Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-848d4c4894-xfwgj Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-06-22T23:48:21.398Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

3 - Herpes viruses

from Section 1 - Agents

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  12 January 2010

By
Eleftherios C. Vamvakas  and
Gary E. Tegtmeier
Edited by
John A. J. Barbara ,
Fiona A. M. Regan  and
Marcela Contreras
Eleftherios C. Vamvakas
Affiliation:
University of Ottowa, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Ottawa, ON, Canada
Gary E. Tegtmeier
Affiliation:
Community Blood Center of Greater Kansas City, Kansas City, Missouri, USA
John A. J. Barbara
Affiliation:
University of the West of England, Bristol
Fiona A. M. Regan
Affiliation:
HNSBT and Hammersmith Hospitals NHS Trust, London
Marcela Contreras
Affiliation:
University of the West of England, Bristol
Get access

Summary

Human herpes viruses are highly successful intracellular parasites. With the exception of varicella-zoster virus (VZV), they cause asymptomatic or mildly symptomatic primary infection, establish latent infection, and persist lifelong. During the host's lifetime, they periodically reactivate and infect other susceptible individuals. As long as the host's immune system is not compromised, the balance between virus and host is maintained. However, immunosuppression induced by disease or therapy can alter the balance between virus and host, resulting in systemic virus infection and concomitant disease.

The human Herpesviridae includes three subfamilies (see Table 3.1). Transmission by transfusion does not appear to occur with herpes simplex virus (HSV) or VZV. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is by far the most important herpes virus in transfusion medicine, and its relative significance increased greatly in the last two decades, due to increases in bone marrow transplantation, solid-organ transplantation and more aggressive chemotherapy for malignant disease. This chapter reviews the role of CMV and Epstein-Barr Virus (EBV) in transfusion medicine. Human herpes viruses 6, 7, and 8 (HHV-6, HHV-7, and HHV-8) are reviewed briefly but are covered in detail in the chapter on newly identified agents (Please refer to Chapter 28).

Cytomegalovirus

Transfusion-acquired CMV infection has been the subject of numerous reviews (Blajchman et al., 2001; Gunter and Luban, 1996; Hillyer et al., 1994; Pamphilon et al., 1999b; Preiksaitis, 2000; Tegtmeier, 1989; 2001; Wong and Luban, 2002).

Type
Chapter
Information
Transfusion Microbiology , pp. 35 - 58
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2008

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

Ablashi, D. V., Berneman, Z. N., Kramarsky, B., et al. (1995) Human herpes virus-7 (HHV-7): current status. Clin Diagn Virol, 4, 1–13.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Aboulafia, D., Mathisen, G. and Mitsuyasu, R. (1991) Case report: Aggressive Kaposi's sarcoma and Campylobacter bacteremia in a female with transfusion-associated AIDS. Am J Med Sci, 301, 256–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Adams, M. R., Fisher, D. M., Dumont, L. J., et al. (2000) Detecting failed WBC-reduction processes: computer simulations of intermittent and continuous process failure. Transfusion, 40, 1427–33.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Adams, P. T., Davenport, R. D., Reardon, D. A., et al. (1992) Detection of circulating donor white blood cells in patients receiving multiple transfusions. Blood, 80, 551–5.Google ScholarPubMed
Adler, S. P. and McVoy, M. M. (1989) Cytomegalovirus infections in seropositive patients after transfusion. Transfusion, 29, 667–71.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Adler, S. P., Baggett, J. and McVoy, M. (1985a) Transfusion-associated cytomegalovirus infections in seropositive cardiac-surgery patients. Lancet, 2, 743–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Adler, S. P., Chandrika, T., Lawrence, L., et al. (1983) Cytomegalovirus infections in neonates acquired by blood transfusions. Pediatr Infect Dis J, 2, 114–18.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Adler, S. P., McVoy, M. and Biro, V. G. (1985b) Detection of cytomegalovirus antibody with latex agglutination. J Clin Microbiol, 22, 68–70.Google Scholar
Alfieri, C., Tanner, J., Carpentier, L., et al. (1996) EBV transmission from a blood donor to an organ transplant recipient with recovery of the same virus strain from the recipient blood and oropharynx. Blood, 87, 812–817.Google Scholar
Anagnostopoulos, I., Hummel, M., Kreschel, C., et al., (1995) Morphology, immunophenotype, and distribution of latently and/or productively Epstein-Barr virus-infected cells in acute mononucleosis: implications for the interindividual infection route of Epstein-Barr virus. Blood, 85, 744–50.Google ScholarPubMed
Asano, Y., Yoshikawa, T., Suga, S., et al. (1991) Reactivation of herpes virus type 6 in children receiving bone marrow transplants for leukemia. N Engl J Med, 324, 634–635.Google ScholarPubMed
Atkinson, J., Edlin, B. R., Engels, E. A., et al. (2003) Seroprevalence of human herpes virus 8 among injection drug users in San Francisco. J Infect Dis, 187, 974–81.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Babcock, G. J., Decker, L. L., Volk, M., et al. (1998) EBV persistence in memory B-cells in vivo. Immunity, 9, 395–404.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bale, J. F. Jr., Kealey, G. P., Massanari, R. M., et al. (1990) The epidemiology of cytomegalovirus infection among patients with burns. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol, 11, 17–22.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Baumgartner, J. D., Glauser, M. P., Burgo-Black, A. L., et al. (1982) Severe cytomegalovirus infection in multiply transfused, splenectomized, trauma patients. Lancet, 2, 63–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beckwith, D. G., Halstead, D. C., Alpaugh, K., et al. (1985) Comparison of a latex agglutination test with five other methods for determining the presence of antibody against cytomegalovirus. J Clin Microbiol, 21, 328–31.Google ScholarPubMed
Bendsoe, N., Dictor, M., Blomberg, J., et al. (1990) Increased incidence of Kaposi sarcoma in Sweden before the AIDS epidemic. Eur J Cancer, 26, 699–702.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Beneke, J. S., Tegtmeier, G. E., Alter, H. J., et al. (1984) Relation of titers of antibodies to CMV in blood donors to the transmission of cytomegalovirus infection. J Infect Dis, 150, 883–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Blackbourn, D. J., Ambroziak, J., Lennette, E., et al. (1997) Infectious human herpes virus 8 in a healthy North American blood donor. Lancet, 349, 609–11.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blacklow, N. R., Watson, B. K., Miller, G., et al. (1971) Mononucleosis with heterophil antibodies and EB virus infection: acquisition by an elderly patient in hospital. Am J Med, 51, 549–52.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Blajchman, M. A. and Vamvakas, E. C. (2006) The continuing risk of transfusion-transmitted infections. N Eng J Med, 355, 1303–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Blajchman, M. A., Goldman, M., Freedman, J. F., et al. (2001) Proceedings of a consensus conference: prevention of post-transfusion CMV in the era of universal leukoreduction. Transfus Med Rev, 15, 1–20.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Boeckh, M., Bowden, R. A., Gooley, T., et al. (1999) Successful modification of a pp65 antigenemia-based early treatment strategy for prevention of cytomegalovirus disease in allogeneic marrow transplant recipients. Blood, 93, 1781–2.Google ScholarPubMed
Booth, J. C., Hannington, G., Bakir, T. M. F., et al. (1982) Comparison of enzyme linked immunoabsorbent assay, radio-immunoassay, complement function, anti-complement immunofluorescence and passive hemagglutination techniques for detecting cytomegalovirus IG antibody. J Clin Pathol, 35, 1345–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bowden, R. and Sayers, M. (1990) The risk of transmitting cytomegalovirus infection by fresh frozen plasma. Transfusion, 30, 762–3.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bowden, R. A., Sayers, M. H., Cays, M., et al. (1989) The role of blood product filtration in the prevention of transfusion-associated cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection after marrow transplant. Transfusion, 29 (Suppl. 1), 57S.Google Scholar
Bowden, R. A., Sayers, M., Flournoy, N., et al. (1986) Cytomegalovirus immune globulin and seronegative blood products to prevent primary cytomegalovirus infection after marrow transplantation. N Eng J Med, 314, 1006–10.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bowden, R. A., Sayers, M., Gleaves, C. A., et al. (1987) Cytomegalovirus-seronegative blood components for the prevention of primary cytomegalovirus infection after marrow transplantation: considerations for blood banks. Transfusion, 27, 478.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Bowden, R. A., Slichter, S. J., Sayers, M. H., et al. (1991) Use of leukocyte-depleted platelets and cytomegalovirus-seronegative red blood cells for prevention of primary cytomegalovirus infection after marrow transplant. Blood, 79, 246–50.Google Scholar
Bowden, R. A., Slichter, S. J., Sayers, M. H., et al. (1995) A comparison of filtered leukocyte reduced and cytomegalovirus (CMV) seronegative blood products for the prevention of transfusion-associated CMV infection after marrow transplant. Blood, 86, 3598–606.Google ScholarPubMed
Brady, M. T., Milam, J. D., Anderson, D. C., et al. (1984) Use of deglycerolized red blood cells to prevent post-transfusion infection with cytomegalovirus in neonates. J Infect Dis, 150, 334–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bruggerman, C. A. (1991) Reactivation of latent CMV in the rat. Transplant Proc, 23 (Suppl.3), 22–4.Google Scholar
Busch, M. P. and Lee, T. H. (1995) Role of donor leukocytes and leukodepletion in transfusion-associated viral infections. In Clinical Benefits of Leukodepleted Blood Products, eds Sweeney, J. and Heaton, W. A., pp. 97–112. Austin, TX, R.G. Landes Co.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cannon, M. J., Dollard, S. C., Smith, D. K., et al. (2001) Blood-borne and sexual transmission of human herpes virus 8 in women with or at risk for human immunodeficiency virus infection. N Eng J Med, 344, 637–43.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cannon, M. J., Laney, A. S. and Pellett, P. E. (2003) Human herpes virus 8: current issues. Clin Infect Dis, 37, 82–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chandler, S. H., Handsfield, H. H. and McDougall, J. K. (1987) Isolation of multiple strains of cytomegalovirus from women attending a clinic for sexually transmitted diseases. J Infect Dis, 155, 655–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cheung, K. S. and Lang, D. J. (1977) Transmission and activation of cytomegalovirus with blood transfusion: a mouse model. J Infect Dis, 135, 841–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chou, S. (1986) Acquisition of donor strains of cytomegalovirus by renal transplant recipients. N Eng J Med, 314, 1418–23.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chou, S. (1987) Cytomegalovirus infection and reinfection transmitted by heart transplantation. J Infect Dis, 155, 1054–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Chou, S. (1989) Neutralizing antibody responses to reinfecting strains of cytomegalovirus transplant patients. J Infect Dis, 160, 16–21.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Chou, S. and Kim, D. Y. (1987) Transmission of cytomegalovirus by pre-transplant leukocyte transfusions in renal transplant candidates. J Infect Dis, 155, 565–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Cockerill, F. R., Hurley, D. V., Miglagelada, J. R., et al. (1986) Polymicrobial cholangitis and Kaposi's sarcoma in blood product transfusion-related acquired immune deficiency syndrome. Am J Med, 80, 1237–41.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Collier, A., Kalish, L., Busch, M., et al. (2001) Leukocyte-reduced red blood cell transfusions in patients with anemia and human immunodeficiency virus infection. JAMA, 285, 1592–601.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cone, R. W., Hackman, R. C., Huang, M.-L. W., et al. (1993) Human herpes virus 6 in lung tissue from patients with pneumonitis after bone marrow transplantation. N Eng J Med, 329, 156–61.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Cone, R. W., Huang, M.-L. W., Corey, L., et al. (1999) Human herpes virus 6 infections after bone marrow transplantation: clinical and virologic manifestations. J Infect Dis, 179, 311–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Curtsinger, L. J., Cheadle, W. G., Hershman, M. J., et al. (1989) Association of cytomegalovirus infection with increased morbidity is independent of transfusion. Am J Surg, 158, 606–10.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Graan-Hentzen, Y. C. E., Gratama, J. W., Mudde, G. C., et al. (1989) Prevention of primary cytomegalovirus infection in patients with hematologic malignancy by intensive white cell depletion of blood products. Transfusion, 29, 757–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Demmler, G. J., Brady, M. T., Bijou, H., et al. (1986) Post-transfusion cytomegalovirus infection in neonates: role of saline-washed red blood cells. J Pediatr, 108, 762–5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dewhurst, S., Skrincosky, D. and Loon, N. (1997a) (5 Nov) Human herpes virus 6. Expert Rev Mol Med, pp. 1–17.Google Scholar
Dewhurst, S., Skrincosky, D. and Loon, N.(1997b) (18 Nov) Human herpes virus 7. Expert Rev Mol Med, pp. 1–10.Google Scholar
DeWitte, T., Schattenberg, A., Dijk, B. A., et al. (1990) Prevention of primary cytomegalovirus infection after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation by using leukocyte-poor random blood products from cytomegalovirus unscreened blood bank donors. Transplantation, 50, 964–8.Google Scholar
Diamond, C., Thiede, H., Perdue, T., et al. (2001) Seroepidemiology of human herpes virus 8 among young men who have sex with men. The Seattle Young Men's Survey Team. Sex Transm Dis, 28, 176–83.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Diosi, P., Moldovan, E. and Tomescu, N. (1969) Latent cytomegalovirus infection in blood donors. Br Med J, 4, 660–2.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dollard, S. C., Nelson, K. E., Ness, P. M., et al. (2005) Possible transmission of human herpes virus 8 by blood transfusion in a historical United States cohort. Transfusion, 45, 500–3.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Drew, N. L. and Minor, R. C. (1982) Transfusion-related cytomegalovirus infection following noncardiac surgery. JAMA, 247, 2389–91.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Drew, W. L., Tegtmeier, G. E., Alter, H. J., et al. (2003) Frequency and duration of plasma CMV viremia in seroconverting blood donors and recipients. Transfusion, 43, 309–13.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Drobyski, W. R., Knox, K. K., Majewski, D., et al. (1994) Brief report: fatal encephalitis due to variant B human herpes virus-6 infection in a bone marrow-transplant recipient. N Eng J Med, 330, 1356–60.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dukers, N. H. T. M. and Rezza, G. (2003) Human herpes virus 8 epidemiology: what we do and do not know. AIDS, 17, 1717–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Dumont, L. J., Janos, L., VandenBroeke, T., et al. (2001) The effect of leukocyte-reduction method on the amount of human cytomegalovirus in blood products: a comparison of apheresis and filtration methods. Blood, 97, 3640–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dworsky, M. E., Welch, K., Cassady, G., et al. (1983) Occupational risk of primary cytomegalovirus infection among pediatric health-care workers. N Eng J Med, 309, 950–3.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Dzik, W. H. (1994) Mononuclear cell microchimerism and the immunomodulatory effect of transfusion. Transfusion, 34, 1007.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Enbom, M., Urassa, W., Massambu, C., et al. (2002) Detection of human herpes virus 8 DNA in serum from blood donors with HHV-8 antibodies indicates possible blood borne virus transmission. J Med Virol, 68, 264–67.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Engelhard, D., Weinberg, M., Or, R., et al. (1991) Immunoglobulins A, G, and M to cytomegalovirus during recurrent infection in recipients of allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. J Infect Dis, 163, 628–30.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Engels, E. A., Eastman, H., Ablashi, D. V., et al. (1999) Risk of transfusion-associated transmission of human herpes virus 8. J Natl Cancer Inst, 91, 1773–5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Evans, D. G. R. and Lyon, A. J. (1991) Fatal congenital cytomegalovirus infection acquired by an intra-uterine transfusion. Eur J Pediatr, 150, 780–1.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Friedman-Kien, A. E., Saltzman, B. R., Cao, Y., et al. (1990) Kaposi's sarcoma in HIV-negative homosexual men. Lancet, 335, 168–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Furukawa, T., Funamoto, Y., Ishida, S., et al. (1987) The importance of primary cytomegalovirus infection in childhood cancer. Eur J Pediatr, 146, 34–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Galea, G. and Urbaniak, S. J. (1992) The incidence and consequences of cytomegalovirus transmission via blood transfusion to low birthweight, premature infants in North East Scotland. Vox Sang, 62, 200–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gerber, P., Walsh, J. H., Rosenblum, E. N., et al. (1969) Association of EB-virus infection with the post-perfusion syndrome. Lancet, 1, 593–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gerna, G., Zipeto, D., Percivalle, E., et al. (1992) Human cytomegalovirus infection of the major leukocyte subpopulations and evidence for initial viral replication in polymorphonuclear leukocytes from viremic patients. J Infect Dis, 166, 1236–44.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gilbert, G. L., Hayes, K., Hudson, I. L., et al. (1989) Prevention of transfusion-acquired cytomegalovirus infection in infants by blood filtration to remove leukocytes. Neonatal Cytomegalovirus Infection Study Group. Lancet, 1, 1228–31.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gleaves, C. A., Smith, T. F., Schuster, E. A., et al. (1984) Rapid detection of cytomegalovirus in MRC-5 cells inoculated with urine specimens by using low-speed centrifugation and monoclonal antibody to an early antigen. J Clin Microbiol, 19, 917–9.Google Scholar
Goedert, J. J., Charurat, M., Blattner, W. A., et al. (2003) Risk factors for Kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpes virus infection among HIV-1 infected pregnant women in the USA. AIDS, 17, 425–33.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Grattan, M. T., Moreno-Cabral, E., Starnes, V. A., et al. (1989) Cytomegalovirus infection is associated with cardiac allograft rejection and atherosclerosis. JAMA, 261, 3561–66.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Griffin, M. P., O'Shea, M., Brazy, J. E., et al. (1988) Cytomegalovirus infection in a neonatal intensive care unit. Am J Dis Child, 142, 1188–93.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Grundy, J. E., Super, M., Sweny, P., et al. (1988) Symptomatic cytomegalovirus infection in seropositive kidney recipients: reinfection with donor virus rather than reactivation of recipient virus. Lancet, 2, 132–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Gunter, K. C., and Luban, N. L. (1996) Transfusion-transmitted cytomegalovirus and Epstein-Barr virus diseases. In Principles of Transfusion Medicine, eds Rossi, E. C., Simon, T. L., Moss, G. S. and Gould, S. A., 2nd edn, pp. 717–31. Baltimore, MD, Williams & WilkinsGoogle Scholar
Hahn, G., Jores, R. and Mocarski, E. S. (1998) Cytomegalovirus remains latent in a common precursor of dendritic and myeloid cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci, 95, 3937–42.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Henle, W. and Henle, G. (1985) Epstein-Barr virus and blood transfusion. In Infection, Immunity and Blood Transfusion, eds Dodd, R. Y. and Barker, L. F., pp. 201–209. New York, Alan R. Liss.Google Scholar
Henle, W., Henle, G., Scriba, M., et al. (1970) Antibody responses to the Epstein-Barr virus and cytomegalovirus after open-heart and other surgery. N Eng J Med, 282, 1068–74.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hersman, J., Meyers, J. D., Thomas, E. D., et al. (1982) The effect of granulocyte transfusions on the incidence of cytomegalovirus infection after marrow transplantation. Ann Intern Med, 96, 149–52.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hillyer, C. D., Lankford, K. V., Roback, J. D., et al. (1999) Transfusion of the HIV-seropositive patient: immunomodulation viral reactivation, and limiting exposure to EBV (HHV-4), CMV (HHV-5), and HHV-6, 7, and 8. Transfus Med Rev, 13, 1–17.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hillyer, C. D, Roback, J. D., Saakadze, N., et al. (2003) Transfusion-transmitted cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection: elucidation of role and dose of monocytes in a murine model. Blood, 102, 57a(Abstract no. 189).Google Scholar
Hillyer, C. D., Snydman, D. R. and Berkman, E. M. (1994) The risk of cytomegalovirus infection in solid organ and bone marrow transplant recipients: transfusion of blood products. Transfusion, 30, 659–66.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Hladik, W., Dollard, S. C., Mermin, J., et al. (2006) Transmission of human herpes virus 8 by blood transfusion. N Eng J Med, 355, 1331–38.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ho, M. (1982) Human cytomegalovirus infections in immunosuppressed patients. In Cytomegalovirus, Biology and Infection, eds Greenough, W. M. and Merigan, T. C., pp. 171–204. New York, NY, Plenum.Google Scholar
Hodinka, R. L. (2003) Human Cytomegalovirus. In Manual of Clinical Microbiology, eds Murray, P. R., Baron, E. J., Jorgensen, J. H., Pfaller, M. A. and Yolken, R. H., 8th edn, pp. 1304–18. Washington, DC, American Society of Microbiology Press.Google Scholar
Hudnall, S. D., Chen, T., Rady, P., et al. (2003) Human herpes virus 8 seroprevalence and viral load in healthy adult blood donors. Transfusion, 43, 85–90.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hutchinson, D. L., Turner, J. H. and Schlesinger, E. R. (1971) Persistence of donor cells in neonates after fetal and exchange transfusion. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 109, 281–4.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Jacobs, R. F. (1986) Frozen deglycerolized blood and transmission of Epstein-Barr virus. J Infect Dis, 153, 800.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
James, D. J., Sikotra, S., Sivakumaran, M., et al. (1997) The presence of free infectious cytomegalovirus (CMV) in the plasma of donated CMV-seropositive blood and platelets. Transfus Med, 7, 123–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kane, R. C., Rousseau, W. E., Noble, G. R., et al. (1975) Cytomegalovirus infection in a volunteer blood donor population. Infect Immun, 11, 719–23.Google Scholar
Kapsenberg, J. G., Langenhuysen, M. M. A. C., Nieweg, H. O., et al. (1970) Post-transfusion mononucleosis with heterophil antibodies. Acta Med Scand, 187, 79–82.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Kealey, G. P., Bale, J. F., Strauss, R. G., et al. (1987) Cytomegalovirus infection in burn patients. J Burn Care Rehabil, 8, 543–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Kozireva, S., Nemceva, G., Ganilane, I., et al. (2001) Prevalence of blood-borne viral infections (cytomegalovirus, human herpes virus-6, human herpes virus-7, human herpes virus-8, human T-cell lymphotropic virus-I/II, human retrovirus-5) among blood donors in Latvia. Ann Hematol, 80, 669–73Google Scholar
Krech, U. (1973) Complement-fixing antibodies against cytomegalovirus in different parts of the world. Bull WHO, 49, 103–6.Google Scholar
Kreel, I., Zarroff, L. I. and Canter, J. W. (1960) A syndrome following total body perfusion. Surg Gynecol Obstet, 111, 317–21.Google ScholarPubMed
Kumar, A., Nankervis, G. A., Cooper, R. A., et al. (1980) Acquisition of cytomegalovirus infection in infants following exchange transfusion: a prospective study. Transfusion, 20, 327–31.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Lamberson, H. V., McMillan, J. A., Weiner, L. B., et al. (1988) Prevention of transfusion-associated cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection in neonates by screening blood donors for IgM to CMV. J Infect Dis, 157, 820–3.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Landaw, E. M., Kanter, M. and Petz, L. D. (1996) Safety of filtered leukocyte-reduced blood products for prevention of transfusion-associated cytomegalovirus infection. Blood, 87, 4910.Google ScholarPubMed
Landry, M. L., Ferguson, D., Stevens-Ayers, T., et al. (1996) Evaluation of CMV Brite kit for detection of cytomegalovirus pp65 antigenemia in peripheral blood leukocytes by immunofluorescence. J Clin Microbiol, 34, 1337–39.Google ScholarPubMed
Laupacis, A., Brown, J., Costello, B., et al. (2001) Prevention of post-transfusion CMV in the era of universal leukoreduction: a consensus statement. Transfusion, 41, 560–69.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Lee, T-H., Paglieroni, T., Ohto, H., et al. (1999) Survival of donor leukocyte subpopulations in immunocompetent transfusion recipients: frequent long-term microchimerism in severe trauma patients. Blood, 93, 3127–39.Google ScholarPubMed
Lentz, E. B., Dock, N. L., McMahon, C. A., et al. (1988) Detection of antibody to cytomegalovirus-induced early antigens and comparison with four serologic assays and presence of viruria in blood donors. J Clin Microbiol, 26, 133–5.Google ScholarPubMed
Linde, A. (2003) Epstein-Barr Virus. In Manual of Clinical Microbiology, 8th edn, eds Murray, P. R., Baron, E. J., Jorgensen, J. H., Pfaller, M. A. and Yolken, R. H., pp. 1331–40. Washington, DC, American Society of Microbiology Press.Google Scholar
Luppi, M., Barozzi, P., Guaraldi, G., et al. (2003) Human herpes virus 8 associated diseases in solid-organ transplantation: importance of viral transmission from the donor. Clin Infect Dis, 37, 606–607.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Luthardt, T., Siebert, H., Lösel, I., et al. (1971) Cytomegalovirus-infektionen bei Kindern mit Blutaustausch-transfusion im Neugeborenenalter. Klin Wochenschr, 49, 81–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
MacKinnon, S., Burnett, A. K., Crawford, R. J., et al. (1988) Seronegative blood products prevent primary cytomegalovirus infection after bone marrow transplantation. J Clin Pathol, 41, 948–50.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Malloy, D. and Lipton, K. S. (2002) Update on Provision of CMV-reduced-risk Cellular Blood Components. Association Bulletin no. 02–4. Bethesda, MD, American Association of Blood Banks.Google Scholar
Manez, R., Kusne, S., Martin, M., et al. (1993) The impact of blood transfusion on the occurrence of pneumonitis in primary cytomegalovirus infection after liver transplantation. Transfusion, 33, 594–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Masucci, M. G. and Ernberg, I. (1994) Epstein-Barr virus: adaptation to a life within the immune system. Trends Microbiol, 2, 125–130.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mayo, D., Armstrong, J. A. and Ho, M. (1978) Activation of latent murine cytomegalovirus infection: cocultivation, cell transfer, and the effect of immunosuppression. J Infect Dis, 138, 890–96.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Mbulaiteye, S. M., Biggar, R. J., Bakaki, P. M., et al. (2003) Human herpes virus 8 infection and transfusion history in children with sickle-cell disease in Uganda. J Natl Cancer Inst, 95, 1330–35.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McCracken, G. H., Shinefield, H. R., Cobb, K., et al. (1969) Congenital cytomegalic inclusion disease. Am J Dis Child, 117, 522–39.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McCullough, J., Yunis, E. J., Benson, S. J., et al. (1969) Effect of blood bank storage on leukocyte function. Lancet, 1, 1333.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
McEnery, G. and Stern, H. (1970) Cytomegalovirus infection in early infancy: five atypical cases. Arch Dis Child, 45, 669–73.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
McMonigal, M., Horwitz, C. A., Henle, W., et al. (1983) Post-perfusion syndrome due to Epstein-Barr virus: report of two cases and review of the literature. Transfusion, 23, 331–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Meyers, J. D., Flournoy, N. and Thomas, E. D. (1986) Risk factors for cytomegalovirus infection after human marrow transplantation. J Infect Dis, 153, 478–88.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Miller, W. J., McCullough, J., Balfour, H. H. Jr., et al. (1991) Prevention of cytomegalovirus infection following bone marrow transplantation: a randomized trial of blood product screening. Bone Marrow Transplant, 7, 227–34.Google ScholarPubMed
Mirkovic, R., Werch, J., South, M. A., et al. (1971) Incidence of cytomegaloviremia in blood bank donors and in infants with congenital cytomegalic inclusion disease. Infect Immun, 3, 45–50.Google ScholarPubMed
Monif, G. R. G., Daicoff, G. I. and Flory, L. F. (1976) Blood as a potential vehicle for the cytomegaloviruses. Am J Obstet Gynecol, 126, 445–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Murphy, M. F., Grint, P. C., Hardiman, A. E., et al. (1988) Use of leukocyte-poor blood components to prevent primary cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection in patients with acute leukemia. Br J Hematol, 70, 253–4.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Narvios, A. B., Przepiorka, D., Tarrand, J., et al. (1998) Transfusion support using filtered unscreened blood products for cytomegalovirus-negative allogeneic marrow transplant recipients. Bone Marrow Transplant, 22, 575–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nelson, K. E., Dovaid, S. C., Cannon, M. J., et al. (2004) Probable transmission of human herpes virus 8 (HHV-8) by blood transfusion among cardiac surgery patients. Transfusion, 44(Suppl.), 96A.Google Scholar
Nichols, W. G., Price, T. H., Gooley, T., et al. (2003) Transfusion-transmitted cytomegalovirus infection after receipt of leukoreduced blood products. Blood, 101, 4195–00.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Nielsen, H. J., Skov, F., Dybkjaer, E., et al. (1997) Leucocyte and platelet-derived bioactive substances in stored blood: effect of prestorage leucocyte filtration. Eur J Haematol, 58, 273–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ohto, H., Ujiie, N. and Hirai, H. (1999) Lack of difference in cytomegalovirus transmissions via the transfusion of filtered-irradiated and nonfiltered-irradiated blood to newborn infants in an endemic area. Transfusion, 39, 201–5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Olding, L. B., Jensen, F. C. and Oldstone, M. B. (1975) Pathogenesis of cytomegalovirus infection: 1. Activation of virus from bone marrow derived lymphocytes by in vitro allogeneic reaction. J Exp Med, 141, 561–572.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Operskalski, E. A., Busch, M. P., Mosley, J. W., et al. (1997) Blood donations and viruses. Lancet, 349, 1327–31.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Padilla, S., Rivera-Perlman, Z. and Solomon, L. (1990) Kaposi's sarcoma in transfusion-associated acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. Arch Pathol Lab Med, 114, 40–42.Google ScholarPubMed
Paloheimo, J. A., Essen, R., Klemola, E., et al. (1968) Subclinical cytomegalovirus infections and cytomegalovirus mononucleosis after open heart surgery. Am J Cardiol, 22, 624–30.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pamphilon, D. H., Foot, A. B. M., Adeodu, A., et al. (1999a) Prophylaxis and prevention of CMV infection in BM allograft recipients: leukodepleted platelets are equivalent to those from CMV-seronegative donors. Bone Marrow Transplant 23(Suppl. 1), S66.Google Scholar
Pamphilon, D. H., Rider, J. R., Barbara, J. A. J., et al. (1999b) Prevention of transfusion-transmitted cytomegalovirus infection. Transf Med, 9, 115–23.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Papaevangelou, G., Economidou, J., Roumetiotou, A., et al. (1979) Epstein-Barr infection in polytransfused patients with homozygous β-thalassaemia. Vox Sang, 37, 305–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pass, M. A., Johnson, J. D., Schulman, I. A., et al. (1976) Evaluation of a walking-donor blood transfusion program with intensive care nursery. J Pediatr, 89, 646–51.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Pearson, H. A., Wood, C., Andeman, W., et al. (1986) Low risk of hepatitis B from blood transfusions in thalassaemic patients in Connecticut. J Pediatr, 108, 252–3.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Pellett, P. E., Wright, D. J., Engels, E. A., et al. (2003) Multicenter comparison of serologic assays and estimation of human herpesvirus 8 seroprevalence among US blood donors. Transfusion, 43, 1260–68.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Perham, T. G. M., Carl, E. W., Conway, P. J., et al. (1971) Cytomegalovirus infection in blood donors – a prospective study. Br J Haematol, 20, 307–20.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Phipps, P. H., Gregoire, L., Rossier, E., et al. (1983) Comparison of five methods of cytomegalovirus antibody screening of blood donors. J Clin Microbiol, 18, 1296–300.Google ScholarPubMed
Preiksaitis, J. K. (1991) Indications for the use of cytomegalovirus-seronegative blood products. Transfus Med Rev, 5, 1–17.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Preiksaitis, J. K. (2000) The Cytomegalovirus-‘safe’ blood product: is leukoreduction equivalent to antibody screening? Transf Med Rev, 14, 112–36.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Preiksaitis, J. K. (2003) Prevention of transfusion-acquired CMV infection: is there a role for NAT? Transfusion, 43, 302–5.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Preiksaitis, J. K., Brown, L. and McKenzie, M. (1988b) The risk of cytomegalovirus infection in seronegative transfusion recipients not receiving exogenous immunosuppression. J Infect Dis, 157, 523–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Preiksaitis, J. K., Brown, L., McKenzie, M., et al. (1988a) Transfusion-acquired cytomegalovirus infection in neonates: a prospective study. Transfusion, 28, 205–9.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Preiksaitis, J. K., Desai, S., Vaudry, W., et al. (1997) Transfusion-and community-acquired cytomegalovirus infection in children with malignant disease: a prospective study. Transfusion, 37, 941–6.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Preiksaitis, J. K., Rosno, S., Grumet, C., et al. (1983) Infections due to herpes viruses in cardiac transplant recipients: role of the donor heart and immunosuppressive therapy. J Infect Dis, 147, 974.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Preiksaitis, J. K., Sandhu, J. and Strautman, M. (2002) The risk of transfusion-acquired CMV infection in seronegative solid-organ transplant recipients receiving non-WBC-reduced blood components not screened for CMV antibody (1984 to 1996): experience at a single Canadian center. Transfusion, 42, 396–402.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Purcell, R. H., Walsh, J. H., Holland, P. V., et al. (1971) Seroepidemiological studies of transfusion-associated hepatitis. J Infect Dis, 123, 406–13.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Purtilo, D. T., Paquin, L. A., Sakamoto, K., et al. (1980) Persistent transfusion-associated infectious mononucleosis with transient acquired immunodeficiency. Am J Med, 68, 437–40.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Qu, L., Xu, S., Rowe, D. and Triulzi, D. (2005) Efficacy of Epstein-Barr virus removal by leukoreduction of red blood cells. Transfusion, 45, 591–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Rader, D. C., Nucha, P., Moore, S. B., et al. (1985) Cytomegalovirus infection in patients undergoing non-cardiac surgical procedures. Surg Gynecol Obstet, 160, 13–6.Google Scholar
Ratko, A., Cummings, J. P., Oberman, H., et al. (2001) Evidence-based recommendations for the use of WBC-reduced cellular blood components. Transfusion, 41, 1310–19.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ratnamohan, V. M., Chapman, J., Howse, H., et al. (1998) Cytomegalovirus and human herpes virus 6 both cause viral disease after renal transplantation. Transplantation, 66, 877–82.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Ratnamohan, V. M., Mathys, J. M., McKenzie, A., et al. (1992) HCMV-DNA is detected more frequently than infectious virus in blood leukocytes of immunocompromised patients: a direct comparison of culture-immunofluorescence and PCR for detection of HCMV in clinical specimens. J Med Virol, 38, 252–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Revello, M. G., Zavattoni, M., Sarasini, A., et al. (1998) Human cytomegalovirus in blood of immunocompetent persons during primary infection: prognostic implications for pregnancy. J Infect Dis, 177, 1170–75.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Roback, J. D., Drew, W. L., Laycock, M. E., et al. (2003) CMV DNA is rarely detected in healthy blood donors using validated PCR assays. Transfusion, 43, 314–21.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Roback, J. D., Hillyer, C. D., Drew, W. L., et al. (2001) Multicenter evaluation of PCR methods for detecting CMV DNA in blood donors. Transfusion, 41, 1249–57.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Roujeau, J. C., Brun-Buisson, C., Penso, D., et al. (1988) Non-acquired immune deficiency syndrome-related Kaposi's sarcoma after severe infection. J Am Acad Dermatol, 18, 378.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Rubin, R. H., Tolkoff-Rubin, N. E., Oliver, D., et al. (1985) Multicenter seroepidemiologic study of the impact of cytomegalovirus infection on renal transplantation. Transplantation, 40, 243–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Salahuddin, S. Z., Ablashi, D. V., Markham, P. D., et al. (1986) Isolation of a new virus, HBLV, in patients with lymphoproliferative disorders. Science, 234, 596–601.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Sayers, M. H. (1994) Transfusion-transmitted viral infections other than hepatitis and human immunodeficiency virus infection. Cytomegalovirus, Epstein-Barr virus, human herpesvirus 6, and human parvovirus B19. Arch Pathol Lab Med, 118, 346–9.Google ScholarPubMed
Sherman, M. E. and Dzik, W. H. (1988) Stability of antigens in leukocytes in banked platelet concentrates: decline in HLA-DR antigen expression and mixed lymphocyte culture stimulating capacity following storage. Blood, 72, 867–72.Google ScholarPubMed
Sloand, E., Kumar, P., Klein, H. G., et al. (1994) Transfusion of blood components to persons infected with human immunodeficiency virus type 1: relationship to opportunistic infection. Transfusion, 34, 48–53.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Smith, D. M. Jr. (1997) Leukocyte reduction for the Prevention of Transfusion-transmitted Cytomegalovirus (TT-CMV). Association Bulletin no. 97–2. Bethesda, MD, American Association of Blood Banks.Google Scholar
Snydman, D. R., Werner, B. G., Meissner, H. C., et al. (1995) Use of cytomegalovirus immunoglobulin in multiply transfused premature neonates. Pediatr Infect Dis J, 14, 34–40.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Soderberg-Naucler, C., Fish, K. N. and Nelson, J. A. (1997) Reactivation of latent human cytomegalovirus by allogeneic stimulation of blood cells from healthy donors. Cell, 91, 119–26.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Solem, J. H. and Jörgensen, W. (1969) Accidentally transmitted infectious mononucleosis. Acta Med Scan, 186–433.Google ScholarPubMed
Spector, S. A., Kirata, K. K. and Newman, T. R. (1984) Identification of multiple cytomegalovirus strains in homosexual men with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. J Infect Dis, 150, 953–6.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stagno, S. and Cloud, G. A. (1994) Working parents: the impact of day care and breast-feeding on cytomegalovirus infections in offspring. Proc Natl Acad Sci, 91, 2384–89.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stanier, P., Taylor, D. L., Kitchen, A. D., et al. (1989) Persistence of cytomegalovirus in mononuclear cells in peripheral blood from blood donors. Br Med J, 299, 897–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Stevens, D. P., Barker, L. F., Ketcham, A. S., et al. (1979) Asymptomatic cytomegalovirus infection following blood transfusion in tumor surgery. JAMA, 211, 1341–44.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Taswell, H. F., Reisner, R. K, Rabe, D. E., et al. (1986) Comparison of three methods for detecting antibody to cytomegalovirus. Transfusion, 26, 285–9.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tattevin, P., Cremieux, A. C., Descamps, D., et al. (2002) Transfusion-related infectious mononucleosis. Scand J Infect Dis, 34, 777–8.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Taylor-Wiedeman, J., Sissons, J. G. P., Borysiewicz, L. K., et al. (1991) Monocytes are a major site of persistence of human cytomegalovirus in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. J Gen Virol, 72, 2059–64.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tegtmeier, G. E. (1986) Transfusion-transmitted cytomegalovirus infections: significance and control. Vox Sang, 51(Suppl. 1): 30–33.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Tegtmeier, G. E. (1989) Post-transfusion cytomegalovirus infections. Arch Pathol Lab Med, 113, 236–45.Google Scholar
Tegtmeier, G. E. (2001) Transfusion-acquired cytomegalovirus infection: Approaching resolution. In Blood Safety and Surveillance, eds Linden, J. V. and Bianco, C., pp. 315–33. New York, NY, Marcel Dekker, Inc.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Tobin, J. O. H., MacDonald, H. and Brayshay, M. (1975) Cytomegalovirus infection and exchange transfusion (letter). Br Med J, 2, 404.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Turner, A. R., MacDonald, R. N. and Cooper, B. A. (1972) Transmission of infectious mononucleosis by transfusion of pre-illness plasma. Ann Intern Med, 77, 751–3.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Urushibara, N., Kwon, K.-W., Takahashi, T. A., et al. (1995) Human cytomegalovirus DNA is not detectable with nested double polymerase chain reaction in healthy blood donors. Vox Sang, 68, 9–14.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vamvakas, E. (2005) Is white-blood-cell reduction equivalent to antibody screening in preventing transmission of cytomegalovirus by transfusion? A review of the literature and meta-analysis. Transfus Med Rev, 19, 181–99.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Vamvakas, E. and Kaplan, H. S. (1993) Early transfusion and length of survival in acquired immune deficiency syndrome: experience with a population receiving medical care at a public hospital. Transfusion, 33, 111–8.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Vamvakas, E. and Kaplan, H. S. (1994) Blood transfusion to AIDS patients: relationship to opportunistic infection. Transfusion, 34, 740.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Prooijen, H. C., Visser, J. J., Oostendorp, W. R., et al. (1994) Prevention of primary transfusion-associated CMV infection after marrow transplant recipients by the removal of white cells from blood components with high affinity filters. Br J Haematol, 87, 144–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Velez-Garcia, E., Robles-Cardona, N. and Fradera, J. (1985) Kaposi's sarcoma in transfusion-associated AIDS. N Eng J Med, 312, 648.Google ScholarPubMed
Verdonck, L. F., Graan-Hentzen, Y. C., Dekker, A. W., et al. (1987) Cytomegalovirus seronegative platelets and leukocyte poor red blood cells can prevent primary cytomegalovirus infection after bone marrow transplantation. Bone Marrow Transplant, 2, 73–8.Google ScholarPubMed
Waner, J. L., Weller, T. H. and Kevy, S. V. (1973) Patterns of cytomegalovirus complement fixing antibody activity: a longitudinal study of blood donors. J Infect Dis, 127, 538–43.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wenz, B. and Burns, E. R. (1991) Phenotypic characterization of white cells in white cell reduced red cell concentrate using flow cytometry. Transfusion, 31, 829–35.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wilhelm, J. A., Matter, L. and Schopfer, K. (1986) The risk of transmitting cytomegalovirus to patients receiving blood transfusion. J Infect Dis, 154, 169–71.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Winston, D. J., Ho, W. G., Howell, C. L., et al. (1980) Cytomegalovirus infections associated with leukocyte transfusions. Ann Intern Med, 93, 671–5.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Winston, D. J., Huang, E. S., Miller, M. J., et al. (1985) Molecular epidemiology of cytomegalovirus infections associated with bone marrow transplantation. Ann Intern Med, 102, 16–20.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Wong, E. C., and Luban, L. N. (2002) Cytomegalovirus and parvovirus transmission by transfusion. In Rossi's Principles of Transfusion Medicine, 3rd edn, eds Simon, T. L., Dzik, W. H., Snyder, E. L., Stowell, C. P. and Strauss, R. G., pp. 757–71. Philadelphia, PA, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.Google Scholar
Yamanishi, K., Okuno, T., Shiraki, K., et al. (1988) Identification of human herpes virus 6 as a causal agent for exantherm subitum. Lancet, 1, 1065–67.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Yeager, A. S., Grumet, F. C., Hafleigh, E. B., et al. (1981) Prevention of transfusion-acquired cytomegalovirus infections in newborn infants. J. Pediatr, 98, 281–7.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zerr, D. M., Gooley, T. A., Yeung, L., et al. (2001) Human herpes virus 6 reactivation and encephalitis in allogeneic bone marrow transplant recipients. Clin Infect Dis, 33, 763–71.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Zerr, D. M., Meier, A. S., Selke, S. S., et al. (2005) A population-based study of primary human herpes virus 6 infection. N Eng J Med, 352, 768–76.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Zhanghellini, F., Boppana, S. B., Emery, V. C., et al. (1999) Asymptomatic primary cytomegalovirus infection: virologic and immunologic features. J Infect Dis, 180, 702–7.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×