ecology: Science and Solutions. Washington, DC: Island Press.Google Scholar

Forster, P., Ramaswamy, V., Artaxo, P., Berntsen, T., Betts, R., Fahey, D. W., Haywood, J., Lean, J., Lowe, D. C., Myhre, G., Nganga, J., Prinn, R., Raga, G., Schulz, M., and Dorland, R. (2007). Changes in atmospheric constituents and in radiative forcing. In Climate Change 2007: The Physical Science Basis. Contribution of Working Group I to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, eds. Solomon, S., Qin, D., Manning, M., Chen, Z., Marquis, M., Averyt, K. B., Tignor, M. M. B. and Miller, H. L., pp. 129–234. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Foster, D. R. and Glaser, P. H. (1986). The raised bogs of south-eastern Labrador, Canada: classification, distribution, vegetation and recent dynamics. Journal of Ecology, 74, 47–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Foster, D. R. and Wright, H. E. (1990). Role of ecosystem development and climate change in bog formation in central Sweden. Ecology, 71, 450–63.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Foster, D. R., King, G. A., Glaser, P. H., and Wright, H. E. (1983). Origin of string patterns in boreal peatlands. Nature, 306, 256–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Fox, A. D. and Kahlert, J. (1999). Adjustments to nitrogen metabolism during wing moult in Greylag Geese, Anser anser. Functional Ecology, 13, 661–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Fragoso, J. M. V. (1998). Home range and movement patterns of white-lipped Peccary (Tayassu pecari) herds in the northern Brazilian Amazon. Biotropica, 30, 458–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Francis, T. B. and Schindler, D. E. (2006). Degradation of littoral habitats by residential development: woody debris in lakes of the Pacific Northwest and Midwest, United States. AMBIO: A Journal of the Human Environment, 35, 274–80.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Fraser, A. (1973). Cromwell: The Lord Protector. New York: Konecky and Konecky.Google Scholar

Fraser, , L. H.andKeddy, P. A. (eds.) (2005). The World's Largest Wetlands: Ecology and Conservation. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.CrossRef

Freedman, B. (1995). Environmental Ecology, 2nd edn. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.Google Scholar

Fremlin, G. (ed. in chief) (1974). The National Atlas of Canada, 4th edn, revd. Toronto, ON: Macmillan.Google Scholar

Frenzel, B. (1983). Mires: repositories of climatic information or self-perpetuating ecosystems? In Ecosystems of the World Vol. 4A, Mires: Swamp, Bog, Fen and Moor – General Studies, ed. Gore, A. J. P., pp. 35–65. Amsterdam, the Netherlands: Elsevier.Google Scholar

Fretwell, S. D. (1977). The regulation of plant communities by food chains exploiting them. Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, 20, 169–85.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Frey, R. W. and Basan, P. B. (1978). Coastal salt marshes. In Coastal Sedimentary Environments, ed. Davis, R. A., pp. 101–69. New York: Springer-Verlag.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Fritzell, E. K. (1989). Mammals in prairie wetlands. In Northern Prairie Wetlands, ed. Valk, A., pp. 268–301. Ames, IA: Iowa State University Press.Google Scholar

Galatowitsch, S. M. and Valk, A. G. (1994). Restoring Prairie Wetlands: An Ecological Approach. Ames, IA: Iowa State University Press.Google Scholar

Galatowitsch, S. M. and Valk, A. G. (1996). The vegetation of restored and natural prairie wetlands. Ecological Applications, 6, 102–12.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Galinato, M. and Valk, A. (1986). Seed germination of annuals and emergents recruited during drawdowns in the Delta Marsh, Manitoba, Canada. Aquatic Botany, 26, 89–102.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Garcia, L. V., Maranon, T., Moreno, A., and Clemente, L. (1993). Above-ground biomass and species richness in a Mediterranean salt marsh. Journal of Vegetation Science, 4, 417–24.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gastescu, P. (1993). The Danube Delta: geographical characteristics and ecological recovery. Earth and Environmental Science, 29, 57–67.Google Scholar

Gaston, K. J. (2000). Global patterns in biodiversity. Nature, 405, 220–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Gaston, K. J., Williams, P. H., Eggleton, P., and Humphries, C. J. (1995). Large scale patterns of biodiversity: spatial variation in family richness. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London Series B, 260, 149–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gaudet, C. L. and Keddy, P. A. (1988). A comparative approach to predicting competitive ability from plant traits. Nature, 334, 242–3.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gaudet, C. L. and Keddy, P. A. (1995). Competitive performance and species distribution in shoreline plant communities: a comparative approach. Ecology, 76, 280–91.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Geho, E. M., Campbell, D., and Keddy, P. A. (2007). Quantifying ecological filters: the relative impact of herbivory, neighbours, and sediment on an oligohaline marsh. Oikos, 116, 1006–16.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Geis, J. W. (1985). Environmental influences on the distribution and composition of wetlands in the Great Lakes basin. In Coastal Wetlands, eds. Prince, H. H. and D'Itri, F. M., pp. 15–31. Chelsea, MI: Lewis Publishers.Google Scholar

Gentry, A. H. (1988). Changes in plant community diversity and floristic composition on environmental and geographical gradients. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, 75, 1–34.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

,German Advisory Council on Global Change. (2006). The Future Oceans: Warming Up, Rising High, Turning Sour, Special Report. Berlin, Germany: German Advisory Council on Global Change.

Gibson, D. J., Zampella, R. A., and Windisch, A. G. (1999). New Jersey Pine Plains: the “true barrens” of the New Jersey Pine Barrens. In Savannas, Barrens, and Rock Outcrop Communities of North America, eds. Anderson, R. C.. Fralish, J. S., and Bastin, J. M., pp. 52–66. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gignac, L. D. and Vitt, D. H. (1990). Habitat limitations of Sphagnum along climatic, chemical, and physical gradients in mires of western Canada. The Bryologist, 93, 7–22.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gilbert, J. J. (1988). Suppression of rotifer populations by Daphnia: a review of the evidence, the mechanisms, and the effects on zooplankton community structure. Limnology and Oceanography, 33, 1286–303.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gilbert, J. J. (1990). Differential effects of Anabaena affinis on cladoceran and rotifers: mechanisms and implications. Ecology, 71, 1727–40.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gilbert, R. and Glew, J. R. (1986). A wind-driven ice-push event in eastern Lake Ontario. Journal of Great Lakes Research, 12, 326–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gill, D. (1973). Modification of northern alluvial habitats by river development. The Canadian Geographer, 17, 138–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Giller, K. E. and Wheeler, B. D. (1986). Past peat cutting and present vegetation patterns in an undrained fen in the Norfolk Broadland. Journal of Ecology, 74, 219–47.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Givnish, T. J. (1982). On the adaptive significance of leaf height in forest herbs. The American Naturalist, 120, 353–81.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Givnish, T. J. (1988). Ecology and evolution of carnivorous plants. In Plant–Animal Interactions, ed. Abrahamson, W. B., pp. 243–90. New York: McGraw-Hill.Google Scholar

Gladwell, M. (2002). The Tipping Point: How Little Things Can Make a Big Difference. New York: Little, Brown.Google Scholar

Glaser, P. H. (1992). Raised bogs in eastern North America: regional controls for species richness and floristic assemblages. Journal of Ecology, 80, 535–54.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Glaser, P. H., Janssens, J. A., and Siegel, D. I. (1990). The response of vegetation to chemical and hydrological gradients in the Lost River peatland, northern Minnesota. Journal of Ecology, 78, 1021–48.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gleason, H. A. (1926). The individualistic concept of the plant association. Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club, 53, 7–26.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gleason, H. A. (1939). The individualistic concept of the plant association. American Midland Naturalist, 21, 92–110.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Glob, P. V. (1969). The Bog People. Iron-Age Man Preserved, translated from the Danish by Bruce-Mitford, R.. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press.Google Scholar

Glooschenko, W. A. (1980). Coastal ecosystems of the James/Hudson Bay area of Ontario, Canada. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie, NF, 34, 214–24.Google Scholar

Godfrey, W. E. (1966). The Birds of Canada. Ottawa, ON: Information Canada.Google Scholar

Godwin, Sir H. (1981). The Archives of the Peat Bogs. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Godwin, K. S., Shallenberger, J., Leopold, D. J., and Bedford, B. L. (2002). Linking landscape properties to local hydrogeologic gradients and plant species occurrence in New York fens: a hydrogeologic setting (HGS) framework. Wetlands, 22, 722–37.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Goethe, J. W. (1831). Goethe's Faust, Part 2, translated by Taylor, B., revised and edited by Atkins, S., 1962. New York: Collier Books.Google Scholar

Goin, C. J. and Goin, O. B. (1971). Introduction to Herpetology, 2nd edn. San Francisco, CA: W. H. Freeman.Google Scholar

Goldsmith, F. B. (1973). The vegetation of exposed sea cliffs at South Stack, Anglesey. II. Experimental studies. Journal of Ecology, 61, 819–29,CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Goldsmith, , F. B. (ed.) (1991). Monitoring for Conservation and Ecology. London: Chapman and Hall.CrossRef

Goldsmith, F. B. and Harrison, C. M. (1976). Description and analysis of vegetation. In Methods in Plant Ecology, ed. Chapman, S. B., pp. 85–155. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Scientific Publications.Google Scholar

Golet, F. C. and Parkhurst, J. A. (1981). Freshwater wetland dynamics in South Kingston, Rhode Island, 1939–1972. Environmental Management, 5, 245–51.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Good, , R. E., Whigham, D. F., and Simpson, R. L (eds.) (1978). Freshwater Wetlands: Ecological Processes and Management Potential. New York: Academic Press.

Gopal, B. (1990). Nutrient dynamics of aquatic plant communities. In Ecology and Management of Aquatic Vegetation in the Indian Subcontinent, ed. Gopal, B., pp. 177–97. Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Kluwer.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gopal, B. and Goel, U. (1993). Competition and allelopathy in aquatic plant communities. Botanical Review, 59, 155–210.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gopal, B., Kvet, J., Loffler, H., Masing, V. and Patten, B. (1990). Definition and classification. In Wetlands and Shallow Continental Water Bodies, Vol. 1, Natural and Human Relationships, ed. Patten, B. C., pp. 9–15. The Hague, the Netherlands: SPB Academic Publishing.Google Scholar

Gore, , A. J. P. (ed.) (1983). Ecosystems of the World, Vol. 4A, Mires: Swamp, Bog, Fen and Moor – General Studies. Amsterdam, the Netherlands: Elsevier.

Gore, A. J. P. (1983). Introduction. In Ecosystems of the World, Vol. 4A, Mires: Swamp, Bog, Fen and Moor – General Studies, ed. Gore, A. J. P.. Amsterdam, the Netherlands: Elsevier.Google Scholar

Gorham, E. (1953). Some early ideas concerning the nature, origin and development of peat lands. Journal of Ecology, 41, 257–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gorham, E. (1957). The development of peatlands. Quarterly Review of Biology, 32, 145–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gorham, E. (1961). Water, ash, nitrogen and acidity of some bog peats and other organic soils. Journal of Ecology, 49, 103–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gorham, E. (1990). Biotic impoverishment in northern peatlands. In The Earth in Transition, ed. Woodwell, G. M., pp. 65–98. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Gorham, E. (1991). Northern peatlands role in the carbon cycle and probable responses to climatic warming. Ecological Applications, 1, 182–95.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Gosselink, J. G. and Turner, R. E. (1978). The role of hydrology in freshwater wetland ecosystems. In Freshwater Wetlands: Ecological Processes and Management Potential, eds. Good, R. E., Whigham, D. F., and Simpson, R. L., pp. 63–79. New York: Academic Press.Google Scholar

Gottlieb, A. D., Richards, J. H., and Gaiser, E. E. (2006). Comparative study of periphyton community structure in long and short hydroperiod Everglades marshes. Hydrobiologia, 569, 195–207.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gough, J. (1793). Reasons for supposing that lakes have been more numerous than they are at present; with an attempt to assign the causes whereby they have been defaced. Memoirs of the Literary and Philosophical Society of Manchester, 4, 1–19. In Walker, D. (1970). Direction and Rate in Some British Post-Glacial Hydroseres. In Studies in the Vegetational History of the British Isles, eds. Walker, D. and West, R. G., pp. 117–39. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.Google Scholar

Gough, L. G., Grace, J. B., and Taylor, K. L. (1994). The relationship between species richness and community biomass: the importance of environmental variables. Oikos, 70, 271–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Goulding, M. (1980). The Fishes and the Forest: Explorations in Amazonian Natural History. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.Google Scholar

Grace, J. B. (1990). On the relationship between plant traits and competitive ability. In Perspectives on Plant Competition, eds. Grace, J. B. and Tilman, D., pp. 51–65. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.Google Scholar

Grace, J. B. (1999). The factors controlling species density in herbaceous plant communities: an assessment. Perspectives in Plant Ecology, Evolution and Systematics, 2, 1–28.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Grace, J. B. and Ford, M. A. (1996). The potential impact of herbivores on the susceptibility of the marsh plant Sagittaria lancifolia to saltwater intrusion in coastal wetlands. Estuaries, 19, 13–20.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Grace, J. B. and Wetzel, R. G. (1981). Habitat partitioning and competitive displacement in cattails (Typha): experimental field studies. The American Naturalist, 118, 463–74.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Graf, D. L. and Cummings, K. S. (2007). Review of the systematics and global diversity of freshwater mussel species (Bivalvia: Unionoida). Journal of Molluscan Studies, 73, 291–314.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Graham, J. B. (1997). Air Breathing Fishes. San Diego, CA: Academic Press.Google Scholar

Greening, H. (1995). Resource-based watershed management in Tampa Bay. In Wetlands and Watershed Management: Science Applications and Public Policy, eds. Kusler, J. A., Willard, D. E., and Hull, H. C., pp. 172–81. A collection of papers from a national symposium and several workshops at Tampa, FL, Apr 23–26. Berne, NY: Association of State Wetland Managers.Google Scholar

Griffiths, R. A., Denton, J., and Wong, A. L. (1993). The effect of food level on competition in tadpoles: interference mediated by protothecan algae?Journal of Animal Ecology, 62, 274–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Grime, J. P. (1973). Competitive exclusion in herbaceous vegetation. Nature, 242, 344–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Grime, J. P. (1974). Vegetation classification by reference to strategies. Nature, 250, 26–31.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Grime, J. P. (1977). Evidence for the existence of three primary strategies in plants and its relevance to ecological and evolutionary theory. The American Naturalist, 111, 1169–94.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Grime, J. P. (1979). Plant Strategies and Vegetation Processes. Chichester, UK: John Wiley.Google Scholar

Grime, J. P. and Hunt, R. (1975). Relative growth-rate: its range and adaptive significance in a local flora. Journal of Ecology, 63, 393–422.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Grime, J. P., Mason, G., Curtis, A. V., Rodman, J., Band, S. R., Mowforth, M. A. G., Neal, A. M., and Shaw, S. (1981). A comparative study of germination characteristics in a local flora. Journal of Ecology, 69, 1017–59.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Grimes, W. (2006). Visionaries and rascals in Florida's wetlands: review of The Swamp: The Everglades, Florida and the Politics of Paradise. The Washington Post, Mar 8, 2006.Google Scholar

Grishin, S. Y., del Moral, R., Krestov, P. V., and Verkholat, V. P. (1996). Succession following the catastrophic eruption of Ksudach volcano (Kamchatka, 1907). Vegetatio, 127, 129–53.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Groombridge, , B. (ed.) (1992). Global Biodiversity: Status of the Earth's Living Resources, a report compiled by the World Conservation Monitoring Centre. London: Chapman and Hall.CrossRef

Grootjans, A. P., Diggelen, R., Everts, H. F., Schipper, P. C., Streefkerk, J., Vries, N. P., and Wierda, A. (1993). Linking ecological patterns to hydrological conditions on various spatial scales: a case study of small stream valleys. In Landscape Ecology of a Stressed Environment, eds. Vos, C. C. and Opdam, P., pp. 60–99. London: Chapman and Hall.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Grosse, W., Buchel, H. B., and Tiebel, H. (1991). Pressurized ventilation in wetland plants. Aquatic Botany, 39, 89–98.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Grover, A. M. and Baldassarre, G. A. (1995). Bird species richness within beaver ponds in south-central New York. Wetlands, 15, 108–18.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Grubb, P. J. (1977). The maintenance of species-richness in plant communities: the importance of the regeneration niche. Biological Review, 52, 107–45.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Grubb, P. J. (1985). Plant populations and vegetation in relation to habitat disturbance and competition: problems of generalizations. In The Population Structure of Vegetation, ed. White, J., pp. 595–621. Dordrecht, the Netherlands: Dr. W. Junk Publishers.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Grubb, P. J. (1986). Problems posed by sparse and patchily distributed species in species-rich plant communities. In Community Ecology, eds. Diamond, J. M. and Case, T. J., pp. 207–25. New York: Harper and Row.Google Scholar

Grubb, P. J. (1987). Global trends in species-richness in terrestrial vegetation: a view from the northern hemisphere. In Organization of Communities Past and Present, eds. Gee, J. H. R. and Giller, P. S., pp. 99–118. 27th Symposium of the British Ecological Society, Aberystwyth. Oxford, UK: Blackwell Scientific Publications.Google Scholar

Grumbine, R. E. (1994). What is ecosystem management?Conservation Biology, 8, 27–38.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Grumbine, R. E. (1997). Reflections on ‘What is ecosystem management?’Conservation Biology, 11, 41–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Grunwald, M. (2006). The Swamp: The Everglades, Florida and the Politics of Paradise. New York: Simon and Schuster.Google Scholar

Gurevitch, J., Morrow, L., Wallace, A., and Walsh, A. (1992). A meta-analysis of competition in field experiments. The American Naturalist, 140, 539–72.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Guy, H. P. (1973). Sediment problems in urban areas. In Focus on Environmental Geology, ed. Tank, R. W., pp. 186–92. New York: Oxford University Press.Google Scholar

Guyer, C. and Bailey, M. A. (1993). Amphibians and reptiles of longleaf pine communities. In The Longleaf Pine Ecosystem: Ecology, Restoration and Management, ed. Hermann, S. M., pp. 139–58. Proceedings of the Tall Timbers Fire Ecology Conference No. 18. Tallahassee, FL: Tall Timbers Research Station.Google Scholar

Hacker, S. D. and Bertness, M. D. (1999). Experimental evidence for factors maintaining plant species diversity in a New England salt marsh. Ecology, 80, 2064–73.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hacker, S. D. and Gaines, S. D. (1997). Some implications of direct positive interactions for community species diversity. Ecology, 78, 1990–2003.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Haeuber, R. and Franklin, J. (eds.) (1996). Perspectives on ecosystem management. Ecological Applications, 6, 692–747.CrossRef