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Index

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  17 August 2021

David DeGrazia  and
Joseph Millum
David DeGrazia
Affiliation:
George Washington University, Washington DC
Joseph Millum
Affiliation:
National Institutes of Health, Bethesda

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Type
Chapter
Information
A Theory of Bioethics , pp. 312 - 316
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2021
Creative Commons
Creative Common License - CCCreative Common License - BYCreative Common License - NCCreative Common License - ND
This content is Open Access and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/cclicenses/

Index

abortion, 68, 288–293, 301
addiction, 49, 120, 218
adoption, 236, 241–242, 284–285, 291, 304
advance directive, 90, 92, 127–131, 244, 265–270
adverse selection, 169
Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS agreement), 170–174
Alzheimer’s disease. See dementia
American Medical Association, 135
Amnesty International, 72
anencephaly, 237
animals. See nonhuman animals
apes. See great apes
assisted reproductive technology (ART), 282–284, 286
autonomous action, 7, 48–49, 98–102, 117
autonomous authorization, 92, 125
autonomy, 36–37, 48–50, 97–137, 142–143, 146–147, 149–150, 244, 265, 281–288
Beauchamp, Tom, 2, 14, 22, 49–51
Benatar, David, 286
beneficence, 7, 42–45, 50, 79, 81, 112, 154–167
imperfect duty of, 7, 43–44, 157, 191
perfect duty of, 7, 43–44, 157–161, 163–166
special duties of, 8, 43–45, 166
best-interests standard, 129–130
brain death. See death
Brock, Dan, 245
Buchanan, Allen, 245, 260
capacity. See competence
Capron, Alexander, 120
casuistry, 22
Categorical Imperative, 53
children, research with, 38, 77–83, 116
Childress, James, 2, 14, 22, 49–51
CIOMS. See Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences
coercion, 72, 89, 103–105, 124
dispositional, 103
occurrent, 103
as subjection, 106–108
coherence model. See reflective equilibrium
coma, 85, 243–244, 274
competence, 48–49, 97, 100–102, 127–130, 132, 223
competition, fair, 65, 67
confidentiality, 158
congenital Zika syndrome (CZS), 304–307
consent, 17, 37, 50, 89, 95, 118–127, 229
age of, 101
tacit, 29
consent form, 123, 125–126
consequentialism, 44, 51–53
direct, 52
indirect, 52
considered judgment, 4, 15–18, 34
cosmopolitanism, 8, 150–154
Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences (CIOMS), 105
Cowart, Dax, 132–133
Cushman, Fiery, 27
Dancy, Jonathan, 23
Daniels, Norman, 15, 168
death
badness (disvalue) of, 62, 67–69, 83–84, 87–89, 92, 96, 187, 189, 193, 239, 289–291
gradualism, 69, 241, 290
definition of, 253, 271–278
cardiopulmonary standard, 273
higher-brain standard, 275
whole-brain standard, 273
deception, 108–109, 136
deductivism, 4
dementia, 238, 251, 265–270
deontology, 53–55
difference principle, 141
direct-to-consumer advertising (DTCA), 134–137
disability, 145, 229–235
adaptation to, 84, 230, 232
interactive model of, 234
medical model of, 232
social model of, 232
disclosure, 120–122
discrimination, 46, 233, 303
Down syndrome, 242–243, 295
DTCA. See direct-to-consumer advertising
duty of rescue. See beneficence, perfect duty of
egalitarianism
liberal, 140–146, 151, 169
luck, 140, 144–146
embryo. See fetus
embryonic stem cell research, 204–206
Engelhardt, Tristram, 2, 54, 147
enhancement, 259–265
enjoyment, 9, 36, 220, 225–227, 237
equal consideration, 35, 38–40, 46, 50, 177
arguments against, 190–192
arguments for, 192–196
concept explained, 187–190
qualified, 198–202
European Medicines Agency, 170
euthanasia, 239
definition of, 85
objections to, 86–93
safeguards for a policy of, 93–96
experience machine, 217
experimental philosophy, 27–29
exploitation, 106
FDA. See Food and Drug Administration
Feinberg, Joel, 99, 163
feminism, 2, 27
fetus
evidence for sentience of, 184, 206, 290–291
moral status of, 185–186, 289
Fletcher, Joseph, 51
flourishing. See well-being
Focquaert, Farah, 264
Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 113, 170
foster care, 284–285
foundationalism in ethics, 25
framing effect, 111
Frankena, William, 5
generic medicines, 170, 172–174
Gert, Bernard, 5, 34
Glannon, Walter, 261
great apes, 210–213
Greene, Joshua, 28
Guantanamo Bay, 72–73
Halpern, Jodi, 133
harm, 58–60, 222. See also nonmaleficence
comparative accounts of, 60
counterfactual account of, 42, 60, 62–63
of death. See death, badness (disvalue) of
historical account of, 60
noncomparative accounts of, 61
by omission, 64
risk of, 69–70, 104, 116
Harm Principle, 116–118
Harvard Medical School, 272
Health Canada, 170
Health Impact Fund, 174
health insurance, 167, 169–170
hedonism, 216–217
Herissone-Kelly, Peter, 303
Hooker, Brad, 214
human
moral relevance of being, 180, 195, 200–202
nonparadigm, 194–196, 200–202, 258
human rights. See rights
ideal theory, 8, 139
identity, personal
narrative, 179, 198–200, 203–204, 250, 257, 259, 261, 263–265, 268
numerical, 250
biological account, 251–254
mind-based account, 254–256
person-based account, 249–251
social account, 256–258
in vitro fertilization (IVF), 282, 288–289, 294, 301
incapacity. See competence
incompetence. See competence
induced pluripotent stem cells, 205
informed consent. See consent
institutional review board, 81
intellectual property. See patent
interests. See well-being
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, 168
intuition, 14, 27–29
irreversibly unconscious state, 186, 243–246. See also coma
Joffe, Steve, 123
justice
distributive, 140–154, 162–163, 282–288
global, 150–154
and recognition, 146
site of, 143
juvenile Batten disease, 241–242
Kagan, Shelly, 214
Kamisar, Yale, 90
Kamm, Frances, 53
Kant, Immanuel, 5, 24, 53
legal moralism, 117
Lesch–Nyhan syndrome, 239–241
liberalism, political theory of, 97, 140–146, 228
libertarianism, 50, 54, 146–150
life support, 128, 246, 277
Locke, John, 148, 179
locked-in syndrome, 84, 91
MAiD. See medical assistance-in-dying
manipulation, motivational, 108, 110–112, 136–137
markets, economic, 150, 169, 172
McDougall, Rosalind, 303
McMahan, Jeff, 68
medical assistance-in-dying (MAiD), 21, 83–96
Medical Research Council, 80
metaethics, 26, 29–33
Mill, John Stuart, 116–118
Millennium Developmental Goals, 168
Miller, Franklin, 123
minimal risk, 80–82
minimally conscious states, 243
moral status, 40, 50, 175–213, 258, 289–290. See also equal consideration
levels of, 189, 194
potential for, 185–186
sliding-scale account of, 189, 193
Murphy, Liam, 164
narrative capacity, 6, 40, 257–258, 269–270
narrative identity, 9, 178, 179, 194, 198–199, 201, 203, 204, 211, 249–251, 258, 259, 261, 263–265, 268–270
National Health Service, 158
National Institutes of Health, 101
neutrality, state, 143
next-of-kin hierarchy, 128
noncompliance, 161–166
nondiscrimination. See discrimination
nonhuman animals, 43, 88, 180, 184, 250, 280
cats, 187–189
fish, 183–184
great apes, 210–213
insects, 184, 197–198
research with, 190, 206–213
rights of, 40, 196–198, 203–204, 210–213
rodents, 196–197, 206–210
sentience in, 183–184
nonideal theory, 8, 45, 139, 163–166, 285
nonidentity problem, 61, 293–300, 302, 304–307
expectational, 298
genetic, 298
nonmaleficence, 5, 35, 41–42, 58–60, 66–71, 177
Nozick, Robert, 149, 217
nudging, 111–112
Nuffield Council on Bioethics, 206
numerical identity. See under identity, personal
O’Neill, Onora, 54
offer
conditional, 17, 103, 105–106
irresistible, 106–108
omission, harm by, 89
organ procurement, 271, 274, 276–277
palliative care, 89, 236
parenting, 78, 117, 236, 239, 241–242, 283–285, 288, 291, 299, 303–304
Parfit, Derek, 252
particularism, 23–24
patent, 170–174
paternalism, 48, 113–116
hard, 113, 117
soft, 49, 113
pediatric research. See children, research with
Pellegrino, Edmund, 55
persistent vegetative state, 243, 273
personal identity. See identity, personal
persons, separateness of, 199–200
persuasion, 109
physician-assisted suicide, 85, 94. See also medical assistance-in-dying
physicians, special duties of, 44–45, 166
Pogge, Thomas, 171–172, 174
potential, moral relevance of, 185–186, 194, 263, 289
poverty, 106, 151, 165
pregnancy, 185, 262, 279–280, 282, 286, 289, 291–294, 305–306
prerogative, agent-centered, 155–157
President’s Commission for the Study of Ethical Problems in Medicine and Biomedical and Behavioral Research, 272, 274
principle, definition of, 14
Principles of Biomedical Ethics, 49
principlism, 2, 23
prioritarianism, 39, 47, 144
procreation, 61, 281–288, 293–307
procreative autonomy, 281–288
professional morality. See role morality
proxy decision-maker, See surrogate decision-maker
prudential value. See well-being
quarantine, 38, 53
Rachels, James, 21
Rawls, John, 141, 152, 154
reasonable subject standard, 79, 130–131, 236, 245
reconsent, 126
reflective equilibrium, 4–5, 13–23, 25–30, 33–34, 37
refusal of care, 132
relativism, ethical, 30, 32–33
reproductive liberty. See procreative autonomy
research, 38, 77–83, 99, 101, 105–108, 112, 122–123, 125–127, 131, 170–174, 283
alternatives to animal models, 208
with animals, 41, 190, 200
with children, 6, 60, 70, 71, 77–83, 308
with embryonic stem cells, 204–206
with great apes, 210–213
with rodents, 206–210
respect for rights-holders, 5, 36–38, 40, 48, 53–55, 99, 102–103, 121, 131–134, 156
responsibility for health, 168, 305
Ridge, Michael, 164
right, negative, concept of, 37
rights, 5–6, 35–38, 54, 72–77, 98, 104, 116–117, 156, 170, 177–178, 196–204, 212
of animals, 57, 267–270, 277–278, 287–290
autonomy, 48–49, 99–103, 113–116, 118–127, 142, 146–147, 149–150, 281–288
to die, 87–88, 131–134
of fetuses, 290
to health care, 167–170, 172
positive, 37
waiver, 37, 88, 118
risk, 69–70, 77–83, 94, 104, 121, 134, 162–163
of harm, 69, 104, 116
minimal, 79–82
pooling of, 169
Roberts, Melinda, 298–299
rodents, 196–197, 206–210
role morality, 21, 43–45, 93, 166
Ross, W.D., 5
rules, definition of, 14
Schermer, Maartje, 264
Schwitzgebel, Eric, 27
self-deception, 230
self-governance. See autonomy
Senate Intelligence Committee, 72
sentience, 69, 88, 182–183, 185–187, 193, 197–198
definition of, 182
evidence for, in animals, 183–184
evidence for, in fetuses, 184, 206, 290–291
sex selection, 301–304
Shiffrin, Seana, 114–115
Shue, Henry, 76
Simmons, A. John, 29
Singer, Peter, 28, 51, 158, 164
skepticism about morality, 25–26, 30–32
sovereignty, personal. See autonomy
statism, 152–154. See also justice, global
substituted judgment standard, 129, 244
suffering, 9, 22, 36, 38–39, 71, 83, 87, 93–94, 182, 220, 225–227, 237, 298, 304
Sunstein, Cass, 111
surrogate decision-maker, 127–131, 244
Sustainable Development Goals, 168
Tarasoff case, 158
Tay-Sachs disease, 238
terminal illness, 58, 90–91, 94
terminal sedation, 85, 96
Thaler, Richard, 111
threat, 103–105, 124
ticking bomb case, 74–76
token of consent. See autonomous authorization
torture, 71–77, 102
physician involvement in, 73
triage, 130
truth in ethics, 26, 30
understanding, as condition of consent, 101, 115, 120–124, 132
undue inducement, 105–106
Uniform Definition of Death Act (UDDA), 272
United Nations, 71–72, 153
utilitarianism, 34, 51–53, 196, 200, 207–209
utility, principle of, 34, 51
value theory. See well-being
Veatch, Robert, 2
virtue ethics, 55–57
voluntariness
as condition for consent, 17, 19, 118, 124
in euthanasia policy, 89, 95
and responsibility, 100, 144, 162
welfare. See well-being
well-being, 5, 35–38, 40, 48, 98, 130–131, 143, 182, 214–247, 296, 299
desire-satisfaction theories, 217–220, 226–227
equal consideration of interests. See equal consideration
Experience Requirement, 221–222
hedonism, 216–217
Individual Requirement, 222
mental-state theories, 216–217, 219, 226–227
Narrative Requirement, 222–223
objective theories, 220–221, 225, 227–229, 231
World Bank, 153
World Health Organization, 153
World Trade Organization, 153
Zika virus, 304–307

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