Aall, P. (1996). Nongovernmental organizations and peace making. In C. A. Crocker, F. O. Hampson, & P. Aall (Eds.), Managing global chaos: Sources of conflict of and responses to international conflict (pp. 433–443). Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press

Abdolrazeq, Y. (2002). The Jews' stereotype in the eyes of Palestinians: The stereotype of Jews in Israel by Palestinians of five age groups in three different environments. Master's thesis submitted to Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv. (in Hebrew)

Abelson, R. P., Aronson, E., McGuire, W. J., Newcomb, T. M., Rosenberg, M. J., & Tannenbaum, P. H. (Eds.). (1968). Theories of cognitive consistency: A sourcebook. Chicago: Rand McNally

Aboud, F. E. (1988). Children and prejudice. Cambridge: Basil Blackwell

Aboud, F. E. (2003). The formation of in-group favoritism and out-group prejudice in young children: Are they distinct attitudes?Developmental Psychology, 39, 48–60CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Aboud, F. E., & Amato, M. (2001). Developmental and socialization influences on intergroup bias. In R. Brown & S. L. Gaertner (Eds.), Blackwell handbook of social psychology: Intergroup processes (pp. 65–88). Malden, MA: Blackwell

Aboud, F. E., & Doyle, A. B. (1993). The early development of ethnic identity and attitudes. In M. E. Bernal & G. P. Knight (Eds.), Ethnic identity formation and transmission among Hispanics and other minorities (pp. 47–59). Albany: State University of New York Press

Aboud, F. E., & Doyle, A. B. (1996). Parental and peer influence on children's racial attitudes. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 20, 371–383CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Aboud, F. E., & Levy, S. R. (Eds.). (1999). Reducing racial prejudice discrimination and stereotyping: Translating research into programs. Journal of Social Issues, 55(4), whole issue

Aboud, F. E., & Skerry, S. A. (1984). Self and ethnic concepts in relation to ethnic constancy. Canadian Journal of Behavioural Science, 15, 14–26CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Abrams, D., & Hogg, M. A. (1988). Comments on the motivational status of self-esteem and intergroup discrimination. European Journal of Social Psychology, 18, 317–334CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Abu Raya, I., Avraham, E., & Wolfsfeld, G. (1998). The Arabs in Israel in the eyes of the Hebrew press: Media and delegitimization. Givat Haviva, Israel: Institute for the Israeli Arab Studies and Institute for Peace Research. (in Hebrew)

Ackerman, A. (1983). Guidelines to the history of the Zionist movement. Jerusalem: Publications Service, Information Center. (in Hebrew)

Ackermann, A. (1994). Reconciliation as peace-building process in post-war Europe: The France-German case. Peace & Change, 19, 229–250CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Adoni, H., & Mane, S. (1984). Media and the social construction of reality: Toward an integration of theory and research. Communication Research, 11, 323–340CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Adorno, T. W., Frenkel-Brunswik, E., Levinson, D. J., & Sanford, R. N. (1950). The authoritarian personality. New York: Harper

Adwan, S., & Bar-On, D. (in press). PRIME shared history project as an example of a peace building project under fire. International Journal of Politics, Culture and Society

Agid-Ben Yehuda, H., & Auerbach, Y. (1991). Attitudes to an existence conflict: Allon and Peres on the Palestinian issue, 1967–1987. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 35, 519–546CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Alexander, M. G., Brewer, M. B., & Herrmann, R. K. (1999). Images and affect: A functional analysis of out-groups stereotypes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 77, 78–93CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Al-Haj, M., & Rosenfeld, H. (1990). Arab local government in Israel. Boulder, CO: Westview

Allport, G. W. (1954). The nature of prejudice. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley

Alschuler, R. H., & Hattwick, L. B. W. (1969). Painting and personality: A study of young children (rev. ed.). Chicago: University of Chicago Press

Altemeyer, B. (1988). Enemies of freedom: Understanding right-wing authoritarianism. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass

Altemeyer, B. (1996). The authoritarian specter. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press

Ames, L. B., Learned, J., Metraux, R. W., & Walker, R. N. (1952). Child Rorschach responses. New York: Paul Hoeber

Amikam, B. (1981). The Six-Days War. Jerusalem: Publications Service, Information Center. (in Hebrew)

Amikam, B. (1982). The Sinai Campaign. Jerusalem: Publications Service, Information Center. (in Hebrew)

Amir, Y. (1969). Contact hypothesis in ethnic relations. Psychological Bulletin, 17, 319–342CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Amir, Y. (1976). The role of intergroup contact in change of prejudice and race relations. In P. A. Katz (Ed.), Towards the elimination of racism (pp. 245–280). New York: PergamonCrossRef

Amsterdam, B. (1972). Mirror image reactions before age two. Developmental Psychobiology, 5, 297–305CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Anglin, J. M. (1993). Vocabulary development: A morphological analysis. Monographs of the Society for Research in Child Development, 58 (10, serial No. 238)CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Antonovsky, A., & Arian, A. (1972). Hopes and fears of Israelis: Consensus in a new society. Jerusalem: Jerusalem Academic Press

Apple, M. W. (1979). Ideology and curriculum. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul

Apple, M. W., & Christian-Smith, L. K. (1991). The politics of the textbook. In M. W. Apple & L. K. Christian-Smith (Eds.), The politics of the textbook (pp. 1–21). New York: Routledge

The Arab citizens of Israel. (1988). Jerusalem: Ministry of Education and Culture. (in Hebrew)

The Arab-Israeli conflict. (1979). Jerusalem: Tal, Ministry of Education. (in Hebrew)

The Arab-Israeli conflict supplementary brochure. (1985). Jerusalem: Tal, Ministry of Education. (in Hebrew)

Arian, A. (1995). Security threatened: Surveying Israeli opinion on peace and war. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Arian, A. (2002). Israeli public opinion on national security, 2002 (Memorandum No. 61, July). Tel Aviv: Jaffe Center for Strategic Studies, Tel Aviv University

Arian, A., Nachmias, D., Shani, D., & Navot, D. (2003). The democracy index: Major findings, 2003. Jerusalem: Israeli Democracy Institute. (in Hebrew)

Arian, A., Talmud, I., & Hermann, T. (1988). National security and public opinion in Israel. Boulder, CO: Westview

Arnheim, R. (1974). Art and visual perception (2nd ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press

Arnson, C. J. (Ed.). (1999). Comparative processes in Latin America. Stanford: Stanford University Press

Arthur, P. (1999). The Anglo-Irish peace process: Obstacles to reconciliation. In R. L. Rothstein (Ed.), After the peace: Resistance and reconciliation (pp. 85–109). Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner

Asch, S. E. (1952). Social psychology. New York: Prentice-Hall

Asch, S. E. (1958). The metaphor: A psychological inquiry. In R. Taguiri & L. Petrullo (Eds.), Person perception and interpersonal behavior (pp. 86–94). Stanford: Stanford University Press

Asher, S. R., & Allen, V. L. (1969). Racial preference and social comparison processes. Journal of Social Issues, 25, 157–167CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ashmore, R. D. (1970). The problem of intergroup prejudice. In B. E. Collins (Ed.), Social psychology (pp. 245–296). Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley

Ashmore, R. D., & Del Boca, F. K. (1981). Conceptual approaches to stereotypes and stereotyping. In D. Hamilton (Ed.), Cognitive processes in stereotyping and intergroup behavior (pp. 1–36). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum

Asmal, K., Asmal, L., & Roberts, R. S. (1997). Reconciliation through truth: A reckoning of apartheid's criminal governance. Capetown: David Phillips Publishers

Auerbach, Y., & Ben-Yehuda, H. (1987). Attitudes towards an existence conflict: Begin and Dayan on the Palestinian issue. International Interactions, 13, 323–351CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Auerbach, Y., & Ben-Yehuda, H. (1993). Attitudes to an existence conflict: Rabin and Sharon on the Palestinian issue, 1967–1987. In K. S. Larsen (Ed.), Conflict and social psychology (pp. 144–167). Oslo: PRIO

Augoustinos, M., & Rosewarne, D. L. (2001). Stereotype knowledge and prejudice in children. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 19, 143–156CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Aumann, M. (1976). Land ownership in Palestine, 1880–1948. Jerusalem: Israel Academic Committee on the Middle East

Auron Y., Zelikowitz, G., & Keren, N. (1996). Concepts and attitudes of teachers' students in Israel regarding anti-Semitism and racism. Tel Aviv: Kibbutz Teachers' College. (in Hebrew)

Averill, J. R. (1982). Anger and aggression: An essay on emotion. New York: Springer-Verlag

Avineri, S. (1981). The making of modern Zionism: The intellectual origins of the Jewish State. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson

Avraham, E., Wolfsfeld, G., & Aburaiya, I. (2000). Dynamics in the news coverage of minorities: The case of the Arab citizens of Israel. Journal of Communication Inquiry, 17, 115–131Google Scholar

The background to the establishment of the State of Israel. (1981). Jerusalem: Israel Information Center. (in Hebrew)

Bagley, C., & Verma, G. (1979). Racial prejudice, the individual and society. Westmead, England: Saxon House

Baillargeon, R., & DeVos, J. (1992). Object permanence in young infants: Further evidence. Child Development, 62, 1227–1246CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Banaji, M. R., & Greenwald, A. G. (1994). Implicit stereotyping and prejudice. In M. P. Zanna & J. M. Olson (Eds.), The psychology of prejudice: The Ontario symposium (Vol. 7, pp. 55–76). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum

Bandura, A. (1977). Social learning theory. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall

Bandura, A. (1990). Selective activation and disengagement of moral control. Journal of Social Issues, 46(1), 27–46CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bandura, A. (1999). Moral disengagement in the perpetration of inhumanities. Personality and Social Psychological Review, 3, 193–209CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Bargad, W. (1977). The image of the Arab in the Israeli literature. Hebrew Annual Review, 1, 53–65Google Scholar

Bar-Gal, Y. (1993). Moledet and geography in one hundred years of Zionist education. Tel Aviv: Am Oved. (in Hebrew)

Bar-Gal, Y. (1994). The image of the “Palestinian” in geography textbooks in Israel. Journal of Geography, 93, 224–232CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Barlow, H. (1990). What does the brain see? How does it understand? In H. Barlow, C. Blakemore, & M. Weston-Smith (Eds.), Images and understanding (pp. 5–25). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Barnes, E. (1894). The art of little children. Pedagogical Seminary, 3, 302–307CrossRef

Bar-On, D. (2000). Cultural identity and demonization of the relevant other: Lessons from the Palestinian-Israeli conflict. In A. Y. Shalev, R. Yehuda, & A. C. McFarlane (Eds.), International handbook of human response to trauma (pp. 115–125). New York: PlenumCrossRef

Barrett, M., & Short, J. (1992). Images of European people in a group of 5–10-year-old English school children. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 10, 339–363CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bar-Tal, D. (1988). Delegitimizing relations between Israeli Jews and Palestinians: A social psychological analysis. In J. Hofman (Ed.), Arab-Jewish relations in Israel: A quest in human understanding (pp. 217–248). Bristol, IN: Wyndham Hall Press

Bar-Tal, D. (1989). Delegitimization: The extreme case of stereotyping and prejudice. In D. Bar-Tal, C. F. Graumann, A. W. Kruglanski, & W. Stroebe (Eds.), Stereotyping and prejudice: Changing conceptions (pp. 169–182). New York: Springer-VerlagCrossRef

Bar-Tal, D. (1990a). Causes and consequences of delegitimization: Models of conflict and ethnocentrism. Journal of Social Issues, 46(1), 65–81CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bar-Tal, D. (1990b). Group beliefs: A conception for analyzing group structure, processes and behavior. New York: Springer-Verlag

Bar-Tal, D. (1993). Patriotism as fundamental beliefs of group members. Politics and Individual, 3, 45–62Google Scholar

Bar-Tal, D. (1996). Development of social categories and stereotypes in early childhood: The case of “The Arab” concept formation, stereotype and attitudes by Jewish children in Israel. International Journal of Intercultural Relationship, 20, 341–370CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bar-Tal, D. (1998a). Societal beliefs in times of intractable conflict: The Israeli case. International Journal of Conflict Management, 9, 22–50CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bar-Tal, D. (1998b). The rocky road towards peace: Societal beliefs functional to intractable conflict in Israeli school textbooks. Journal of Peace Research, 35, 723–742CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bar-Tal, D. (2000a). Shared beliefs in a society: Social psychological analysis. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage

Bar-Tal, D. (2000b). From intractable conflict through conflict resolution: Psychological analysis. Political Psychology, 21, 351–365CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bar-Tal, D. (2001). Why does fear override hope in societies engulfed by intractable conflict, as it does in the Israeli society?Political Psychology, 22, 601–627CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bar-Tal, D. (2002). The necessity of observing real life situations: Palestinian-Israeli violence as a laboratory for learning about social behavior. Paper presented as an invited address at the triennial meeting of the Polish Psychological Society, Lublin, Poland

Bar-Tal, D. (2003, June). Conditions for the development of peace education in societies involved in intractable conflict. Paper presented at the Second International Workshop on Peace Education Research, Haifa University, Haifa

Bar-Tal, D. (2004). Nature, rational and effectiveness of education for co-existence. Journal of Social Issues, 60, 253–271CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bar-Tal, D., & Antebi, D. (1992). Siege mentality in Israel. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 16, 251–275CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bar-Tal, D., Bar-Tal, Y., & Cohen-Hendeles, E. (2004). The influence of the nature of relations on the stereotype, attitudes and feelings towards Palestinians by Israeli Jews as a function of their political identification. Manuscript submitted for publication

Bar-Tal, D., & Bennink, G. (2004). The nature of reconciliation as an outcome and as a process. In Y. Bar-Siman-Tov (Ed.), From conflict resolution to reconciliation (pp. 11–38). Oxford: Oxford University PressCrossRef

Bar-Tal, D., & Geva, N. (1985). A cognitive basis of international conflicts. In S. Worchel & W. B. Austin (Eds.), The social psychology of intergroup relations (2nd ed., pp. 118–133). Chicago: Nelson-Hall

Bar-Tal, D., Jacobson, D., & Klieman, A. (Eds.). (1998). Security concerns: Insights from the Israeli experience. Stamford, CT: JAI Press

Bar-Tal, D., Kruglanski, A. W., & Klar, Y. (1989). Conflict termination: An epistemological analysis of international cases. Political Psychology, 10, 233–255CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bar-Tal, D., & Labin, D. (2001). The effects of a major event on stereotyping: Terrorist attacks in Israel and Israeli perceptions of Palestinians, Jordanians, and Arabs. European Journal of Social Psychology, 31, 1–17CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bar-Tal, D., & Oren, N. (2000). Ethos as an expression of identity: Its changes in transition from conflict to peace in the Israeli case. Occasional paper No. 83. Jerusalem: Leonard Davis Institute for International Relations, Hebrew University of Jerusalem

Bar-Tal, D., & Oren, N. (2003). The detrimental dynamics of delegitimization in conflicts. Manuscript submitted for publication

Bar-Tal, D., Raviv, A., & Raviv, A. (1992). The concept of epistemic authority in the process of political knowledge acquisition. The effect of similarity. Representative Research in Social Psychology, 19, 1–14Google Scholar

Bar-Tal, D., Raviv, A., Raviv, A., & Brosh, M. (1991). Perception of epistemic authority and attribution knowledge area and age. European Journal of Social Psychology, 21, 477–492CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bar-Tal, D., & Sharvit, K. (2003). The power of transitional context. Unpublished manuscript, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv

Bar-Tal, D., & Staub, E. (Eds.). (1997). Patriotism in the life of individuals and nations. Chicago: Nelson-Hall

Bar-Tal, D., & Zoltak, S. (1989). Images of an Arab and Jewish-Arab relations in school readers. Megamot, 32, 301–317. (in Hebrew)

Bar-Tal, Y. (1989). Can leaders change followers' stereotypes? In D. Bar-Tal, C. F. Graumann, A. W. Kruglanski, & W. Stroebe (Eds.), Stereotyping and prejudice (pp. 225–242). New York: Springer-VerlagCrossRef

Bar-Tal, Y., & Guinote, A. (2002). Who exhibits more stereotypical thinking? The effect of need and ability to achieve cognitive structure on stereotyping. European Journal of Personality, 16, 313–331CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Barzilai, G. (1996a). State, society and national security: Mass media and wars. In M. Lissak & B. Knei-Paz (Eds.), Israel towards 2000: Society, politics, and culture (pp. 176–195). Jerusalem: Magnes Press. (in Hebrew)

Barzilai, G. (1996b). Wars, internal conflicts, and political order: A Jewish democracy in the Middle East. Albany: State University of New York Press

Batson, C. D., & Burris, C. T. (1994). Personal religion: Depressant or stimulant of prejudice and discrimination? In P. Zanna & J. M. Olson (Eds.), The psychology of prejudice: The Ontario symposium (Vol. 7, pp. 149–170). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum

Baumeister, R. F. (1998). The self. In D. T. Gilbert, S. T. Fiske, & G. Lindzey (Eds.), The handbook of social psychology (pp. 680–740). Boston: McGraw-Hill

Beilin, H. (1999). Understanding the photographic image. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 20, 1–30CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bell, S. M. (1970). The development of the concept of object as related to infant-mother attachment. Child Development, 41, 291–311CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bem, S. (1993). The lenses of gender: Transforming the debate on gender inequality. New Haven: Yale University Press

Ben-Amos, A., & Bar-Tal, D. (Eds.). (2004). Patriotism: “We love you homeland.” Tel Aviv: Hakibbutz Hameuhad. (in Hebrew)

Ben-Ari, R., & Amir, Y. (1988). Cultural information, intergroup contact and change in ethnic attitudes and relations. In W. Stroebe, A. W. Kruglanski, D. Bar-Tal, & M. Hewstone (Eds.), The social psychology of intergroup relations: Theory, research and applications (pp. 151–166). New York: Springer-Verlag

Ben-Ezer, E. (1977). War and siege in the Israeli literature (1967–1976). Jerusalem Quarterly, No. 2, pp. 95–112Google Scholar

Ben-Ezer, E. (1978). War and siege in Hebrew literature after 1967. Jerusalem Quarterly, No. 9, pp. 20–37Google Scholar

Ben-Ezer, E. (1987). Brenner and the “Arab question.”Modern Hebrew Literature, 12, 20–23Google Scholar

Ben-Ezer, E. (1992). The Arab in Israeli fiction: An anthology. Tel Aviv: Zmora-Bitan. (in Hebrew)

Ben-Ezer, E. (1997). Orchards' shadow and volcano: Talks about a reflection of Arab question and Arab image in the Hebrew literature in Eretz Israel from the end of the previous century until today. Tel Aviv. (in Hebrew)

Ben-Ezer, E. (1999). Introduction. In E. Ben-Ezer (Ed.), Sleepwalkers and other stories: The Arab in Hebrew fiction (pp. 1–17). Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner

Ben-Ezer, E. (2001). Brenner and the Arabs. Hod Hasharon, Israel: Astrolog. (in Hebrew)

Bengio, O. (1986). Iraq. In H. Shaked & D. Dishon (Eds.), Middle East contemporary survey (Vol. 8, pp. 465–496). Tel Aviv: Tel Aviv University

Ben-Gurion, D. (1975). The restoration of the State of Israel. Tel Aviv: Am Oved. (in Hebrew)

Ben-Gurion-Schocken. (1991). A correspondence. Kesher, No. 9, pp. 90–95. (in Hebrew)

Benjamin, H. (1987). Description of the Jewish-Arab relationship in the history textbooks in the context of the Israeli-Arab conflict. Master's thesis submitted to Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv. (in Hebrew)

Bennett, M., Lyons, E. J., Sani, F., & Barrett, M. (1998). Children's subjective identification with a group and in-group favoritism. Developmental Psychology, 34, 902–909CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Ben-Rafael, E., Shteyer, H., & Lewin, E. (1989). Israel as a multi-cleavage setting. Plural Societies, 19, 21–40Google Scholar

Ben-Shaul, N. (2001). Three versions: Three periods in the history of representation of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Zmanim, No. 75, pp. 68–75. (in Hebrew)

Benyamini, K. (1980). The image of the Arabs in the eyes of the Israeli youth: Changes over the past 15 years. Studies in Education, No. 27, pp. 65–74. (in Hebrew)

Benyamini, K. (1981). Israeli youth and the image of the Arab. Jerusalem Quarterly, No. 20, pp. 87–95Google Scholar

Benyamini, K. (1994). Political and civil attitudes of Jewish adolescents in Israel – 1994. Jerusalem: NCJW Research Institute for Innovation in Education, School of Education, Hebrew University of Jerusalem. (in Hebrew)

Berenstein, L. J. (1999, April 15–18). Teaching cultural awareness and respect to preschoolers: A producers perspective on the Israeli-Palestinian Sesame Street Project. Paper presented at the Biennial Meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development, Albuquerque

Berger, D. (1994). Erotization and dehumanization of the Arab image. In Amos Oz, Dan Banya, & A. B. Yehoshua, Mikra and Yiun, No. 65, pp. 39–41. (in Hebrew)

Berkowitz, L. (1968). Social motivation. In G. Lindzey & E. Aronson (Eds.), The handbook of social psychology (2nd ed., Vol. 3, pp. 50–135). Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley

Berkowitz, L. (1990). On the formation and regulation of anger and aggression. American Psychologist, 45, 494–503CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Berlovitz, Y. (1996). Inventing land, inventing people. Tel Aviv: Hakibbutz Hamuahad. (in Hebrew)

Bernard, J. (1957). Parties and issues in conflict. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 1, 111–121CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Berndt, T. J. (1979). Developmental changes in conformity to peers and parents. Developmental Psychology, 15, 608–616CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Best, D. L., Naylor, C. E., & Williams, J. E. (1975). Extension of color bias research to young French and Italian children. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 6, 390–404CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bettelheim, B., & Janowitz, M. (1950). Dynamics of prejudice. New York: Harper

Bettelheim, B., & Janowitz, M. (1964). Social change and prejudice. London: Free Press of Glencoe

Bettencourt, B. A., Dorr, N., Charlton, K., & Hume, D. L. (2001). Status differences and in-group bias: A meta-analytic examination of the effect of status stability, status legitimacy, and group permeability. Psychological Bulletin, 127, 520–542CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Bialer, S. (1985). The psychology of U.S.-Soviet relations. Political Psychology, 6, 263–273CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Biernat, M., Vescio, T. K., & Manis, M. (1998). Judging and behaving toward members of stereotyped groups: A shifting standard perspective. In C. Sedikides, J. Schopler, & C. A. Insko (Eds.), Intergroup cognition and intergroup behavior (pp. 151–175). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum

Bigler, R. S., Jones, L. C., & Lobliner, D. B. (1997). Social categorization and the formation of intergroup attitudes in children. Child Development, 68, 530–543CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Bigler, R. S., & Liben, L. S. (1993). A cognitive-developmental approach to racial stereotyping and reconstructive memory in Euro-American children. Child Development, 64, 1507–1518CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Billig, M., & Cramer, D. (1990). Authoritarianism and demographic variables as predictors of racial attitudes in Britain. New Community, 16, 199–211Google Scholar

Bilu, Y. (1989). The other as a nightmare: The Israeli-Arab encounter as reflected in children's dreams in Israel and in the West-Bank. Political Psychology, 10, 365–389CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bilu, Y. (1994). The image of the enemy: Cracks in the wall of hatred. Palestine-Israeli Journal, No. 4, pp. 24–28Google Scholar

Bird, C., Monachesi, E. D., & Burdick, H. (1952). Infiltration and the attitudes of white and Negro parents and children. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 47, 688–699CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Bizman, A., & Amir, Y. (1982). Mutual perceptions of Arabs and Jews in Israel. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 13, 461–469CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bjerstedt, A. (1988). Peace education in different countries. Malmö: Educational Information and Debate, No. 81

Bjerstedt, A. (Ed.). (1993). Peace education: Global perspective. Malmö: Almqvist & Wiksell

Bjorgo, T., & Witte, R. (Eds.). (1993). Racist violence in Europe. New York: St. Martin's PressCrossRef

Black-Gutman, D., & Hickson, F. (1996). The relationship between racial attitudes and social-cognitive development in children: An Australian study. Developmental Psychology, 32, 448–456CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Blaxal, M., & Reagan, B. (Eds.). (1976). Women and the workplace. Chicago: University of Chicago Press

Blum-Kulka, S., & Liebes, T. (1993). Frame ambiguities: Intifada narrativization of the experience by Israeli soldiers. In A. Cohen & G. Wolfsfeld (Eds.), Framing the Intifada: People and media (pp. 27–52). Norwood, NJ: Ablex

Bobo, L. (1988). Group conflict, prejudice, and the paradox of contemporary racial attitudes. In P. A. Katz & D. A. Taylor (Eds.), Eliminating racism: Profiles in controversy (pp. 85–116). New York: PlenumCrossRef

Bodenhausen, G. V. (1993). Emotions, arousal, and stereotypic judgments: A heuristic model of affect and stereotyping. In D. M. Mackie & D. L. Hamilton (Eds.), Affect, cognition, and stereotyping (pp. 13–37). San Diego: Academic PressCrossRef

Bogardus, E. S. (1925). Measuring social distance. Journal of Applied Sociology, 9, 299–308Google Scholar

Bogardus, E. S. (1928). Immigration and race attitudes. Boston: D. C. Heath

Bogardus, E. S. (1933). A social distance scale. Sociology and Social Research, 22, 265–271Google Scholar

Bogardus, E. S. (1950). Stereotypes versus sociotypes. Sociology and Social Science Research, 34, 286–291Google Scholar

Bogardus, E. S. (1967). A forty-year racial distance study. Los Angeles: University of Southern California Press

Bombi, A. S., & Pinto, G. (1994). Making a dyad: Cohesion and distancing in children's pictorial representation of friendship. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 12, 563–575CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bond, M. H. (1985). Language as a carrier of ethnic stereotypes in Hong Kong. Journal of Social Psychology, 125, 53–62CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Bourdieu, P. (1973). Cultural reproduction and social reproduction. In R. Brown (Ed.), Knowledge, education and cultural change (pp. 71–112). London: Tavistock

Bourhis, R. Y., & Leyens, J.-P. (Eds.). (1999). Stereotypes, discrimination and intergroup relations (2nd ed.). Hayen, Belgium: Mardaga

Bourhis, R. Y., Turner, J. C., & Gagnon, A. (1997). Interdependence, social identity and discrimination. In R. Spears, P. J. Oakes, N. Ellemers, & S. A. Haslam (Eds.), The social psychology of stereotyping and group life (pp. 273–295). Oxford: Blackwell

Bowie, R. R. (1984). The president and the executive branch. In J. S. Nye Jr. (Ed.), The making of America's Soviet policy (pp. 63–94). New Haven, CT: Yale University Press

Brands, H. W. (1993). The devil we knew: Americans and the Cold War. New York: Oxford University Press

Branscombe, N. R., & Ellmers, N. (1998). Coping with group-based discrimination: Individualistic versus group-level strategies. In J. K. Swim & C. Stangor (Eds.), Prejudice: The targets perspective (pp. 243–266). New York: Academic PressCrossRef

Branscombe, N. R., Ellmers, N., Spears, R., & Doosje, B. (1999). The context and content of social identity threat. In N. Ellemers, R. Spears, & B. Doosje (Eds.), Social identity (pp. 35–58). Malden, MA: Blackwell

Bransford, J. D. (1980). Human cognition. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth

Breslauer, S. D. (1986). Meir Kahane: Ideologue, hero, thinker. Lewiston, NY: Edwin Mellen Press

Brewer, M. B. (1988). A dual process model of impression formation. In T. K. Srull & R. S. Wyer (Eds.), Advances in social cognition (Vol. 1, pp. 1–36). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum

Brewer, M. B. (1996). When stereotypes lead to stereotyping: The use of stereotypes in person perception. In C. N. Macrae, C. Stangor, & M. Hewstone (Eds.), Stereotypes and stereotyping (pp. 254–275). New York: Guilford Press

Brewer, M. B. (1997). On the social origin of human nature. In C. McGarty & S. A. Haslam (Eds.), The message of social psychology: Perspective on mind in society (pp. 54–62). Cambridge, MA: Blackwell

Brewer, M. B. (1999). The psychology of prejudice: In-group love or out-group hate?Journal of Social Issues, 55, 429–444CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Brewer, M. B., & Brown, R. J. (1998). Intergroup relations. In D. T. Gilbert, S. T. Fiske, & G. Lindzey (Eds.), The handbook of social psychology (4th ed., Vol. 2, pp. 554–594). Boston: McGraw-Hill

Brewer, M. B., & Campbell, D. T. (1976). Ethnocentrism and intergroup attitudes: East African evidence. New York: Halsted Press

Brewer, M. B., Dull, V., & Lui, L. (1981). Perception of the elderly: Stereotypes as prototypes. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 41, 656–670CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Brewer, M. B., & Harasty, A. S. (1996). Seeing groups as entities: The role of perceiver motivation. In R. M. Sorrentino & E. T. Higgins (Eds.), Handbook of motivation and cognition (Vol. 3, pp. 347–370). New York: Guilford Press

Brewer, M. B., & Lui, L. (1989). The primacy of age and sex in the structure of person categories. Social Cognition, 7, 262–274CrossRef

Brewer, M. B., & Miller, N. (1988). Contact and cooperation: When do they work? In P. A. Katz & D. A. Taylor (Eds.), Eliminating racism: Profile in controversy (pp. 315–326). New York: PlenumCrossRef

Brewer, M. B., & Miller, N. (1996). Intergroup relations. Buckingham: Open University Press

Brigham, J. C. (1971). Ethnic stereotypes. Psychological Bulletin, 76, 15–38CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Brislin, R. W., Landis, D., & Brandt, M. (1983). Conceptualizations of intercultural behavior and training. In D. Landis & R. W. Brislin (Eds.), Handbook of intercultural training (Vol. 1, pp. 1–35). New York: PergamonCrossRef

Bronfenbrenner, U. (1961). The mirror image in Soviet American relations. Journal of Social Issues, 17(3), 45–56CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Brooks, D. (1975). Race and labour in London transport. London: Oxford University Press

Brophy, I. N. (1946). The luxury of anti-Negro prejudice. Public Opinion Quarterly, 9, 456–466CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Brosh, H. (1997). The sociocultural message of language textbooks: Arabic in the Israeli setting. Foreign Language Annals, 30, 311–326CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Brown, H. (1983). Thinking about national security: Defense and foreign policy in a dangerous world. Boulder, CO: Westview

Brown, R. (1995). Prejudice: Its social psychology. Oxford: Blackwell

Brown, R. (2000). Group processes (2nd ed.). Oxford: Blackwell

Brown, R., & Gaertner, S. (Eds.). (2001). Blackwell handbook of social psychology: Intergroup processes. Oxford: Blackwell

Bruck, P., & Roach, C. (1993). Dealing with reality: The news media and the promotion of peace. In C. Roach (Ed.), Communication and culture in war and peace (pp. 71–95). Newbury Park, CA: SageCrossRef

Bruner, J. S. (1964). The course of cognitive growth. American Psychologist, 19, 1–15CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Buchanan, W., & Cantril, H. (1953). How nations see each other. Westport, CT: Greenwood

Burn, S. M., & Oskamp, S. (1989). Ingroup biases and the US-Soviet conflict. Journal of Social Issues, 45(2), 73–990CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Burns, R. J., & Aspeslagh, R. (Eds.). (1996). Three decades of peace education around the world. New York: Garland

Burton, J. W. (Ed.). (1990). Conflict: Human needs theory. New York: St. Martin's PressCrossRef

Byrne, D. (1971). The attraction paradigm. New York: Academic Press

Cacioppo, J. T., & Bernston, G. G. (1994). Relationship between attitudes and evaluative space. A critical review, with emphasis on the separability of positive and negative substrates. Psychological Bulletin, 115, 401–423CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cairns, E. (1980). The development of ethnic discrimination in children in Northern Ireland. In J. Harbison & J. Harbison (Eds.), A society under stress: Children and young people in Northern Ireland (pp. 116–127). Somerset, England: Open Books

Cairns, E. (1987). Caught in crossfire: Children and the Northern Ireland conflict. Belfast: Appletree

Cairns, E. (1996). Children and political violence. Oxford: Blackwell

Cameron, J. A., Alvarez, J. M., Ruble, D. N., & Fuligni, A. J. (2001). Children's lay theories about in-groups and out-groups: Reconceptualizing research on prejudice. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 5, 118–128CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Campbell, D. T. (1947). Factors associated with attitudes toward Jews. In T. M. Newcomb & E. L. Hartley (Eds.), Readings in social psychology (pp. 518–527). New York: Holt

Campbell, D. T. (1958). Common fate, similarity, and other indices of the status of aggregates of persons as social entities. Behavioral Sciences, 3, 14–25CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Campbell, D. T. (1965). Ethnocentric and other altruistic motives. In D. Levine (Ed.), Symposium on motivation (pp. 283–311). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press

Campbell, D. T. (1967). Stereotypes and the perception of group differences. American Psychologist, 22, 817–829CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cantor, N., & Mischel, W. (1979). Prototypes in person perception. In L. Berkowitz (Ed.), Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 12, 3–52. New York: AcademicCrossRef

Cantril, H. (1965). The pattern of human concern. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press

Carey, S. (1985). Conceptual change in childhood. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press

Carlson, D. (1985). The Cold War and the curriculum. Educational Leadership, 48(8), 57–60Google Scholar

Carlston, D. E., & Smith, E. R. (1996). Principles of mental representation. In E. T. Higgins & A. W. Kruglanski (Eds.), Social psychology: Handbook of basic principles (pp. 184–210). New York: Guilford Press

Caspi, D. (1986). Electoral rhetoric and political polarization: The Begin-Peres debates. European Journal of Communication, 1, 447–462CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Caspi, D., & Limor, Y. (1992). The mediators: The mass media in Israel, 1948–1990. Tel Aviv: Am Oved. (in Hebrew)

Cecil, R. (1993). The marching season in Northern Ireland: An expression of politico-religious identity. In S. MacDonald (Ed.), Inside European identities (pp. 146–166). Providence, RI: Berg

Chadha, N. (1995). Enemy images: The media and Indo-Pakistani tensions. In M. Krepon & A. Sevak (Eds.), Crisis prevention, confidence building and reconciliation in South Asia (pp. 171–198). New York: St. Martin's Press

Chalamish, A. (2003). The attitudes of the Yishuv towards “the Arab question” in the thirties. In C. Erlich (Ed.), Middle East between the wars (pp. 439–454). Tel Aviv: Open University

Chetkow-Yanoov, B. (1986). Improving Arab-Jewish relations in Israel: The role of voluntary organizations. Social Development Issues, 10, 58–70Google Scholar

Chirwa, W. (1997). Collective memory and the process of reconciliation and reconstruction. Development in Practice, 7, 479–482CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Chomsky, N. (1988). Language and problems of knowledge: The Managua lectures. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press

Chomsky, N. (1991). Linguistics and cognitive science: Problems and mysteries. In A. Kasher (Ed.), The Chomskyan turn (pp. 26–53). Cambridge, MA: Blackwell

Clark, K. B. (1965). Dark ghetto. New York: Harper & Row

Cogley, J. (1956). Report on blacklisting. 1: Movies. New York: Fund for the Republic

Cohen, A. (1985). An ugly face in the mirror: Reflection of the Jewish-Arab conflict in Hebrew children's literature. Tel Aviv: Reshafim. (in Hebrew)

Cohen, A. A., Adoni, H., & Bantz, C. (1990). Social conflict and television news. Newbury Park, CA: Sage

Cohen, R. (1979). Threat perception in international crisis. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press

Cohen, S. F. (1986). Sovieticus: American perceptions and Soviet realities. New York: Norton

Cook, S. W. (1978). Interpersonal and attitudinal outcomes in cooperating interracial groups. Journal of Research and Development in Education, 12, 97–113Google Scholar

Cook, S. W. (1985). Experimenting on social issues: The case of school desegregation. American Psychologist, 40, 452–460CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Cooke, E. (1886). Our art teaching and child nature. London Journal of Education, January, 12–15Google Scholar

Corcoran, F. (1983). The bear in the back yard: Myth, ideology, and victimage ritual in Soviet funerals. Communication Monograph, 50, 305–320CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Cox, M. V. (1993). Children's drawings of the human figure. Hove: Erlbaum

Crandall, C. S., & Cohen, C. (1994). The personality of the stigmatizer: Cultural world view, conventionalism, and self-esteem. Journal of Research in Personality, 28, 461–480CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Crawford, M. T., & Skowronski, J. J. (1998). When motivated thought leads to heightened bias: High need for cognition can enhance the impact of stereotypes on memory. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 24, 1075–1088CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Crocker, J., Thompson, L., McGraw, K. M., & Ingerman, C. (1987). Downward comparison, prejudice, and evaluations of others: Effects of self-esteem and threat. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 52, 907–916CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Dallin, A. (1973). Bias and blunders in American studies on the USSR. Slavic Review, 32, 560–576CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Damon, W. (1981). Exploring children's social cognition on two fronts. In J. H. Flavell & L. Ross (Eds.), Social cognitive development: Frontiers and possible futures. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Damon, W., & Hart, D. (1992). Self-understanding and its role in social and moral understanding. In M. H. Borenstein & M. E. Lamb (Eds.), Developmental psychology: An advanced textbook (pp. 421–518). Hillside, NJ: Erlbaum

Darby, J. (1976). Conflict in Northern Ireland: The development of a polarized community. New York: Harper & Row

Darley, J. M., & Gross, P. H. (1983). A hypothesis-confirming bias in labeling effects. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 44, 20–33CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Davey, A. G. (1983). Learning to be prejudiced: Growing up in multi-ethnic Britain. London: Edward Arnold

Davidson, F. H., & Davidson, M. N. (1994). Changing childhood prejudice: The caring work of the schools. Westport, CT: Greenwood

Dawe, A. (1970). The two sociologies. British Journal of Sociology, 21, 207–218CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dawidowicz, L. S. (1975). The war against the Jews, 1933–1945. New York: Holt, Rinhehart and Winston

Deaux, K. (1996). Social identification. In E. T. Higgins & A. W. Kruglanski (Eds.), Social psychology: Handbook of basic principles (pp. 777–798). New York: Guilford Press

DeCharms, R., & Moeller, G. H. (1962). Values expressed in American children's readers. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 64, 136–142CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Dekker, P., & Peter, E. (1991). Authoritarianism, socio-demographic variables and racism: A Dutch replication of Billig and Cramer. New Community, 17, 287–293Google Scholar

Dennis, W. (1966). Group values through children's drawings. New York: John Wiley & Sons

Deutsch, M., & Collins, M. E. (1951). Inter-racial housing: A psychological evaluation of a social experiment. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press

Devine, P. G. (1989). Stereotypes and prejudice: Their automatic and controlled components. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 56, 5–18CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Devine, P. G., & Monteith, M. J. (1993). The role of discrepancy-associated affect in prejudice reduction. In D. M. Mackie & D. L. Hamilton (Eds.), Affect, cognition, and stereotyping (pp. 317–344). San Diego: Academic PressCrossRef

Devine, P. G., Plant, E. A., & Blair, I. V. (2001). Classic and contemporary analysis of racial prejudice. In R. Brown & S. L. Gaertner (Eds.), Blackwell handbook of social psychology: Intergroup processes (pp. 198–217). Malden, MA: Blackwell

Di Giacomo, J. P. (1980). Intergroup alliances and rejections within a protest movement: Analysis of the social representations. European Journal of Social Psychology, 10, 329–344CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Director General's Circular. (1994, May). The central theme for 1994–1995: Peace process – Israel in the Middle East. No. 14. Jerusalem: Ministry of Education and Culture. (in Hebrew)

Ditto, P. H., & Lopez, D. A. (1993). Motivated skepticism: Use of differential decision criteria for preferred and nonpreferred conclusions. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63, 568–584CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dollard, J. (1938). Hostility and fear in social life. Social Forces, 17, 15–26CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dollard, J., Miller, N. E., Doob, L. W., Mowrer, O. H., & Sears, R. R. (1939). Frustration and aggression. New Haven: Yale University Press

Domb, R. (1982). The Arab in Hebrew prose. London: Vallentine, Mitchell

Domka, E. (Ed.). (1998). The world and the Jews in the last generations, Part Ⅰ: 1870–1920. A book for high school. Jerusalem: Zalman Shazar Center for Israel History. (in Hebrew)

Donagan, A. (1979). The theory of morality. Chicago: University of Chicago Press

Doosje, B., & Ellmers, N. (1997). Stereotyping under threat: The role of group identification. In R. Spears, P. J. Oakes, N. Ellmers, & S. A. Haslam (Eds.), The social psychology of stereotyping and group life (pp. 257–272). Oxford: Blackwell

Dor, D., & Schiff, Y. (1997). 50 to Israel. Jerusalem: Information Center

Dothan, T., & Cohn, R. L. (1994). The Philistine as other: Biblical rhetoric and archeological reality. In L. J. Silberstein & R. L. Cohn (Eds.), The other in Jewish thought and history: Constructions of Jewish culture and identity (pp. 61–73). New York: New York University Press

Dovidio, J. F., Brigham, J., Johnson, B. T., & Gaertner, S. L. (1996). Stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination: Another look. In C. N. Macrae, C. Stangor, & M. Hewstone (Eds.), Stereotypes and stereotyping (pp. 276–319). New York: Guilford Press

Dovidio, J. F., & Gaertner, S. L. (1986). Prejudice, discrimination, and racism: Historical trends and contemporary approaches. In J. F. Dovidio & S. L. Gaertner (Eds.), Prejudice, discrimination and racism (pp. 1–34). New York: Academic Press

Dovidio, J. F., & Gaertner, S. L. (1993). Stereotypes and evaluative intergroup bias. In D. M. Mackie & D. L. Hamilton (Eds.), Affect, cognition, and stereotyping (pp. 167–193). San Diego: Academic PressCrossRef

Dovidio, J. F., Kawakami, K., & Beach, K. R. (2001). Implicit and explicit attitudes: Examination of the relationship between measures of intergroup bias. In R. Brown & S. L. Gaertner (Eds.), Blackwell handbook of social psychology: Intergroup processes (pp. 175–197). Malden, MA: Blackwell

Down, A. G. (1988). Preface. In H. Tyson-Bernstein, A conspiracy of good intentions: America's textbook fiasco. Washington, DC: Council for Basic Education

Doyle, A. B., & Aboud, F. E. (1995). A longitudinal study of white children's racial prejudice as a social cognitive development. Merill-Palmer Quarterly, 41, 210–229Google Scholar

Doyle, A. B., Beaudet, J., & Aboud, F. E. (1988). Developmental patterns in the flexibility of children's ethnic attitudes. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 19, 3–18CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dromi, E. (1999). Early lexical development. In M. Barrett (Ed.), The development of language (pp. 116–131). London: Psychology Press

Dubois, T. (1951). Solution T-25. New York: Curtis Books

Duckitt, J. (1992). The social psychology of prejudice. New York: Praeger

Dudycha, G. Y. (1942). The attitudes of college students toward war and the Germans before and during the Second World War. Journal of Social Psychology, 15, 317–324CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Dulles, J. F. (1950). War or peace. New York: Macmillan

Dunn, J. (1988). The beginnings of social understanding. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press

Eagley, A. H. (1987). Sex differences in social behavior: A social role interpretation. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum

Eagley, A. H., & Chaiken, S. (1993). The psychology of attitudes. Fort Worth: Harcourt Brace College Publishers

Eagley, A. H., & Chaiken, S. (1998). Attitude structure and function. In The handbook of social psychology (4th ed., Vol. 1, pp. 269–322). New York: McGraw-Hill

Eagley, A. H., & Steffen, V. J. (1984). Gender stereotypes stem from the distribution of men and women into social roles. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 46, 735–754CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Eberhardt, J. L., & Fiske, S. T. (Eds.). (1998). Confronting racism: The problem and the response. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage

Eden, S. (1971). On the new curricula. Jerusalem: Maalot. (in Hebrew)

Eder, R. A. (1989). The emergent personologist: The structure and content of 3.5-, 5.5-, and 7.5-year olds' concepts of themselves and other persons. Child Development, 60, 1218–1228Google Scholar

Eibl-Eibesfeldt, I., & Sütterlin, C. (1990). Fear, defense and aggression in animals and man: Some ethological perspectives. In P. F. Brain, S. Parmigiani, R. J. Blanchard, & D. Mainardi (Eds.), Fear and defense (pp. 381–408). London: Harwood

Eisenstadt, N. (1985). The transformation of Israeli society. Boulder, CO: Westview

Eisenstadt, S. N. (1967). Israeli society. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson

El Asmar, F. (1986). Through the Hebrew looking-glass: Arab stereotypes in children's literature. London: Zed Books

Elhance, A. P., & Ahmar, M. (1995). Nonmilitary CBMs. In M. Krepon & A. Sevak (Eds.), Crisis prevention, confidence building and reconciliation in South Asia (pp. 131–151). New York: St. Martin's Press

Elizur, S. (2000). Children's stereotypes and their attitudes towards Jewish, Arab and Japanese cultural products. Master's thesis submitted to Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv. (in Hebrew)

Elms, A. C. (1975). The crisis of confidence in social psychology. American Psychologist, 30, 967–976CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Elon, A. (1971). The Israelis. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson

English, R., & Halperin, J. J. (1987). The other side: How Soviets and Americans perceive each other. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction Books

Enyedi, Z., & Eros, F. (Eds.). (1999). Authoritarianism and prejudice: Central European perspective. Budapest: Osiris Kiado

Epstein, C. F. (1970). Woman's place. Berkeley: University of California

Epstein, R., & Komorita, S. S. (1966). Childhood prejudice, as a function of parental ethnocentrism, punitiveness, and outgroup characteristics. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 3, 259–264CrossRef

Erikson, E. H. (1968). Identity: Youth and crisis. New York: Norton

Esses, V. M., Haddock, G., & Zanna, M. P. (1993). Values, stereotypes, and emotions as determinants of intergroup attitudes. In D. M. Mackie & D. L. Hamilton (Eds.), Affect, cognition, and stereotyping (pp. 137–166). San Diego: Academic Press

Esses, V. M., Haddock, G., & Zanna, M. P. (1994). The role of mood in the expression of intergroup stereotypes. In M. P. Zanna & J. M. Olson (Eds.), Psychology of prejudice: The Ontario symposium (Vol. 7, pp. 77–102). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum

Even-Zohar, I. (1980). The growth and consolidation of local and native Hebrew culture in Eretz Israel, 1882–1918. Catedra, No. 16, pp. 165–189. (in Hebrew)

Exner, E. J. (1993). The Rorschach: A comprehensive system (Vol. 1). New York: John Wiley & Sons

Fabian, Z., & Fleck, Z. (1999). Authoritarianism, socio-demographic variables and socialization in the explanation of prejudiced attitudes: Antisemitism and anti-Gypsy attitudes in Hungary. In Z. Enyedi & F. Eros (Eds.), Authoritarianism and prejudice: Central European perspective (pp. 231–254). Budapest: Osiris Kiado

Fabian, Z., & Fleck, Z. Facts about Israel. (1979). Jerusalem: Ministry of Foreign Affairs

Fabian, Z., & Fleck, Z. (1999). Jerusalem: Israel Information Center

Fagot, B. I., Leinbach, M. D., & O'Boyle, C. (1992). Gender labeling, gender stereotyping, and parenting behaviors. Developmental Psychology, 28, 225–230CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Farver, J. A. M., & Forsch, D. K. (1996). L.A. stories: Aggression in preschoolers' spontaneous narratives after the riots of 1992. Child Development, 67, 19–32Google ScholarPubMed

Fazio, R. H., Williams, C. J., & Sanbonmatsu, D. M. (1990). Toward an unobtrusive measure of attitude. Unpublished manuscript, Indiana University, Bloomington

Fein, S., & Spencer S. J. (2000). Prejudice as self image maintenance: Affirming the self through derogating others. In C. Stangor (Ed.), Stereotypes and prejudice: Essential reading (pp. 172–190). Philadelphia: Psychology Press

Finlay, D. J., Holsti, O. R., & Fagen, R. R. (1967). Enemies in politics. Chicago: Rand McNally

Firer, R. (1985). The agents of Zionist education. Tel Aviv: Hakibutz Hameuhad. (in Hebrew)

First, A. (1998). Who is the enemy? The portrayal of Arabs in Israeli news. Gazette, 60, 239–251CrossRefGoogle Scholar

First, A. (2000, July). The coverage of the enemy in Israeli TV news: The transitional nature of representation. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Association of Mass Communication. Singapore

Fishbein, M. P., & Ajzen, I. (1975). Belief, attitude, intention, and behavior. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley

Fishman, J. A. (1956). An examination of the process and function of social stereotyping. Journal of Social Psychology, 60, 27–64CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Fiske, S. S., & Taylor, S. E. (1991). Social cognition (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill

Fiske, S. T. (1992). Thinking is for doing: Portraits of social cognition from daguerreotype to laserphoto. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 62, 877–889CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Fiske, S. T. (1993). Social cognition and social perception. Annual Review of Psychology, 44, 155–194CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Fiske, S. T. (1998). Stereotyping, prejudice, and discrimination. In D. T. Gilbert, S. T. Fiske, & G. Lindzey (Eds.), The handbook of social psychology (4th ed., Vol. 2, pp. 357–411). Boston: McGraw-Hill

Fiske, S. T. (2000). Stereotyping prejudice, and discrimination at the seam between the cenuries: Evaluation, culture, mind, and brain. European Journal of Social Psychology, 30, 299–3223.0.CO;2-F>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Fivush, R. (1987). Scripts and categories: Interrelationships in development. In U. Neisser (Ed.), Concepts and conceptual development: Ecological and intellectual factors in categorization (pp. 234–254). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Forgas, J. P., & Moylan, S. J. (1991). Affective influences on stereotype judgments. Cognition and Emotion, 5, 379–397CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Fox, R. (1992). Prejudice and the unfinished mind: A new look at an old failing. Psychological Inquiry, 3, 137–152CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Fradkin, N. (1997). Israeli-Arab relations as reflected in children's literature in recent years. Bamichlala, the College Voice: Research, Essays and Literary Works, 9, 35–46. (in Hebrew)

Frank, J. D. (1967). Sanity and survival: Psychological aspects of war and peace. New York: Random House

Frazier, E. F. (1944). The Negro in the United States. New York: Macmillan

Freeman, N. H. (1975). Do children draw men with arms coming out of the head? Nature, 254, 416–417

Frei, D. (1986). Perceived images: U.S. and Soviet assumptions and perceptions in disarmament. Totowa, NJ: Rowman & Allanheld

Frenkel, Y. (1999). Stereotypes and attitudes held by Jewish Israeli sixth graders living in the center of the country and in settlements in Judea and Somaria with regard to Jews and Arabs. Master's thesis submitted to Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv. (in Hebrew)

Frenkel-Brunswik, E. (1948). A study of prejudice in children. Human Relations, 1, 295–306CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Freud, A. (1946). The ego and mechanisms of defense. New York: International University Press

Freud, S. (1936). The problem of anxiety. New York: Norton

Fridkin, T. (2001). Perceptions of Arabs by children and adolescents, immigrants from the former USSR, as a function of immigration year, place of origin and age. Master's thesis submitted to Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv. (in Hebrew)

Fried, T. (2003). Societal beliefs, intractable conflict, and gender. Unpublished manuscript, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv

Fyne, R. (1985). From Hollywood to Moscow. Literature/Film Quarterly, 13, 195–199Google Scholar

Gabay, V. (1997). The influence of the complexity of the conflict solution schema on the attitudes towards the Palestinians. Master's thesis submitted to Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv. (in Hebrew)

Gaertner, S. L., & Dovidio, J. F. (1986). The aversive form of racism. In J. F. Dovidio & S. L. Gaertner (Eds.), Prejudice, discrimination, and racism (pp. 61–89). Orlando, FL: Academic Press

Gaertner, S. L., & Dovidio, J. F. (2000). Reducing intergroup bias: The common ingroup identity model. Philadelphia: Psychology Press

Gagnon, A., & Morasse, I. (1995). Self esteem and intergroup discrimination in second grade schoolchildren. Paper presented at the biennial meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development, Indianapolis

Gaines, J. S. (1971). The treatment of Mexican-American history in contemporary American high school history textbooks. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Southern California

Galambos, N. L., Almeida, D. M., & Petersen, A. C. (1990). Masculinity, femininity, and sex role attitudes in early adolescents: Exploring gender intensification. Child Development, 61, 1905–1914CrossRef

Gallup, G. H. (1972). The Gallup Poll: Public opinion, 1935–1971 (Vols. 1–3). New York: Random House

Gallup, G. H. (1978). The Gallup Poll: Public opinion, 1972–1977 (Vols. 1–2). Wilmington, DE: Scholarly Resources

Gal-Or, L. (1998). Development of nations' perception as a function of age, nature of relations, similarity and knowledge among Israeli children and adolescents. Master's thesis submitted to Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv. (in Hebrew)

Gamson, W. A. (1981). The political culture of Arab-Israeli conflict. Conflict Management and Peace Sciences, 5, 79–93CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gamson, W. A. (1988). Political discourse and collective action. International Social Movement Research, 1, 219–244Google Scholar

Gamson, W. A. (1992). Media images and the social construction of reality. Annual Review of Sociology, 18, 373–393CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gardner, R. C. (1993). Stereotypes as consensual beliefs. In M. P. Zanna & J. M. Olson (Eds.), The psychology of prejudice: The Ontario symposium (Vol. 7, pp. 1–31). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum

Gardner Feldman, L. (1999). The principle and practice of “reconciliation” in German foreign policy: Relations with France, Israel, Poland and the Czech Republic. International Affairs, 75, 333–356CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Gay, P. (1993). The cultivation of hatred. London: HarperCollins

Gelman, R., & Spelke, E. (1981). The development of thoughts about animate and inanimate objects: Implications for research on social cognition. In J. H. Flavell & L. Ross (Eds.), Social cognitive development: Frontiers and possible futures (pp. 43–66). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Gelman, S. A., & Markman, E. M. (1986). Categories and induction in young children. Cognition, 23, 183–209CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Genovese, E. (1966). The political economy of slavery: Studies in the economy and society of the slave South. New York: Random House

Gertz, N. (1991). The “others” in Israeli film in the forties and fifties: Holocaust survivors, Arabs, women. In N. Gertz, O. Lubin, & J. Neeman (Eds.), Fictive books – On Israeli cinema (pp. 381–402). Tel Aviv: Open University. (in Hebrew)

Gertz, N. (1993). Motion fiction: Israeli fiction in films. Tel Aviv: Open University. (in Hebrew)

Gertz, N. (1995). Captive of a dream: National myths in Israeli culture. Tel Aviv: Am Oved. (in Hebrew)

Gertz, N. (1998). The security narrative in Israeli literature and cinema. In D. Bar-Tal, D. Jacobson, & A. Klieman (Eds.), Security concerns: Insights from the Israeli experience (pp. 193–213). Stamford, CT: JAI

Giddens, A. (1984). The constitution of society. Berkeley: University of California Press

Giles, H., Bourhis, R. Y., & Taylor, D. M. (1977). Towards a theory of language in ethnic group relations. In H. Giles (Ed.), Language, ethnicity and intergroup relations (pp. 307–348). London: Academic Press

Giles, H., & Saint-Jacques, B. (Eds.). (1979). Language and ethnic relations. Oxford: Pergamon Press

Gitlin, T. (1980). The whole world is watching. Berkeley: University of California Press

Glock, C. Y., Wuthnow, R., Piliavin, J. A., & Spencer, M. (1975). Adolescent prejudice. New York: Harper & Row

Godsi, L. (1998). Development of the “Arab” social category by Israeli-Jewish children. Master's thesis submitted to Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv. (in Hebrew)

Goldberg, D. T. (Ed.). (1990). Anatomy of racism. Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press

Golomb, C. (1992). The child's creation of pictorial world. Berkeley: University of California Press

Goodenough, F. L. (1926). Measurement of intelligence by drawings. New York: Harcourt, Brace & World

Goodman, M. E. (1964). Race awareness in young children (rev. ed.). New York: Collier

Gordon, H. (1994). Working for peace in the Middle East: The educational task. In E. Boulding (Ed.), Building peace in the Middle East: Challenges for states and civil society (pp. 311–317). Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner

Gordon, S. (1984). Hitler, Germans, and the “Jewish Question.” Princeton: Princeton University Press

Gordon, S. T. (1990). Social structural effects on emotions. In T. D. Kemper (Ed.), Research agendas in the sociology of emotions (pp. 145–179). Albany: State University of New York Press

Gorny, Y. (1987). Zionism and the Arabs, 1882–1948: A study of ideology. Oxford: Clarendon Press

Govrin, N. (1989). Enemies or cousins? … Somewhere in between. The Arab problem and its reflection in Hebrew literature: Developments, trends, and examples. Shofar, 7, 13–23Google Scholar

Graves, S. B. (1999). Television and prejudice reduction: When does television as a vicarious experience make a difference?Journal of Social Issues, 55, 705–725Google Scholar

Gray, J. A. (1989). The psychology of fear and stress (2nd ed.). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Grayson, B. L. (Ed.). (1978). The American image of Russia: 1917–1977. New York: Frederick Ungar

Greenberg, J., Solomon, S., & Pyszczynski, T. (1997). Terror management theory of self-esteem and cultural worldviews: Empirical assessments and conceptual refinements. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 29, 61–139CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Greenwald, A. G., & Banaji, M. R. (1995). Implicit social cognition: Attitudes, self-esteem, and stereotypes. Psychological Review, 102, 4–27CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Gribskov, M. E. (1973). A critical analysis of textbook accounts of Indians in American history. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Oregon

Griswold, W. (1994). Cultures and societies in a changing world. Thousand Oaks, CA: Pine Forge Press

Gross, N., & Gross, Y. (1991). The Hebrew film. Jerusalem: Meor ve Lecha. (in Hebrew)

Grosser, P. E., & Halperin, E. G. (1979). Anti-Semitism: The causes and effect of a prejudice. Secaucus, NJ: Citadel Press

Halpern, F. (1940). Rorschach interpetation of the personality structure of schizophrenics who benefit from insulin therapy. Psychiatric Quarterly, 14, 826–833CrossRef

Hamilton, D. L. (Ed.). (1981). Cognitive processes in stereotyping and intergroup behavior. Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum

Hamilton, D. L., Gibbons, P. A., Stroessner, S. J., & Sherman, J. W. (1992). Stereotypes and language use. In G. R. Semin & K. Fiedler (Eds.), Language, interaction and social cognition (pp. 102–128). London: Sage

Hamilton, D. L., & Rose, T. L. (1980). Illusory correlation and maintenance of stereotypic beliefs. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39, 832–845CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hamilton, D. L., & Sherman, J. W. (1994). Stereotypes. In R. S. Wyer Jr. & T. K. Srull (Eds.), Handbook of social cognition (2nd ed., Vol. 2, pp. 1–68). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum

Hamilton, D. L., & Sherman, S. J. (1996). Perceiving persons and groups. Psychological Review, 103, 336–355CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Hamilton, D. L., Sherman, S. J., & Lickel, B. (1998). Perceiving social groups: The importance of the entitativity continuum. In C. Sedikides, J. Schopler, & C. A. Insko (Eds.), Intergroup cognition and intergroup behavior (pp. 47–74). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum

Hamilton, D. L., Sherman, S. J., & Ruvolo, C. M. (1990). Stereotype-based expectancies: Effects on information processing and social behavior. Journal of Social Issues, 46(2), 35–60CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hamilton, D. L., Stroessner, S. J., & Mackie, D. M. (1993). The influence of affect on stereotyping: The case of illusory correlations. In D. M. Mackie & D. L. Hamilton (Eds.), Affect, cognition, and stereotyping (pp. 39–61). San Diego: Academic PressCrossRef

Hamilton, D. L., & Trolier, T. K. (1986). Stereotypes and stereotyping: An overview of the cognitive approach. In J. F. Dovidio & S. L. Gaertner (Eds.), Prejudice, discrimination, and racism (pp. 127–163). New York: Academic Press

Hammer, E. F. (1958 1967). The clinical application of projective drawings. Springfield, IL: C. C. Thomas

Hann, H. (1983). Seeing red: How Hollywood movies handle the Russians. New York Daily News, December 11

Harding, J., Proshansky, H., Kutner, B., & Chein, I. (1969). Prejudice and ethnic relations. In G. Lindzey & E. Aronson (Eds.), The handbook of social psychology (2nd ed., Vol. 5, pp. 1–76). Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley

Hareven, A. (1983). Victimization: Some comments by an Israeli. Political Psychology, 4, 145–155CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Harkabi, Y. (1977). Arab strategies and Israel's response. New York: Free Press

Harris, D. B., Gough, H. G., & Martin, W. E. (1950). Children's ethnic attitudes related to methods of child rearing. Child Development, 21, 161–181Google Scholar

Harris, I. M. (1988). Peace education. Jefferson, NC: McFarland

Harris, P. L. (1994). Thinking by children and scientists: False analogies and neglected similarities. In L. A. Hirschfeld & S. A. Gelman (Eds.), Mapping the mind (pp. 294–315). Cambridge: Cambridge University PressCrossRef

Harris, R. (1972). Prejudice and tolerance in Ulster: A study of neighbors and strangers in a border community. Manchester: Manchester University Press

Harter, S. (1985). Self-Perception Profile for Children. Denver: University of Denver, Department of Psychology

Harter, S. (1989). Self-Perception Profile for Adolescents. Denver: University of Denver, Department of Psychology

Harter, S. (1990). Self and identity development. In S. S. Feldman & G. R. Elliott (Eds.), At the threshold: The developing adolescent (pp. 352–387). Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press

Hartmann, P., & Husband, C. (1974). Racism and the mass media. London: Davis-Poynter

Harvey, O. J. (1956). An experimental investigation of negative and positive relation between small groups through judgmental indices. Sociometry, 19, 221–209CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Haslam, S. A. (1997). Stereotyping and social influence: Foundations of stereotype consensus. In R. Spears, P. J. Oakes, N. Ellemers, & S. A. Haslam (Eds.), The social psychology of stereotyping and group life (pp. 119–143). Oxford: Blackwell

Haslam, S. A., Turner, J. C., Oakes, P. J., McGarty, C., & Reynolds, K. J. (1998). The group as a basis for the emergent stereotype consensus. In W. Stroebe & M. Hewstone (Eds.), European review of social psychology (pp. 203–239). New York: John Wiley & Sons

Hayes, G. (1998). We suffer our memories: Thinking about the past, healing, and reconciliation. American Imago, 55, 29–50CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hayner, P. B. (1999). In pursuit of justice and reconciliation: Contributions of truth telling. In C. J. Arnson (Ed.), Comparative peace processes in Latin America (pp. 363–383). Stanford: Stanford University Press

Heibeck, T., H., & Markman, E. M. (1987). Word learning in children: An examination of fast mapping. Child Development, 58, 1021–1034CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Hepper, P. G. (1992). Fetal psychology: An embryonic science. In J. G. Nijhuis (Ed.), Fetal behavior: Development and prenatal aspects (pp. 129–156). Oxford: Oxford University Press

Heradstveit, D. (1981). The Arab-Israeli conflict: Psychological obstacles to peace. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget

Hermann T. (2002). The sour taste of success: The Israeli peace movement, 1967–1998. In B. Gidron, S. Katz, & Y. Hasenfeld (Eds.), Mobilizing for peace-conflict resolution in Northern Ireland, Israel/Palestine and South Africa (pp. 94–129). New York: Oxford University PressCrossRef

Hermann, T., & Yuchtman-Yaar, E. (2002). Divided yet united: Israeli-Jewish attitudes toward the Oslo process. Journal of Peace Research, 39, 597–613CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Herrmann, R. K. (1985). Perceptions and behavior in Soviet foreign policy. Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press

Herzog, H., & Shamir, R. (1994). Negotiated society? Media discourse on Israeli Jewish/Arab relations. Israel Social Science Research, 9, 55–88Google Scholar

Heskin, K. (1980). Northern Ireland: A psychological analysis. New York: Columbia University Press

Hewstone, M. (1994). Revision and change of stereotypic beliefs: In search of the elusive subtyping model. In W. Stroebe & M. Hewstone (Eds.), European Review of Social Psychology (Vol. 5, pp. 69–109). Chichester: John WileyCrossRef

Hewstone, M. (1996). Contact and categorization: Social interventions to change inter-group relations. In C. N. Macrae, C. Stangor, & M. Hewston (Eds.), Stereotype and stereotyping (pp. 323–368). New York: Guilford

Hewstone, M., & Brown, R. (Eds.). (1986). Contact and conflict in intergroup encounters. Oxford: Blackwell

Hewstone, M., Islam, M. R., & Judd, C. M. (1993). Models of crossed categorization and intergroup relations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 64, 779–793CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Hicks, D. W. (Ed.). (1988). Education for peace: Issues, principles and practices in the classroom. London: Routledge

Hilton, J. L., & Hippel, W. (1996). Stereotypes. Annual Review of Psychology, 47, 71–237CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Himmelweit, H. T., & Gaskell, G. (Ed.). (1990). Societal psychology. Newbury Park, CA: Sage

Hinkle, S., Taylor, L. S., Fox-Cardamon, D. L., & Crook, J. (1989). Intragroup identification and intergroup differentiation: A multi-component approach. British Journal of Social Psychology, 28, 305–317CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hirschfeld, L. A. (1994). The child's representation of human groups. In D. L. Medin (Ed.), The psychology of learning and motivation (pp. 133–185). San Diego: Academic PressCrossRef

Hirschfeld, L. A. (1995). Do children have a theory of race?Cognition, 54, 209–252CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Hirschfeld, L. A. (1996). Race in the making. Cognition, culture, and the child's construction of human kinds. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press

Hirschfeld, L. A., & Gelman, S. A. (1994). Towards a topography of mind: An introduction to domain specificity. In L. A. Hirschfeld & S. A. Gelman (Eds.), Mapping the mind: Domain specificity in cognition and culture (pp. 3–35). Cambridge: Cambridge University PressCrossRef

History from 1880. (1973). Jerusalem: Keter. (The book was compiled from material originally published in the Encyclopaedia Judaica.)

Hoebel, E. A. (1960). The nature of culture. In H. L. Shapiro (Ed.), Man, culture, and society (pp. 168–181). New York: Oxford University Press

Hoffman, M. (1981). Is altruism part of human nature?Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 40, 121–137CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hoffman, M. A., & Bizman, A. (1996). Attributions and responses to the Arab-Israeli conflict: A developmental analysis. Child Development, 67, 117–128CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Hofman, J. E. (1970a). The meaning of being a Jew in Israel. An analysis of ethnic identity. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 15, 196–202CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hofman, J. E. (1970b). The ethnic identity of Jewish youth in Israel. Megamot, 17(1), 5–14. (in Hebrew)

Hogg, M. A., & Abrams, D. (1990). Social motivation, self-esteem and social identity. In D. Abrams & M. A. Hogg (Eds.), Social identity theory: Constructive and critical advances (pp. 28–47). New York: Springer-Verlag

Hogg, M. A., & Sunderland, J. (1991). Self-esteem and intergroup discrimination in the minimal group paradigm. British Journal of Social Psychology, 30, 51–62CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Holmes, R. M. (1995). How young children perceive race. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage

Holt, R. R., & Silverstein, B. (1989). On the psychology of enemy images: Introduction and overview. Journal of Social Issues, 45(2), 1–11CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Homans, G. C. (1950). The human group. New York: Harcourt, Brace

Horowitz, D. (1984). Israeli perception of national security (1948–1972). In B. Neuberger (Ed.), Diplomacy and confrontation: Selected issues in Israel's foreign relations, 1948–1978 (pp. 104–148). Tel Aviv: Everyman's University. (in Hebrew)

Horowitz, D. (1993). The Israeli concept of security. In A. Yaniv (Ed.), National security and democracy in Israel (pp. 11–53). Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner

Horowitz, D., & Lissak, M. (1978). Origins of the Israeli polity. Chicago: University of Chicago Press

Horowitz, E. L., & Horowitz, R. E. (1938). Development of social attitudes in children. Sociometry, 1, 301CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Horowitz, S. (1953). Chronicles of our times, 1918–1950 (3rd ed.). Tel Aviv: Chechik. (in Hebrew)

Horwitz, M., & Rabbie, J. M. (1989). Stereotypes of groups, group members, and individuals in categories: A differential analysis. In D. Bar-Tal, C. F. Graumann, A. W. Kruglanski, & W. Stroebe (Eds.), Stereotyping and prejudice: Changing conceptions (pp. 105–129). New York: Springer-VerlagCrossRef

Hovland, C. I., & Sears, R. R. (1940). Minor studies of aggression. Ⅵ. Correlation of lynchings with economic indices. Journal of Psychology, 9, 301–310CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Howard, J. W., & Rothbart, M. (1980). Social categorization and memory for in-group and out-group behavior. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 38, 301–310CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hume, J. (1993). A new Ireland in new Europe. In D. Keogh & M. H. Haltzel (Eds.), Northern Ireland and the politics of reconciliation (pp. 226–233). Washington, DC: Woodrow Wilson Center Press

Hunter, J. A., Platow, M. J., Bell, L. M., & Kypri, K. (1997). Intergroup bias and self-evaluation: Domain-specific self-esteem, threats to identity and dimensional importance. British Journal of Social Psychology, 36, 405–426CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Hunter, J. A., Platow, M. J., Howard, M. L., & Stringer, M. (1996). Social identity and intergroup evaluative bias: Realistic categories and domain-specific self-esteem in a conflict setting. European Journal of Social Psychology, 26, 631–6473.0.CO;2-V>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Hunter, J. A., Stringer, M., & Watson, R. P. (1991). Intergroup violence and intergroup attributions. British Journal of Social Psychology, 30, 261–266CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Ichilov, O. (1984). The political world of children and adolescents. Tel Aviv: “Mabat.” (in Hebrew)

Inbar, W. (2000). Revival and state: Israel and nations in new period: 1945–1970. Petach Tikva: Lilach. (in Hebrew)

Insko, C. A., Nacoste, R. W., & Moe, J. L. (1983). Belief congruence and racial discrimination: Review of the evidence and critical evaluation. European Journal of Social Psychology, 13, 153–174CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Israel, J., & Tajfel, H. (Eds.). (1972). The context of social psychology: A critical assessment. London: Academic Press

Israeli-Diner, G. (1993). Stereotypes of Arabs among nursery-school children. Master's thesis submitted to Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv. (in Hebrew)

Iwawaki, S., Sonoo, K., Williams, J. E., & Best, D. L. (1978). Color bias among young Japanese children. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 9, 61–73CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Iyengar, S. (1991). Is anyone responsible? Chicago: University of Chicago Press

Iyengar, S., & Kinder, S. (1987). News that matters. Chicago: University of Chicago Press

Jackman, M., & Muha, M. (1984). Education and intergroup attitudes: Moral enlightenment, superficial democratic commitment, or ideological refinement. American Sociological Review, 49, 751–769CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Jackson, L. A., Hodge, C. N., Gerard, D. A., Ingram, J. M., Ervin, K. S., & Sheppard, L. A. (1996). Cognition, affect, and behavior in the prediction of group attitudes. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 22, 306–316CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Jacob, A. (1974). Trends in Israeli public opinion on issues related to the Arab-Israeli conflict, 1967–1972. Jewish Journal of Sociology, 16, 187–208Google Scholar

Jahoda, G. (1999). The images of savages: Ancient roots of modern prejudice. New York: Routledge

Jarymowicz, M. (1994). On the relationship between stereotypes and prejudice and nonconscious sources of negative or positive attitudes towards outgroups. Przeglad Psychologiczny, 37, 433–464. (in Polish)

Jarymowicz, M. (2001). Seeking for the basis of stereotypes' rigidity. In M. Kofta & A. Jasinska-Kania (Eds.), Stereotypes and prejudice: Psychological and cultural approach (pp. 26–43). Warsaw: ISS UW. (in Polish)

Jarymowicz, M., & Bar-Tal, D. (2003). The dominance of fear over hope in the lives of individuals and collectives. Unpublished manuscript, Faculty of Psychology, Warsaw

Jews and Arabs in the State of Israel. (1989). Jerusalem: Maalot. (in Hebrew)

Jews in Arab lands. (1975). Jerusalem: Israel Information Centre

Johnston, L., & Macrae, C. N. (1994). Changing social stereotypes: The case of the information seeker. European Journal of Social Psychology, 24, 581–592CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Jones, J. M. (1997). Prejudice and racism (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill

Jost, J. T., & Banaji, M. R. (1994). The role of stereotyping in system-justification and the production of false consciousness. British Journal of Social Psychology, 33, 1–27CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Judd, C. M., & Park, B. (1988). Out group homogenity: Judgments of variability at the individual and group levels. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 9, 778–788CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Judea, Samaria and the Gaza district since 1967. (1986). Jerusalem: Israel Information Centre

Jussim, L., & Fleming, C. (1996). Self-fulfilling prophecies and the maintenance of social stereotypes: The role of dyadic interactions and social forces. In C. N. Macrae, C. Stangor, & M. Hewstone (Eds.), Stereotypes and stereotyping (pp. 161–192). New York: Guilford Press

Kaminsky, M., & Bar-Tal, D. (1996). Stereotypical perceptions of the Israeli Arabs with different labels as a function of age and religiosity. Studies in Education (New series), 1, 121–157. (in Hebrew)

Kanter, R. M. (1977). Men and women of the corporation. New York: Basic Books

Kaplowitz, N. (1990). National self-images, perception of enemies, and conflict strategies: Psychopolitical dimensions of international relations. Political Psychology, 11, 39–82CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Karlins, M., Coffman, T. L., & Walters, G. (1969). On the fading of social stereotypes: Studies in three generations of college students. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 13, 1–16CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Katz, D. (1960). The functional approach to the study of attitudes. Public Opinion Quarterly, 24, 163–204CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Katz, D., & Braly, K. (1933). Racial stereotypes of one hundred college students. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 2, 280–290CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Katz, D., & Braly, K. (1935). Racial prejudice and racial stereotypes. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 30, 175–193CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Katz, J. (1961). Exclusiveness and tolerance: Studies in Jewish-gentile relations in medieval and modern times. London: Oxford University Press

Katz, P. A. (1976). The acquisition of racial attitudes in children. In P. A. Katz (Ed.), Towards the elimination of racism (pp. 125–154). New York: PergamonCrossRef

Katz, P. A. (1987). Developmental and social processes in ethnic attitudes and self-identification. In J. S. Phinney & M. J. Rotheram (Eds.), Children's ethnic socialization (pp. 92–100). Newbury Park, CA: Sage

Katz, P. A., Shon, M., & Zalk, R. S. (1975). Perceptual concomitants of racial attitudes in urban grade-school children. Developmental Psychology, 12, 135–144CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Katz, P. A., & Taylor, D. A. (Eds.). (1988). Eliminating racism: Profiles in controversy. New York: Plenum

Katz, P. A., & Zalk, S. R. (1978). Modification of children's racial attitudes. Developmental Psychology, 14, 447–461CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Katz, S. (1973). The Jewish presence in Palestine. Jerusalem: Israel Academic Committee on the Middle East

Keen, S. (1986). Faces of the enemy: Reflections of the hostile imagination. San Francisco: Harper & Row

Keil, F. C. (1987). Conceptual development and category structure. In U. Neisser (Ed.), Concepts and conceptual development: Ecological and intellectual factors in categorization (pp. 175–200). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Kelman, H. C. (1973). Violence without moral restraint: Reflections on the dehumanization of victims and victimizers. Journal of Social Issues, 29(4), 25–61CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kelman, H. C. (1982). Creating the conditions for the Israeli-Palestinian negotiations. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 26, 39–75CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kelman, H. C. (1997). Social-psychological dimensions of international conflict. In I. W. Zartman & J. L. Rasmussen (Eds.), Peacemaking in international conflict: Methods and techniques (pp. 191–237). Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press

Kelman, H. C. (1999a). The interdependence of Israeli and Palestinian national identities: The role of the other in existential conflict. Journal of Social Issues, 55(3), 581–600CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kelman, H. C. (1999b). Transforming the relationship between former enemies: A social-psychological analysis. In R. L. Rothstein (Ed.), After the peace: Resistance and reconciliation (pp. 193–205). Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner

Keren, N. (1983). Ben Gurion and the intellectuals: Power, knowledge and charisma. DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press

Keren, N. (1985). The impact of public opinion and the historical research on the development of Holocaust teaching in high schools and in informal education in Israel (1948–1981). Doctoral thesis submitted to the Hebrew University of Jerusalem. (in Hebrew)

Keren, N., Zelikowitz, G., & Auron, Y. (1997). Antisemitism and racism: An attitude research among high school students in Israel. Tel Aviv: Kibbutz Teachers' College. (in Hebrew)

Khalaf, S. (1994). Culture, collective memory, and the restoration of civility. In D. Collings (Ed.), Peace for Lebanon? From war to reconstruction (pp. 273–285). Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner

Kimmerling, B. (1993). Patterns of militarism in Israel. Archives Européenes de Sociologie, 34, 196–223CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kinloch, G. C. (1974). The dynamics of race relations. New York: McGraw-Hill

Kinloch, G. C. (1979). The sociology of minority group relations. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall

Klein, W. M., & Kunda, Z. (1992). Motivated person perception: Constructing justifications for desired beliefs. Journal of Experimental and Social Psychology 28, 145–168CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kleinig, J. (1991). Valuing life. Princeton: Princeton University Press

Klepsch, M., & Logie, L. (1982). Children draw and tell. New York: Brunner/Mazel

Knox, C., & Quirk, P. (2000). Peace building in Northern Ireland, Israel and South Africa: Transition, transformation and reconciliation. London: Macmillan

Kohlberg, L. (1966). A cognitive–developmental analysis of children's sex-role concepts and attitudes. In E. E. Maccoby (Ed.), The development of sex differences (pp. 82–173). Stanford: Stanford University Press

Kohlberg, L. (1969). Stage and sequence: The cognitive-developmental approach to socialization. In D. A. Goslin (Ed.), Handbook of socialization theory and research (pp. 347–480). Chicago: Rand McNally

Kohlberg, L. (1984). The psychology of moral development: Essays on moral development (Vol. 2). San Francisco: Harper & Row

Kolatt, S. (1985). The Zionist idea and establishment of the State of Israel. Jerusalem: Tal, Ministry of Education. (in Hebrew)

Koppitz, E. M. (1968). Psychological evaluation of children's human figure drawing. New York: Grune & Stratton

Koppitz, E. M. (1984). Psychological evaluation of human figure drawings by middle school pupils. New York: Grune & Stratton

Koren, A. (1994). Coverage of the Land Day in the Israeli press. Patuah, No. 2, pp. 3–16. (in Hebrew)

Koren, H. (1997). A categorical development of the Arab category among Jewish teenagers. Master's thesis submitted to Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv. (in Hebrew)

Kornbluth, C. M. (1955). Not this August. New York: Tor

Kosslyn, S. M. (1981). The medium and the message in mental imagery: A theory. Psychological Review, 88, 46–66CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kosslyn, S. M., & Kagan, J. (1981). Concrete thinking and the development of social cognition. In J. H. Flavell & L. Ross (Eds.), Social cognitive development: Frontiers and possible futures (pp. 82–96). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Kotzé, H., & Du Toit, P. (1996). Reconciliation, reconstruction and identity politics in South Africa: A 1994 survey of elite attitudes after apartheid. Nationalism & Ethnic Politics, 2, 1–17CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kovel, J. (1970). White racism: A psychohistory. New York: Pantheon

Krampen, M. (1991). Children's drawings: Iconic coding of the environment. New York: Plenum Press

Krasov, M. (1998). The 1996 election campaign: Legitimization and delegitimization of strangeness. Master's thesis submitted to Bar-Ilan University, Ramat-Gan. (in Hebrew)

Krech, D., Crutchfield, R. S., & Ballachey, E. L. (1962). Individual in society. New York: McGraw-Hill

Kressel, N. J. (1996). Mass hate: The global rise of genocide and terror. New York: Plenum

Kretzmer, D. (1990). The legal status of the Arabs in Israel. Boulder, CO: Westview

Kriesberg, L. (1998a). Constructive conflict: From escalation to resolution. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield

Kriesberg, L. (1998b). Intractable conflicts. In E. Weiner (Ed.), The handbook of interethnic coexistence (pp. 332–342). New York: Continuum Publishing Company

Kriesberg, L. (1998c). Coexistence and the reconciliation of communal conflicts. In E. Weiner (Ed.), The handbook of interethnic coexistence (pp. 182–198). New York: Continuum Publishing Company

Kriesberg, L., Northup, T. A., & Thorson, S. J. (Eds.). (1989). Intractable conflicts and their transformation. Syracuse: Syracuse University Press

Kriesberg, M. (1946). Soviet news in the “New York Times.”Public Opinion Quarterly, 10, 540–564CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Krueger, J. (1992). On the overestimation of between-group differences. In W. Stroebe & M. Hewstone (Eds.), European review of social psychology (Vol. 2, pp. 31–56). New York: John WileyCrossRef

Kruglanski, A. W., & Freund, T. (1983). The freezing and unfreezing of lay-inferences: Effects on impressional primacy, ethnic stereotyping, and numerical anchoring. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 19, 448–468CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Kruglanski, A. W., & Webster, D. M. (1996). Motivated closing of the mind: “Seizing” and “freezing.”Psychological Review, 103, 262–283CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Lahav, D. (1993). The press and national security. In A. Yaniv (Ed.), National security and democracy (pp. 173–195). Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner

Lake, D. A., & Rothchild, D. (1996). Containing fear. International Security, 21, 41–75CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lakoff, G. (1987). Women, fire and dangerous things. Chicago: University of Chicago Press

Lambert, W. E., & Klineberg, O. (1967). Children's view of foreign people. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts

Landau, J. J. (1971). Israel and the Arabs. Jerusalem: Israel Communication

Landis, D., & Bhagat, R. S. (Eds). (1996). Handbook of intercultural training (2nd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage

Lazarus, R. S. (1991). Emotion and adaptation. New York: Oxford University Press

Lederach, J. P. (1997). Building peace: Sustainable reconciliation in divided societies. Washington, DC: United States Institute of Peace Press

Lederach, J. P. (1998). Beyond violence: Building sustainable peace. In E. Weiner (Ed.), The handbook of interethnic coexistence (pp. 236–245). New York: Continuum Publishing Company

LeDoux, J. E. (1996). The emotional brain: The mysterious underpinnings of emotional life. New York: Touchstone

Leslie, A. M. (1994). ToMM, ToBY and agency: Core architecture and domain specificity. In L. A. Hirshfeld & S. A. Gelman (Eds.), Mapping the mind (pp. 119–148). Cambridge: Cambridge University PressCrossRef

Levi-Faur, D., Sheffer, G., & Vogel, D. (Eds.). (1999). Israel: The dynamics of change and continuity. London: Frank Cass

Levin, J. (2002). The violence of hate: Confronting racism, anti-Semitism, and other forms of bigotry. Boston: Allyn and Bacon

LeVine, R. A., & Campbell, D. T. (1972). Ethnocentrism: Theories of conflict, ethnic attitudes and group behavior. New York: John Wiley & Sons

Levinson, H., Katz, E., & Al Haj, M. (1995). Jews and Arabs in Israel – Common values and images. Jerusalem: Guttman Institute of Applied Social Research. (in Hebrew)

Levy, D. (1992). The ideological role of television news. The case of Intifada in “Mabat.” Patuah, No. 1, pp. 9–30. (in Hebrew)

Levy, S. (1995). Oppressed spaces. Contemporary Theatre Review, 3(2), 15–28CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Levy, S., & Guttman, L. (1976). Values and attitudes of high school youth. Jerusalem: Israel Institute of Applied Social Research. (in Hebrew)

Lewin, K. (1947). Frontiers in group dynamics. Human Relations, 1, 5–41CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Lewis, M., & Brooks-Gunn, J. (1979). Social cognition and the acquisition of self. New York: Plenum

Leyens, J. P., Yzerbyt, V., & Schadron, G. (1994). Stereotypes and social cognition. London: Sage

Lieberman, E. J. (1964). Threat and assurance in the conduct of conflict. In R. Fisher (Ed.), International conflict and behavioral science (pp. 110–122). New York: Basic Books

Liebes, T. (1992). Decoding television news: The political discourse of Israeli hawks and doves. Theory and Society, 21, 357–381CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Liebes, T. (1997). Reporting the Arab-Israeli conflict: How hegemony works. London: Routledge

Liebman, C. S. (1978). Myth, tradition and values in Israeli society. Midstream, 24, 44–53Google Scholar

Liebman, C. S., & Don-Yehiya, E. (1983). Civil religion in Israel: Traditional Judaism and political culture in the Jewish state. Berkeley: University of California Press

Lindgren, J. R., & Taub, N. (1988). The law of sex discrimination. New York: West

Linville, P. W. (1982). The complexity-extremity effect and age-based stereotyping. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 42, 193–211CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Linville, P. W., & Fischer, G. W. (1998). Group variability and covariation: Effects on intergroup judgment and behavior. In C. Sedikides, J. Schopler, & C. A. Insko (Eds.), Intergroup cognition and intergroup behavior (pp. 123–150). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum

Linville, P. W., & Jones, E. E. (1980). Polarized appraisals of out-group members. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 38, 689–703CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Linville, P. W., Salovey, P., & Fischer, G. W. (1986). Stereotyping and perceived distributions of social characteristics: An application to in-group–out-group perception. In J. Dovidio & S. L. Gaertner (Eds.), Prejudice, discrimination, and racism (pp. 165–208). New York: Academic Press

Lippman, W. (1922). Public opinion. New York: Harcourt Brace

Lipschutz, R. D. (1998). Beyond the neoliberal peace: From conflict resolution to social reconciliation. Social Justice: A Journal of Crime, Conflict & World Order, 25(4), 5–19Google Scholar

Lissak, M. (Ed.). (1984). Israeli society and its defense establishment. London: Frank Cass

Livesley, W. J., & Bromely, D. B. (1973). Person perception in childhood and adolescence. London: John Wiley & Sons

Living together: A civic study program on the Arabs in Israel and relations between Arab and Jewish citizens. (1982). Jerusalem: Ministry of Education and Culture and Van Leer Foundation. (in Hebrew)

Long, K., & Spears, R. (1997). The self-esteem hypothesis revisited: Differentiation and the disaffected. In R. Spears, P. J. Oakes, N. Ellmers, & S. A. Haslam (Eds.), The social psychology of stereotyping and group life (pp. 296–317). Oxford: Blackwell

Long, K., Spears, R., & Manstead, A. S. R. (1994). The influence of personal and collective self-esteem on strategies of social differentiation. British Journal of Social Psychology, 33, 313–329CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Lorch, N. (1987). The ‘Yom Hakipurim’ (Day of Atonement) War. Jerusalem: Publication Service, Information Center. (in Hebrew)

Lowenfeld, V. (1947). Creative and mental growth. New York: Macmillan

Luke, A. (1988). Literacy, textbooks, and ideology. London: Falmer Press

Luquet, G. H. (1927). Le dessin enfantin. Paris: Alcan

Lustick, I. (1982). Arabs in the Jewish State. Austin: University of Texas Press

Lynch, J., Modgil, C., & Modgil, S. (Eds). (1992). Cultural diversity in schools. London: Falmer Press

Maass, A., & Arcuri, L. (1996). Language and stereotyping. In C. N. Macrae, C. Stangor, & M. Hewstone (Eds.), Stereotypes and stereotyping (pp. 193–226). New York: Guilford Press

Machinist, P. (1994). Outsiders or insiders: The biblical view of emergent Israel and its context. In L. J. Silberstein & R. L. Cohn (Eds.), The other in Jewish thought and history: Constructions of Jewish culture and identity (pp. 35–60). New York: New York University Press

Machover, K. (1949). Personality projection in the drawing of the human figure. Springfield, IL: Thomas

Mack, J. E. (1990). The psychodynamics of victimization among national groups in conflict. In V. D. Volkan, D. A. Julius, & J. V. Montville (Eds.), The psychodynamics of international relationships (pp. 119–129). Lexington, MA: Lexington Books

Mackie, D. M., & Goethals, G. R. (1987). Individual and group goals. In C. Hendrick (Ed.), Review of personality and social psychology (Vol. 8). Newbury Park, CA: Sage

Mackie, D. M., & Hamilton, D. L. (Eds.). (1993). Affect, cognition and stereotyping: Interactive processes in group perception. San Diego: Academic Press

Mackie, D. M., Hamilton, D. L., Susskind, J., & Rosselli, F. (1996). Social psychological foundations of stereotype formation. In C. N. Macrae, C. Stangor, & M. Hewstone (Eds.), Stereotypes and stereotyping (pp. 41–78). New York: Guilford Press

Mackie, D. M., & Smith, E. R. (1998). Intergroup relations: Insights from theoretically integrative approach. Psychological Review, 105, 499–529CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Mackie, D. M., & Wright, C. L. (2001). Social influence in intergroup context. In R. Brown & S. L. Gaertner (Eds.), Blackwell handbook of social psychology: Intergroup processes (pp. 281–300). Malden, MA: Blackwell

Macrae, C. N., Milne, A. B., & Bodenhausen, G. V. (1994). Stereotypes as energy-saving devices: A peek inside the cognitive toolbox. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 66, 37–47CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Macrae, C. N., Stangor, C., & Hewstone, M. (Eds.). (1996). Stereotypes and stereotyping. New York: Guilford Press

Maddi, S. R. (1971). The search for meaning. In W. J. Arnold & M. M. Page (Eds.), Nebraska Symposium on motivation, 1970 (pp. 137–186). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press

Maddi, S. R. (1989). Personality theories: A comparative analysis. Chicago: Dorsey Press

Mahameed, H., & Guttmann, J. (1983). Autostereotypes and heterostereotypes of Jews and Arabs in different contact situations. Psychology and Counseling in Education, No. 16, pp. 90–108Google Scholar

Mandler, J. M. (1988). How to build a baby: On the development of an accessible representational system. Cognitive Development, 3, 113–136CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Mandler, J. M. (1992). How to build a baby Ⅱ: Conceptual primitives. Psychological Review, 99, 585–604CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Manheim, H. L. (1960). Intergroup interaction as related to status and leadership differences between groups. Sociometry, 23, 415–427CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Maoz, I. (2001). The violent asymmetrical encounter with the other in an army-civilian clash: The case of Intifada. Peace and Conflict: Journal of Peace Psychology, 7, 243–263CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Marcia, J. E. (1980). Identity in adolescence. In J. Adelson (Ed.), Handbook of adolescent psychology (pp. 159–187). New York: Wiley

Markus, H. R. (1977). Self-schemata and processing information about the self. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 35, 63–78CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Markus, H. R., & Kitayama, S. (1994). The cultural shaping of emotion: A conceptual framework. In S. Kitayama & H. R. Markus (Eds.), Emotion and culture: Empirical studies of mutual influence (pp. 339–351). Washington, DC: American Psychological Association

Markus, H. R., & Zajonc, R. B. (1985). The cognitive perspective in social psychology. In G. Lindzey & E. Aronson (Eds.), Handbook of social psychology (3rd ed., Vol. 1, pp. 137–230). New York: Random House

Martin, C. L., & Halverson, C. F. (1981). A schematic processing model of sex typing and stereotyping in children. Child Development, 52, 1119–1134CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Maslow, A. H. (1970). Motivation and personality (2nd ed.). New York: Harper & Row

Mathias, Y. (in press). The thorny way to recognition: Palestinians and Arabs in Israeli curriculum. In F. Pingel (Ed.), From peace making to peace building. Hanover: Georg Eikelt Institute

Mayseless, O., & Gal, R. (1996). Hatred of Arabs among Jewish high school students. Studies in Education (New series), 1, 159–178. (in Hebrew)

McFarland, S. G., Ageyev, V. S., & Abalakina, M. A. (1992). Authoritarianism in the former Soviet Union. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 63, 1004–1010CrossRefGoogle Scholar

McQuail, D. (1994). Mass communication theory: An introduction (3rd ed.). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage

Medin, D. L., & Schaffer, M. M. (1978). Context theory of classification learning. Psychological Review, 85, 207–238CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Meenes, M. (1943). A comparison of racial stereotypes of 1935 and 1942. Journal of Social Psychology, 17, 327–336CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Meertens, R. W., & Pettigrew, T. F. (1997). Is subtle prejudice really prejudice?Public Opinion Quarterly, 61, 54–71CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Meltzoff, A. N. (1990). Foundations for developing a concept of self. In D. Cicchetti & M. Beeghly (Eds.), The self in transition (pp. 139–164). Chicago: University of Chicago Press

Mervis, C. B. (1987). Child basic object categories and early lexical development. In U. Neisser (Ed.), Concepts and conceptual development: Ecological and intellectual factors in categorization (pp. 201–233). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Mesquita, B., & Frijda, N. H. (1992). Cultural variations in emotion: A review. Psychological Bulletin, 112, 179–204CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Messick, D. M., & Mackie, D. M. (1989). Intergroup relations. Annual Review of Psychology, 40, 45–81CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

The Middle East peace process – An overview. (2000). Jerusalem: Information Division, Ministry of Foreign Affairs

Miller, N., & Brewer, M. B. (Eds.). (1984). Groups in contact: The psychology of desegregation. New York: Academic Press

Miller, N. E., & Bugelski, R. (1948). Minor studies in aggression. The influence of frustrations imposed by the ingroup on attitudes expressed toward outgroups. Journal of Psychology, 25, 437–442CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Milner, D. (1996). Children and racism: Beyond the value of the dolls … In W. P. Robinson (Ed.), Social groups and identities: Developing the legacy of Henri Tajfel (pp. 249–268). Oxford: Butterworth Heinemann

Mishal, N. (1997). Those years. Tel Aviv: Miskal. (in Hebrew)

Mitchell, C. R. (1981). The structured international conflict. London: Macmillan

Morahg, G. (1986). New image of Arabs in Israeli fiction. Prooftexts, 6, 147–162Google Scholar

Moreland, R. L., & Hogg, M. A. (1993). Theoretical perspectives on social processes in small groups. British Journal of Social Psychology, 32, 1–4CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Morris, B. (1996). The Israeli press in Qibya affair, October–November 1953. Theory and Criticism, No. 8, 33–46. (in Hebrew)

Morse, A. D. (1968). While six millions died. New York: Aced Publishing

Moses, R. (1990). On dehumanizing the enemy. In V. D. Volkan, D. A. Julius, & J. V. Montville (Eds.), The psychodynamics of international relationships (pp. 111–118). Lexington, MA: Lexington Books

Mosher, D. L., & Scodel, A. (1960). A study of the relationship between ethnocentrism in children and the ethnocentrism and authoritarian rearing practices of their mothers. Child Development, 31, 369–376CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Mosse, G. L. (1978). Toward the final solution: A history of European racism. New York: Howard Fertig

Mullen, B., & Hu, L. (1989). Perceptions of ingroup and outgroup variability: A meta-analytic integration. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 10, 233–252CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Mummendey, A., & Otten, S. (2001). Aversive discrimination. In R. Brown & S. Gaertner (Eds.), Blackwell handbook of social psychology: Intergroup processes (pp. 112–132). Oxford: Blackwell

Mutz, D. (1998). Impersonal influence: How perceptions of mass collectives affect political attitudes. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Myrdal, G. (1944). An American dilemma: The Negro problem and modern democracy. New York: Harper

Naveh, C. (1998). The role of the media in shaping Israeli public opinion (1992–1996). Davis Occasional Papers No. 64. Jerusalem: Leonard Davis Institute for International Relations, Hebrew University of Jerusalem

Ne'eman, J. (1995). The empty tomb in the modern pyramid: Israeli cinema in the 1980s and 1990s. In C. Berlin (Ed.), Documenting Israel (pp. 117–151). Cambridge, MA: Harvard College Library

Negbi, N. (1985). Paper tiger: The struggle for a press freedom in Israel. Tel Aviv: Sifriyat Hapoalim. (in Hebrew)

Nelson, K. (1973). Some evidence for the cognitive primacy of categorization and its functional basis. Merrill-Palmer Quarterly, 19, 21–39

Nelson, K. (1996). Language in cognitive development. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Nesdale, A. R. (2000). Developmental changes in children's ethnic preferences and social cognitions. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 20, 501–519CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Nesdale, A. R. (2001). Language and the development of children's ethnic prejudice. Journal of Language and Social Psychology, 20, 90–110CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Nesdale, D., & Flesser, D. (2001). Social identity and the development of children's group attitudes. Child Development, 72, 506–517CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Neuberger, B. (1995). Zionism. Jerusalem: Israel Information Center

Norval, A. J. (1998). Memory, identity and the (im)possibility of reconciliation: The work of the Truth and Reconciliation Commission in South Africa. Constellations, 5, 250–265CrossRef

Norval, A. J. (1999). Truth and reconciliation: The birth of the present and the reworking of history. Journal of African Studies, 25, 499–519Google Scholar

Nossek, H. (1994). The narrative role of the holocaust and the state of Israel in the coverage of salient terrorist events in the Israeli press. Journal of Narrative and Life History, 4, 82–101Google Scholar

Oakes, P. J., Haslam, S. A., & Turner, J. C. (1994). Stereotyping and social reality. Oxford: Blackwell

Ofaz, H. (1995). Peace process in the Middle East. Jerusalem: Information Center, Ministry of Education, Culture and Sport. (in Hebrew)

Ofrat, G. (1979). The Arab in Israeli drama. Jerusalem Quarterly, No. 11, pp. 70–92Google Scholar

Ohman, A. (1993). Fear and anxiety as emotional phenomena: Clinical phenomenology evolutionary perspectives, and information-processing mechanisms. In M. Lewis & J. M. Haviland (Eds.), Handbook of emotions (p. 511–536). New York: Guilford Press

Olson, D. R. (1989). On the language and authority of textbooks. In S. de Castell, A. Luke, & C. Luke (Eds.), Language, authority and criticism: Readings on the school textbook (pp. 233–244). London: Falmer Press

Olzak, S. (1992). The dynamics of ethnic competition and conflict. Stanford: Stanford University Press

Operation Peace for Galilee. (1982). Tel Aviv: Israeli Defense Force Spokesman

Opotow, S. (1990). Moral exclusion and injustice: An introduction. Journal of Social Issues, 46(1), 1–20CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Opotow, S. (1995). Drawing the line. Social categorization, moral exclusion, and the scope of justice. In B. B. Bunker & J. Z. Rubin (Eds.), Conflict cooperation and justice: Essays inspired by the work of Morton Deutsch (pp. 347–369). San Francisco: Jossey Press

Ordeshook, P. C. (1986). Game theory and political theory. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Oren, N. (2003, July). Major societal events and social beliefs of conflict change. Paper presented at the annual meeting of the International Society of Political Psychology, Boston

Orni, E., & Efrat, E. (1992). Geography of Israel. Tel Aviv: Achiasaf. (in Hebrew)

Osgood, C. E., Suci, G. J., & Tannenbaum, P. H. (1957). The measurement of meaning. Urbana: University of Illinois Press

Oskamp, S. (Ed.). (2000). Reducing prejudice and discrimination. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum

Osterweil, Z., & Greenbaum, C. W. (1972). Attitudes of Jews toward Arabs: A comparison of three measurement approaches. Megamot, 18, 353–369. (in Hebrew)

Ostrom, T. M., & Sedikides, C. (1992). Out-group homogeneity effect in natural and minimal groups. Psychological Bulletin, 112, 536–552CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Otten, S., Mummendey, A., & Wenzel, M. (1995). Evaluation of aggressive interactions in interpersonal and intergroup contexts. Aggressive Behavior, 21, 205–2243.0.CO;2-4>CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ovadia, G. (1993). Stereotypes towards Arabs by kindergarten-age children. Master's thesis submitted to Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv. (in Hebrew)

Oz, A. (1999). Nomad and viper. In E. Ben-Ezer (Ed.), Sleepwalkers and other stories: The Arab in Hebrew fiction (pp. 119–134). Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner

The Palestine Liberation Organization: Liberation or liquidation? (1979). Jerusalem: Israel Information Centre

Peace Index. (1994–2002). Tami Steinmetz Center for Peace Research, Tel Aviv University. The data appear in the Tami Steinmetz Center's website at www.tau.ac.il/peace

Pedahzur, A., & Yishai, Y. (1999). Hatred by hated people: Xenophobia in Israel. Studies in Conflict and Terrorism, 22, 101–117CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Peeters, G., & Czapinski, J. (1990). Positive-negative asymmetry in evaluations: The distinction between affective and effects. European Review of Social Psychology, 1, 33–60CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Peled, T. (1980). On social distance between Jews and Arabs in Israel. In H. Gratch (Ed.), The Israel Institute of Applied Social Research: Research Report, 1978–1979 (pp. 19–21). Jerusalem: Institute of Applied Social Research

Peled, Y. (1992). Ethnic democracy and the legal construction of citizenship: Arab citizens of the Jewish state. American Political Science Review, 86, 432–443CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Peres, Y. (1971). Ethnic relations in Israel. American Journal of Sociology, 76, 1021–1046CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Peres, Y., & Levy, Z. (1969). Jews and Arabs: Ethnic group stereotypes in Israel. Race, 10, 479–492CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Peri, Y. (1983). Between battles and ballots. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Peri, Y. (1998). The changed security discourse in the Israeli media. In D. Bar-Tal, D. Jacobson, & A. Klieman (Eds.), Security concerns: Insights from the Israeli experience (pp. 215- 240). Stamford, CT: JAI Press

Perkovich, G. (1987, January–February). Beyond the cold war. Nuclear Times, pp. 12–16, 18, 20, 41Google Scholar

Perlmutter, A. (1969). Military and politics in Israel. London: Frank Cass

Perry, M. (1986). The Israeli-Palestinian conflict as a metaphor in recent Israeli fiction. Poetics Today, 7, 603–619CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Peters, G., & Czapinski, J. (1990). Positive-negative asymmetry in evaluations: The distinction between affective and informational negativity effects. European Review of Social Psychology, 1, 33–60CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Pettigrew, T. F. (1979). The ultimate attribution error: Extending Allport's cognitive analysis of prejudice. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 5, 461–467CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Pettigrew, T. F. (1998). Reactions toward the new minorities of Western Europe. Annual Review of Sociology, 24, 77–103CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Pettigrew, T. F. (2001). Intergroup relations and national and international relations. In R. Brown & S. L. Gaertner (Eds.), Blackwell handbook of social psychology: Intergroup processes (pp. 514–532). Malden, MA: Blackwell

Phillips-Berenstein, M. (2001). Arabs' stereotypes and prejudice by secular students of low SES and religious students of middle SES. Master's thesis submitted to Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv. (in Hebrew)

Phinney, J. S., & Rotheram, M. J. (Ed.). (1987). Children's ethnic socialization. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage

Phinney, L. S. (1990). Ethnic identity in adolescents and adults: Review of research. Psychological Bulletin, 3, 499–514CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Phinney, L. S. (1993). A three stage model of ethnic identity development in adolescence. In M. E. Bernal & G. P. Knight (Eds.), Ethnic identity formation and transmission among Hispanics and other minorities (pp. 61–79). Albany: State University of New York Press

Piaget, J. (1965). The moral judgment of the child. New York: University Free Press

Piaget, J. (1951). Play, dreams, and imitation in childhood. New York: Norton

Piaget, J., & Inhelder, B. (1956). The child's conception of space. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul

Piaget, J. (1971). Mental imagery in the child. New York: Basic Books

Piaget, J., & Weil, A. M. (1951). The development in children of the idea of the homeland and of relations to other countries. International Social Science Journal, 3, 561–578Google Scholar

Piber-Dabrowska, K. (in press). On the relationship between deliberate and automatic information processing (about German). In M. Jarymowicz (Ed.), Between intellects: Experimental studies. Warsaw: Wydawnictwo Institutu Psychologii PAN. (in Polish)

Piotrowski, Z. (1957). Perceptanalysis. New York: Macmillan

Plutchik, R. (1990). Fear and aggression in suicide and violence: A psychoevolutionary perspective. In P. F. Brain, S. Parmigiani, R. J. Blanchard, & D. Mainardi (Eds.), Fear and defense (pp. 359–379). London: Harwood

Podeh, E. (2002). The Arab-Israeli conflict in Israeli history textbooks, 1948–2000. Wesport, CT: Bergin & Garvey

Poliakov, L. (1974). The history of anti-Semitism (Vols. 1 and 2). London: Routledge & Kegan Paul

Pomerantz, E. M., & Newman, L. S. (2000). Looking in on the children: Using developmental psychology as a tool for hypothesis testing and model building in social psychology. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 4, 300–316CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ponterotto, J. G., & Pedersen, P. (1993). Preventing prejudice. Newbury Park, CA: Sage

Poppe, E. (1999). National and ethnic stereotypes in Central and Eastern Europe. Amsterdam: Thela Thesis

Pruitt, D. G. (1965). Definition of the situation as a determinant of international action. In H. C. Kelman (Ed.), International behavior: A social psychological analysis (pp. 393–432). New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston

Rabbie, J. M., Schot, J. M., & Visser, L. (1989). Social identity theory: A conceptual and empirical critique from the perspective of a behavioral interaction model. European Journal of Social Psychology, 19, 171–202CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Rabinowitz, D. (2001). The Palestinian citizens of Israel, the concept of trapped minority and the discourse of transnationalism in anthropology. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 24, 64–85CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Rachman, S. J. (1978). Fear and courage. San Francisco: W. H. Freeman

Ramras-Rauch, G. (1989). The Arab in the Israeli literature. Bloomington: Indiana University Press

Ramsey, P. G. (1987). Young children's thinking about ethnic differences. In J. S. Phinney & M. J. Rotheram (Eds.), Children's ethnic socialization (pp. 56–72). Beverly Hills, CA: Sage

Ramsey, P. G. (1991). The salience of race in young children growing up in an all-white community. Journal of Educational Psychology, 83, 24–34CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Raviv, A., Bar-Tal, D., Raviv, A., & Houminer, D. (1990). Development of epistemic authorities perception. British Journal of Developmental Psychology, 8, 157–169CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Reardon, B. A. (1988). Comprehensive peace education: Educating for global responsibility. New York: Teachers College Press

Regev, M. (1968). “The Arab problem” in the Israeli children books. Achshav, Nos. 21–24, pp. 209–234. (in Hebrew)

Regev, M. (1984). A short guide to children's literature. Jerusalem: Cana. (in Hebrew)

Regev, M. (1985). Children's literature – Themes and aspects. Tel Aviv: Hakibbutz Hameuhad. (in Hebrew)

Reinharz, J. (1993). Chaim Weizmann: The making of a statesman (Vol. 2). New York: Oxford University Press

Revesz, G. (1925). An experimental study in abstraction in monkeys. Journal of Comparative Psychology, 5, 293–343Google Scholar

Reykowski, J. (1982). Social motivation. Annual Review of Psychology, 33, 123–154CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Rieber, R. W. (Ed.). (1991). The psychology of war and peace: The image of the enemy. New York: Plenum

Roeh, I., & Nir, R. (1990). Covering the Intifada in the Israeli press: Popular and quality papers assume rhetoric of conformity. Discourse and Society, 3, 22–36Google Scholar

Roeh, I., & Nir, R. (1993). Reporting the Intifada in the Israeli press: How mainstream ideology overrides “quality” and “melodrama.” In A. A. Cohen & G. Wolfsfeld (Eds.), Framing the Intifada: People and media (pp. 176–191). Norwood, NJ: Ablex

Roffman, P., & Pardy, J. (1981). The Hollywood social problem film. Bloomington: Indiana University Press

Rojahn, K., & Pettigrew, P. F. (1992). Memory for schemata-relevant information: A meta-analytic resolution. British Journal of Social Psychology, 31, 81–109CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Rokeach, M., Smith, P. W., & Evans, R. I. (1960). Two kinds of prejudice or one? In M. Rokeach (Ed.), The open and closed mind (pp. 132–168). New York: Basic Books

Rolef, S. H. (1998). Political dictionary of the State of Israel. Jerusalem: Keter

Ron, Y. (1967). The history of the Jewish nation in Israel and the Diaspora: The modern era. A civics textbook. Tel Aviv: Av-Eyal. (in Hebrew)

Rosch, E. (1975). Cognitive representation of semantic categories. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 104, 192–233CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Rosch, E. (1978). Principles of categorization. In E. Rosch & B. B. Lloyd (Eds.), Cognition and categorization (pp. 28–48). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum

Rosch, E., & Mervis, C. B. (1975). Family resemblance: Studies in the internal structure of categories. Cognitive Psychology, 7, 573–605CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Rosenbaum, M. E. (1986). The repulsion hypothesis: On the nondevelopment of relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 51, 1156–1166CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Ross, M. H. (1993). The culture of conflict: Interests, interpretations and disputing in comparative perspective. New Haven: Yale University Press

Ross, M. H. (1998). The cultural dynamics of ethnic conflict. In D. Jacquin, A. Oros, & M. Verweij (Eds.), Culture in world politics (pp. 156–186). Houndmills: MacmillanCrossRef

Rothbart, M. (1981). Memory and social beliefs. In D. Hamilton (Ed.), Cognitive processes in stereotyping and intergroup relations (pp. 145–181). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum

Rothstein, R. L. (Ed.). (1999). After the peace: Resistance and reconciliation. Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner

Rouhana, N. N. (1997). Palestinian citizens in an ethnic Jewish state: Identities in conflict. New Haven: Yale University Press

Rouhana, N., & Bar-Tal, D. (1998). Psychological dynamics of intractable conflicts: The Israeli-Palestinian case. American Psychologist, 53, 761–770CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Royle, R., Barrett, M., & Buchanan-Barrow, E. (1998, July 1–4). “Religion is the opiate of the masses” (Marx, 1876): An investigation of the salience of religion for children. Poster presented at the ⅩⅤth biennial meeting of the International Society for the Study of Behavioral Development, Berne

Rubin, J. Z., Pruitt, D. G., & Kim, S. H. (1994). Social conflict: Escalation, stalemate and settlement (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill

Ruble, D. N., & Goodnow, J. J. (1998). Social development in childhood and adulthood. In D. T. Gilbert, S. T. Fiske, & G. Lindzey (Eds.), The handbook of social psychology (pp. 741–787). Boston: McGraw-Hill

Ruscher, J. B. (1998). Prejudice and stereotyping in everyday communication. In M. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (pp. 241–307). San Diego: Academic PressCrossRef

Sachdev, I., & Bourhis, R. (1984). Minimal majorities and minorities. European Journal of Social Psychology, 14, 35–52CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Sachdev, I., & Bourhis, R. (1985). Social categorization and power differentials in group relations. European Journal of Social Psychology, 15, 415–434CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Sachdev, I., & Bourhis, R. (1987). Status differentials and intergroup behaviour. European Journal of Social Psychology, 17, 277–293CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Sachdev, I., & Bourhis, R. (1991). Power and status differentials in minority and majority group relations. European Journal of Social Psychology, 21, 1–24CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Sachdev, I., & Bourhis, R. (1993). Ethnolinguistic vitality: Some motivational and cognitive considerations. In M. A. Hogg & D. Abrams (Eds.), Group motivation: Social psychological perspective (pp. 33–51). New York: Harvester & Wheatsheaf

Sagar, H. A., & Schofield, J. W. (1980). Racial and behavioral cues in black and white children's perceptions of ambiguously aggressive acts. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39, 590–598CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Said, E. W. (1995). Orientalism. London: Penguin

Salomon, G., & Nevo, B. (Eds.). (2002). Peace education: The concept, principles and practice around the world. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum

Sande, G. M., Goethals, G. R., Ferrari, L., & Worth, L. T. (1989). Value-guided attributions: Maintaining the moral self-image and the diabolical enemy-image. Journal of Social Issues, 45, 91–118CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Sandler, S. (1988). The protracted Arab-Israeli conflict: A temporal-spatial analysis. Jerusalem Journal of International Relations, 10, 54–78Google Scholar

Sasson, A. (2004). Self-esteem and intergroup stereotypes and attitudes. Unpublished manuscript, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv. (in Hebrew)

Schaller, M., Park, J. H., & Mueller, A. (2003). Fear of the dark: Interactive effects on beliefs about dangers and ambient darkness on ethnic stereotypes. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 29, 637–649CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Scheff, T. J., & Retzinger, S. M. (1991). Emotions and violence: Shame and rage in destructive conflicts. Lexington, MA: Lexington Books

Schmitt, M. T., Silvia, P. J., & Branscombe, N. R. (2000). The intersection of self-evaluation maintenance and social identity theories: Intragroup judgment in interpersonal and intergroup contexts. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 26, 1598–1606CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Schofield, J. W. (1978). An exploratory study of the draw-a-person as a measure of racial identity. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 46, 311–321CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Schofield, V. (2000). Kashmir in conflict: India, Pakistan, and the unfinished war. London: I. B. Tavris

Schroder, H. M., Driver, N. J., & Streufert, S. (1967). Human information processing. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston

Schuman, H., Steeh, C., & Bobo, L. (1985). Racial attitudes in America: Trends and interpretation. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press

Schwarz, D. C. (1973). Political alienation and political behavior. Chicago: Aldine

Schwarzboim, M. (1994). Arabic and Islamic terror. Jerusalem: Information Center, Ministry of Education, Culture and Sport. (in Hebrew)

Scott, W. A. (1965). Psychological and social correlates of international images. In H. C. Kelman (Ed.), International behavior: A social psychological analysis (pp. 71–129). New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston

Seago, D. W. (1947). Stereotypes: Before Pearl Harbor and after. Journal of Psychology, 23, 55–63CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Sears, D. O. (1988). Symbolic racism. In P. A. Katz & D. A. Taylor (Eds.), Eliminating racism: Profiles in controversy (pp. 53–84). New York: PlenumCrossRef

Sedikides, C., Schopler, J., & Insko, C. A. (Eds.). (1998). Intergroup cognition and intergroup behavior. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum

Seed, D. (1999). American science fiction and the Cold War. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press

Segev, T. (1984). 1949: The first Israelis. Jerusalem: Domino. (in Hebrew)

Segev, T. (1991). The seventh million: The Israelis and the Holocaust. Jerusalem: Keter. (in Hebrew)

Seligson, M. A., & Caspi, D. (1982). Threat, ethnic origin and education-tolerance toward civil rights of the Israeli Arab minority. Kivunim, 15, 37–52. (in Hebrew)

Seliktar, O. (1984). The Arab in Israel: Some observations on the psychology of the system of controls. Journal of Conflict Resolution, 28, 247–269CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Selman, R. L. (1980). The growth of interpersonal understanding. New York: Academic Press

Shafer, B. C. (1972). Faces of nationalism: New realities and old myths. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich

Shafer, R. (1955). The conquered place. London: Putnam

Shafir, G. (1989). Land, labor and the origins of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, 1882–1914. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Shaked, G. (1989). The Arab in Israeli fiction. Modern Hebrew Literature, No. 3, pp. 17–20Google Scholar

Shamir, J., & Shikaki, K. (2002). Determinants of reconciliation and compromise among Israelis and Palestinians. Journal of Peace Research, 39, 185–202CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Shapira, A. (1992). Land and power: The Zionist resort to force, 1881–1948. Oxford: Oxford University Press

Shapira, I. (1991). History of nations in a new era, Part 4: 1918–1965. Tel Aviv: Yavne. (in Hebrew)

Shapiro, Y. (1976). The formative years of the Israeli Labour party. London: Sage

Sharvit, K., & Bar-Tal, D. (in press). Ethos of conflict in the Israeli media: Trends in the past and present. In Y. Raz & A. Zanger (Eds.), Violence, terror and trauma in films and media. Tel Aviv: Open University. (in Hebrew)

Shaw, M. E. (1981). Group dynamics: The psychology of small groups (2nd ed). New York: McGraw-Hill

Sherif, M. (1966). In common predicament: Social psychology of intergroup conflict and cooperation. New York: Houghton Mifflin

Sherif, M. (1967). Group conflict and cooperation. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul

Sherif, M., Harvey, O. J., White, B. J., Hood, W. R., & Sherif, C. W. (1961). Intergroup cooperation and competition: The Robbers Cave experiment. Norman, OK: University Book Exchange

Sherif, M., & Sherif, C. W. (1969). Social psychology. New York: Harper & Row

Shermann, T. (1985). Categorization skills in infants. Child Development, 53, 183–188Google Scholar

Shneider, D. J. (1991). Social cognition. Annual Review of Psychology, 42, 527–561CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Shohat. E. (1989). Israeli cinema: East/West and the politics of representation. Austin: University of Texas Press

Shonholtz, R. (1998). Conflict resolution moves East: How the emerging democracies of Central and Eastern Europe are facing interethnic conflict. In E. Weiner (Ed.), The handbook of interethnic coexistence (pp. 359–368). New York: Continuum Publishing Company

Shriver, D. W., Jr. (1995). An ethic for enemies: Forgiveness in politics. New York: Oxford University Press

Sidanius, J. (1993). The psychology of group conflict and the dynamics of oppression: A social dominance perspective. In S. Iyenger & W. J. McGuire (Eds.), Explorations in political psychology (pp. 183–219). Durham, NC: Duke University Press

Sidanius, J., & Pratto, F. (1993). The inevitability of oppression and the dynamics of social domiance. In P. Sniderman & P. Tetlock (Eds.), Prejudice, politics and the American dilemma (pp. 173–211). Stanford: Stanford University Press

Sidanius, J., & Pratto, F. (1999). Social dominance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Sidanius, J., Pratto, F., & Bobo, L. (1996). Racism, conservatism, affirmative action, and intellectual sophistication: A matter of principled conservatism or group dominance?Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 70, 476–490CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Silverstein, B., & Flamenbaum, C. (1989). Biases in the perception and cognition of the actions of enemies. Journal of Social Issues, 45(2), 51–72CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Silverstein, B., & Holt, R. R. (1989). Research on enemy images: Present status and future prospects. Journal of Social Issues, 45, 159–175CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Simon, R. J. (1974). Public opinion in America, 1936–1970. Chicago: Rand McNally

Simpson, G. (1997). Reconstruction and reconciliation: Emerging from transition. Development in Practice, 7, 475–478CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Simpson, G. E., & Yinger, J. M. (1985). Racial and cultural minorities: An analysis of prejudice and discrimination (5th ed.). New York: PlenumCrossRef

Sinha, A. K. P., & Upadhyaya, V. P. (1960). Change and the persistence in the stereotype of university students toward different ethnic groups during Sino-Indian border dispute. Journal of Social Psychology, 52, 31–39CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Small, M. (1974). How we learned to love the Russians: American media and the Soviet Union during World War Ⅱ. Historian, 36, 455–478CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Smilansky, M. (1999). Latifa. In E. Ben-Ezer (Ed.), Sleepwalkers and other stories: The Arab in Hebrew fiction (pp. 19–22). Boulder, CO: Lynne Rienner

Smith, E. R. (1993). Social identity and social emotions: Toward new conceptualizations of prejudice. In D. M. Mackie & D. L. Hamilton (Eds.), Affect, cognition, and stereotyping (pp. 297–315). San Diego: Academic PressCrossRef

Smith, E. R., & Zarate, M. A. (1992). Exemplar-based model of social judgment. Psychological Review, 99, 3–21CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Smith, M. B., Bruner, J. S., & White, R. W. (1956). Opinions and personality. New York: Wiley

Smooha, S. (1978). Israel: Pluralism and conflict. Berkeley: University of California Press

Smooha, S. (1987). Jewish and Arab ethnocentrism in Israel. Ethnic and Racial Studies, 10, 1–26CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Smooha, S. (1989). Arabs and Jews in Israel: Conflicting and shared attitudes in a divided society (Vol. 1). San Francisco: Westview

Smooha, S. (1992). Arabs and Jews in Israel: Change and continuity in mutual intolerance (Vol. 2). Boulder, CO: Westview Press

Smooha, S. (2001). Arab-Jewish relations in Israel as a Jewish and democratic state. In E. Yaar & Z. Shavit (Eds.), Trends in the Israeli society (pp. 231–263). Tel Aviv: Open University. (in Hebrew)

Smooha, S. (2002). The model of ethnic democracy: Israel as a Jewish and democratic state. Nations and Nationalism, 8, 475–503CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Snyder, C. R. (1994). The psychology of hope. New York: Free Press

Snyder, C. R. (2000). Hypothesis: There is hope. In C. R. Snyder (Ed.), Handbook of hope: Theory, measures, and applications (pp. 3–21). San Diego: Academic PressCrossRef

Snyder, M., & Miene, P. (1994). On the functions of stereotypes and prejudice. In M. P. Zanna & J. M. Olson (Eds.), The psychology of prejudice: The Ontario symposium (Vol. 7, pp. 33–54). Hillsdale, NJ: Erlbaum

Sohl, J. (1955). Point ultimate. New York: Rinehart

Solomos, J., & Wrench, J. (Eds.). (1993). Racism and migration in Western Europe. Oxford: Berg

Somerville, J. (1981). Patriotism and war. Ethics, 91, 568–578CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Sorkis, H., Raf., A., & Shahar, T. (Eds.). (1991). Changes in the geography of Israel. Jerusalem: Ma'a lot. (in Hebrew)

Sowell, T. (1975). Race and economics. New York: David Mckay

Spears, R. C., Doosje, B., & Ellemers, N . (1997). Ingroup stereotyping in the face of threats to group status and distinctiveness: The role of group identification. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 23, 538–553CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Spears, R. C., Oakes, P. J., Ellemers, N., & Haslam, S. A. (Eds.). (1997a). The social psychology of stereotyping and group life. Oxford: Blackwell

Spears, R. C., Oakes, P. J., Ellemers, N., & Haslam, S. A. (1997b). Introduction: The social psychology of stereotyping and group life. In R. Spears, P. J. Oakes, N. Ellemers, & S. A. Haslam (Eds.), The social psychology of stereotyping and group life (pp. 1–19). Oxford: Blackwell

Spelke, E. S. (1994). Initial knowledge: Six suggestions. Cognition, 50, 432–445CrossRef

Spelke, E. S., Breinlinger, K., Macomber, J., & Jacobson, K. (1992). Origins of knowledge. Psychological Review, 99, 605–632CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed

Spivack, Y., & Avidor, M. (1970). The Jewish nation in its homeland and in the Diaspora: From the independence of the United States until the establishment of the State of Israel. Tel Aviv: Yavneh. (in Hebrew)

Staats, S. R., & Stassen, M. A. (1985). Hope: An affective cognition. Social Indicators Research, 17, 235–242CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Stagner, R. (1967). Psychological aspects of international conflict. Belmont, CA: Brooks/Cole

Stamp, K. M. (1956). The peculiar institution: Slavery in the ante-bellum South. New York: Vintage

Stangor, C., & Ford, T. E. (1992). Accuracy and expectancy-confirming processing orientations and the development of stereotypes and prejudice. In W. Stroebe & M. Hewstone (Eds.), European review of social psychology (Vol. 3, pp. 51–90). London: WileyCrossRef

Stangor, C., & Lange, J. (1994). Mental representation of social groups: Advances in understanding stereotypes and stereotyping. In M. P. Zanna (Ed.), Advances in experimental social psychology (Vol. 26, pp. 357–416). New York: Academic PressCrossRef

Stangor, C., & McMillan, D. (1992). Memory for expectancy-congruent and expectancy-incongruent information: A review of the social and developmental literatures. Psychological Bulletin, 111, 42–61CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Stangor, C., & Ruble, D. N. (1989). Strength of expectancies and memory for social information: What we remember depends on how much we know. Experimental Social Psychology, 25, 18–35CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Stangor, C., & Schaller, M. (1996). Stereotypes as individual and collective representations. In C. N. Macrae, C. Stangor, & M. Hewstone (Eds.), Stereotypes and stereotyping (pp. 3–40). New York: Guilford Press

Stangor, C., Sechrist, G., & Jost, J. T. (2001). Changing racial beliefs by providing consensus information. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 27, 486–496CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Staub, E. (1989). The roots of evil: The psychological and cultural origins of genocide. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Staub, E. (2000). Genocide and mass killing: Origins, prevention, healing, and reconciliation. Political Psychology, 21, 367–382CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Stein, H. F. (1978). Judaism and the group-fantasy of martyrdom: The psychodynamic paradox of survival through persecution. Journal of Psychohistory, 6, 151–210Google Scholar

Stein, H. F. (1982). Adversary symbiosis and complementary group dissociation: An analysis of the U.S./U.S.S.R. conflict. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 6, 55–58CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Stein, J. B., & Brecher, M. (1976). Image, advocacy and the analysis of conflict: An Israeli case study. Jerusalem Journal of International Relations, 1, 33–58Google Scholar

Steinberg, S. (1981). The ethnic myth: Race, ethnicity and class in America. New York: Atheneum

Stephan, W. G. (1985). Intergroup relations. In G. Lindzey & E. Aronson (Eds.), Handbook of social psychology (vol. 3, pp. 599–658). New York: Addison-Wesley

Stephan, W. G. (1989). A cognitive approach to stereotyping. In D. Bar-Tal, C. F. Graumann, A. W. Kruglanski, & W. Stroebe (Eds.), Stereotyping and prejudice (pp. 37–57). New York: Springer-VerlagCrossRef

Stephan, W. G. (1999). Reducing prejudice and stereotyping in schools. New York: Teachers College Press

Stephan, W. G., & Brigham, J. C. (Eds.). (1985). Intergroup contact. Journal of Social Issues, 41 (3), special issue

Stephan, W. G., & Finlay, K. (1999). The role of empathy in improving intergroup relations. Journal of Social Issues, 55, 729–744CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Stephan, W. G., & Stephan, C. W. (1993). Cognition and affect in stereotyping: Parallel interactive networks. In D. M. Mackie & D. L. Hamilton (Eds.), Affect, cognition, and stereotyping (pp. 111–136). San Diego: Academic PressCrossRef

Stephan, W. G., & Stephan, C. W. (1996a). Intergroup relations. Boulder, CO: Westview

Stephan, W. G., & Stephan, C. W. (1996b). Predicting prejudice. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 20, 409–426CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Stephan, W. G., & Stephan, C. W. (2000). An integrated threat theory. In S. Oskamp (Ed.), Reducing prejudice and discrimination (pp. 23–45). Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum

Stephan, W. G., & Stephan, C. W. (2001). Improving intergroup relations. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage

Stephan, W. G., Ybarra, O., Martinez, C. M., Schwarzwald, J., & Tur Kaspa, M. (1998). Prejudice toward immigrants in Spain and Israel. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology 29, 559–576CrossRefGoogle Scholar

Stern, D. N. (1985). The interpersonal world of the infant. New York: Basic Books

Stinton, J. (Ed.). (1979). Racism and sexism in children's books. London: Writers and Readers

Stoddart, T., & Turiel, E. (1985). Children's concepts of cross-gender activities. Child Development, 56, 1241–1252CrossRef

Stone, R. A. (1982). Social change in Israel: Attitudes and events, 1967–1979. New York: Praeger

Stotland, E. (1969). The psychology of hope. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass

Stroebe, W., & Insko, C. A. (1989). Stereotype, prejudice, and discrimination: Changing conceptions in theory and research. In D. Bar-Tal, C. F. Graumann, A. W. Kruglanski, & W. Stroebe (Eds.), Stereotyping and prejudice (pp. 3–34). New York: Springer-VerlagCrossRef

Sumner, W. G. (1906). Folkways. New York: Ginn