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Index

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  17 August 2021

David DeGrazia
Affiliation:
George Washington University, Washington DC
Joseph Millum
Affiliation:
National Institutes of Health, Bethesda

Summary

Type
Chapter
Information
A Theory of Bioethics , pp. 312 - 316
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2021
Creative Commons
Creative Common License - CCCreative Common License - BYCreative Common License - NCCreative Common License - ND
This content is Open Access and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 https://creativecommons.org/cclicenses/

Index

abortion, 68, 288293, 301
addiction, 49, 120, 218
adoption, 236, 241242, 284285, 291, 304
advance directive, 90, 92, 127131, 244, 265270
adverse selection, 169
Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS agreement), 170174
Alzheimer’s disease. See dementia
American Medical Association, 135
Amnesty International, 72
anencephaly, 237
animals. See nonhuman animals
apes. See great apes
assisted reproductive technology (ART), 282284, 286
autonomous action, 7, 4849, 98102, 117
autonomous authorization, 92, 125
autonomy, 3637, 4850, 97137, 142143, 146147, 149150, 244, 265, 281288
Beauchamp, Tom, 2, 14, 22, 4951
Benatar, David, 286
beneficence, 7, 4245, 50, 79, 81, 112, 154167
imperfect duty of, 7, 4344, 157, 191
perfect duty of, 7, 4344, 157161, 163166
special duties of, 8, 4345, 166
best-interests standard, 129130
brain death. See death
Brock, Dan, 245
Buchanan, Allen, 245, 260
capacity. See competence
Capron, Alexander, 120
casuistry, 22
Categorical Imperative, 53
children, research with, 38, 7783, 116
Childress, James, 2, 14, 22, 4951
CIOMS. See Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences
coercion, 72, 89, 103105, 124
dispositional, 103
occurrent, 103
as subjection, 106108
coherence model. See reflective equilibrium
coma, 85, 243244, 274
competence, 4849, 97, 100102, 127130, 132, 223
competition, fair, 65, 67
confidentiality, 158
congenital Zika syndrome (CZS), 304307
consent, 17, 37, 50, 89, 95, 118127, 229
age of, 101
tacit, 29
consent form, 123, 125126
consequentialism, 44, 5153
direct, 52
indirect, 52
considered judgment, 4, 1518, 34
cosmopolitanism, 8, 150154
Council for International Organizations of Medical Sciences (CIOMS), 105
Cowart, Dax, 132133
Cushman, Fiery, 27
Dancy, Jonathan, 23
Daniels, Norman, 15, 168
death
badness (disvalue) of, 62, 6769, 8384, 8789, 92, 96, 187, 189, 193, 239, 289291
gradualism, 69, 241, 290
definition of, 253, 271278
cardiopulmonary standard, 273
higher-brain standard, 275
whole-brain standard, 273
deception, 108109, 136
deductivism, 4
dementia, 238, 251, 265270
deontology, 5355
difference principle, 141
direct-to-consumer advertising (DTCA), 134137
disability, 145, 229235
adaptation to, 84, 230, 232
interactive model of, 234
medical model of, 232
social model of, 232
disclosure, 120122
discrimination, 46, 233, 303
Down syndrome, 242243, 295
DTCA. See direct-to-consumer advertising
duty of rescue. See beneficence, perfect duty of
egalitarianism
liberal, 140146, 151, 169
luck, 140, 144146
embryo. See fetus
embryonic stem cell research, 204206
Engelhardt, Tristram, 2, 54, 147
enhancement, 259265
enjoyment, 9, 36, 220, 225227, 237
equal consideration, 35, 3840, 46, 50, 177
arguments against, 190192
arguments for, 192196
concept explained, 187190
qualified, 198202
European Medicines Agency, 170
euthanasia, 239
definition of, 85
objections to, 8693
safeguards for a policy of, 9396
experience machine, 217
experimental philosophy, 2729
exploitation, 106
FDA. See Food and Drug Administration
Feinberg, Joel, 99, 163
feminism, 2, 27
fetus
evidence for sentience of, 184, 206, 290291
moral status of, 185186, 289
Fletcher, Joseph, 51
flourishing. See well-being
Focquaert, Farah, 264
Food and Drug Administration (FDA), 113, 170
foster care, 284285
foundationalism in ethics, 25
framing effect, 111
Frankena, William, 5
generic medicines, 170, 172174
Gert, Bernard, 5, 34
Glannon, Walter, 261
great apes, 210213
Greene, Joshua, 28
Guantanamo Bay, 7273
Halpern, Jodi, 133
harm, 5860, 222. See also nonmaleficence
comparative accounts of, 60
counterfactual account of, 42, 60, 6263
of death. See death, badness (disvalue) of
historical account of, 60
noncomparative accounts of, 61
by omission, 64
risk of, 6970, 104, 116
Harm Principle, 116118
Harvard Medical School, 272
Health Canada, 170
Health Impact Fund, 174
health insurance, 167, 169170
hedonism, 216217
Herissone-Kelly, Peter, 303
Hooker, Brad, 214
human
moral relevance of being, 180, 195, 200202
nonparadigm, 194196, 200202, 258
human rights. See rights
ideal theory, 8, 139
identity, personal
narrative, 179, 198200, 203204, 250, 257, 259, 261, 263265, 268
numerical, 250
biological account, 251254
mind-based account, 254256
person-based account, 249251
social account, 256258
in vitro fertilization (IVF), 282, 288289, 294, 301
incapacity. See competence
incompetence. See competence
induced pluripotent stem cells, 205
informed consent. See consent
institutional review board, 81
intellectual property. See patent
interests. See well-being
International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, 168
intuition, 14, 2729
irreversibly unconscious state, 186, 243246. See also coma
Joffe, Steve, 123
justice
distributive, 140154, 162163, 282288
global, 150154
and recognition, 146
site of, 143
juvenile Batten disease, 241242
Kagan, Shelly, 214
Kamisar, Yale, 90
Kamm, Frances, 53
Kant, Immanuel, 5, 24, 53
legal moralism, 117
Lesch–Nyhan syndrome, 239241
liberalism, political theory of, 97, 140146, 228
libertarianism, 50, 54, 146150
life support, 128, 246, 277
Locke, John, 148, 179
locked-in syndrome, 84, 91
MAiD. See medical assistance-in-dying
manipulation, motivational, 108, 110112, 136137
markets, economic, 150, 169, 172
McDougall, Rosalind, 303
McMahan, Jeff, 68
medical assistance-in-dying (MAiD), 21, 8396
Medical Research Council, 80
metaethics, 26, 2933
Mill, John Stuart, 116118
Millennium Developmental Goals, 168
Miller, Franklin, 123
minimal risk, 8082
minimally conscious states, 243
moral status, 40, 50, 175213, 258, 289290. See also equal consideration
levels of, 189, 194
potential for, 185186
sliding-scale account of, 189, 193
Murphy, Liam, 164
narrative capacity, 6, 40, 257258, 269270
narrative identity, 9, 178, 179, 194, 198199, 201, 203, 204, 211, 249251, 258, 259, 261, 263265, 268270
National Health Service, 158
National Institutes of Health, 101
neutrality, state, 143
next-of-kin hierarchy, 128
noncompliance, 161166
nondiscrimination. See discrimination
nonhuman animals, 43, 88, 180, 184, 250, 280
cats, 187189
fish, 183184
great apes, 210213
insects, 184, 197198
research with, 190, 206213
rights of, 40, 196198, 203204, 210213
rodents, 196197, 206210
sentience in, 183184
nonideal theory, 8, 45, 139, 163166, 285
nonidentity problem, 61, 293300, 302, 304307
expectational, 298
genetic, 298
nonmaleficence, 5, 35, 4142, 5860, 6671, 177
Nozick, Robert, 149, 217
nudging, 111112
Nuffield Council on Bioethics, 206
numerical identity. See under identity, personal
O’Neill, Onora, 54
offer
conditional, 17, 103, 105106
irresistible, 106108
omission, harm by, 89
organ procurement, 271, 274, 276277
palliative care, 89, 236
parenting, 78, 117, 236, 239, 241242, 283285, 288, 291, 299, 303304
Parfit, Derek, 252
particularism, 2324
patent, 170174
paternalism, 48, 113116
hard, 113, 117
soft, 49, 113
pediatric research. See children, research with
Pellegrino, Edmund, 55
persistent vegetative state, 243, 273
personal identity. See identity, personal
persons, separateness of, 199200
persuasion, 109
physician-assisted suicide, 85, 94. See also medical assistance-in-dying
physicians, special duties of, 4445, 166
Pogge, Thomas, 171172, 174
potential, moral relevance of, 185186, 194, 263, 289
poverty, 106, 151, 165
pregnancy, 185, 262, 279280, 282, 286, 289, 291294, 305306
prerogative, agent-centered, 155157
President’s Commission for the Study of Ethical Problems in Medicine and Biomedical and Behavioral Research, 272, 274
principle, definition of, 14
Principles of Biomedical Ethics, 49
principlism, 2, 23
prioritarianism, 39, 47, 144
procreation, 61, 281288, 293307
procreative autonomy, 281288
professional morality. See role morality
proxy decision-maker, See surrogate decision-maker
prudential value. See well-being
quarantine, 38, 53
Rachels, James, 21
Rawls, John, 141, 152, 154
reasonable subject standard, 79, 130131, 236, 245
reconsent, 126
reflective equilibrium, 45, 1323, 2530, 3334, 37
refusal of care, 132
relativism, ethical, 30, 3233
reproductive liberty. See procreative autonomy
research, 38, 7783, 99, 101, 105108, 112, 122123, 125127, 131, 170174, 283
alternatives to animal models, 208
with animals, 41, 190, 200
with children, 6, 60, 70, 71, 7783, 308
with embryonic stem cells, 204206
with great apes, 210213
with rodents, 206210
respect for rights-holders, 5, 3638, 40, 48, 5355, 99, 102103, 121, 131134, 156
responsibility for health, 168, 305
Ridge, Michael, 164
right, negative, concept of, 37
rights, 56, 3538, 54, 7277, 98, 104, 116117, 156, 170, 177178, 196204, 212
of animals, 57, 267270, 277278, 287290
autonomy, 4849, 99103, 113116, 118127, 142, 146147, 149150, 281288
to die, 8788, 131134
of fetuses, 290
to health care, 167170, 172
positive, 37
waiver, 37, 88, 118
risk, 6970, 7783, 94, 104, 121, 134, 162163
of harm, 69, 104, 116
minimal, 7982
pooling of, 169
Roberts, Melinda, 298299
rodents, 196197, 206210
role morality, 21, 4345, 93, 166
Ross, W.D., 5
rules, definition of, 14
Schermer, Maartje, 264
Schwitzgebel, Eric, 27
self-deception, 230
self-governance. See autonomy
Senate Intelligence Committee, 72
sentience, 69, 88, 182183, 185187, 193, 197198
definition of, 182
evidence for, in animals, 183184
evidence for, in fetuses, 184, 206, 290291
sex selection, 301304
Shiffrin, Seana, 114115
Shue, Henry, 76
Simmons, A. John, 29
Singer, Peter, 28, 51, 158, 164
skepticism about morality, 2526, 3032
sovereignty, personal. See autonomy
statism, 152154. See also justice, global
substituted judgment standard, 129, 244
suffering, 9, 22, 36, 3839, 71, 83, 87, 9394, 182, 220, 225227, 237, 298, 304
Sunstein, Cass, 111
surrogate decision-maker, 127131, 244
Sustainable Development Goals, 168
Tarasoff case, 158
Tay-Sachs disease, 238
terminal illness, 58, 9091, 94
terminal sedation, 85, 96
Thaler, Richard, 111
threat, 103105, 124
ticking bomb case, 7476
token of consent. See autonomous authorization
torture, 7177, 102
physician involvement in, 73
triage, 130
truth in ethics, 26, 30
understanding, as condition of consent, 101, 115, 120124, 132
undue inducement, 105106
Uniform Definition of Death Act (UDDA), 272
United Nations, 7172, 153
utilitarianism, 34, 5153, 196, 200, 207209
utility, principle of, 34, 51
value theory. See well-being
Veatch, Robert, 2
virtue ethics, 5557
voluntariness
as condition for consent, 17, 19, 118, 124
in euthanasia policy, 89, 95
and responsibility, 100, 144, 162
welfare. See well-being
well-being, 5, 3538, 40, 48, 98, 130131, 143, 182, 214247, 296, 299
desire-satisfaction theories, 217220, 226227
equal consideration of interests. See equal consideration
Experience Requirement, 221222
hedonism, 216217
Individual Requirement, 222
mental-state theories, 216217, 219, 226227
Narrative Requirement, 222223
objective theories, 220221, 225, 227229, 231
World Bank, 153
World Health Organization, 153
World Trade Organization, 153
Zika virus, 304307

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  • Index
  • David DeGrazia, George Washington University, Washington DC, Joseph Millum, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda
  • Book: A Theory of Bioethics
  • Online publication: 17 August 2021
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009026710.013
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  • Index
  • David DeGrazia, George Washington University, Washington DC, Joseph Millum, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda
  • Book: A Theory of Bioethics
  • Online publication: 17 August 2021
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009026710.013
Available formats
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  • Index
  • David DeGrazia, George Washington University, Washington DC, Joseph Millum, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda
  • Book: A Theory of Bioethics
  • Online publication: 17 August 2021
  • Chapter DOI: https://doi.org/10.1017/9781009026710.013
Available formats
×