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Index

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  08 April 2022

Edited by
Claudia B. Maier ,
Marieke Kroezen ,
Reinhard Busse  and
Matthias Wismar
Claudia B. Maier
Affiliation:
Technische Universität Berlin
Marieke Kroezen
Affiliation:
Trimbos Institute
Reinhard Busse
Affiliation:
Technische Universität Berlin
Matthias Wismar
Affiliation:
European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies

Summary

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Type
Chapter
Information
Skill-mix Innovation, Effectiveness and Implementation
Improving Primary and Chronic Care
 , pp. 373 - 380
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2022
Creative Commons
Creative Common License - CCCreative Common License - BYCreative Common License - NCCreative Common License - ND
This content is Open Access and distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution licence CC-BY-NC-ND 3.0 https://creativecommons.org/cclicenses/

Index

Abbott, L.S., 105
academization, 74
access to services, 39, 42, 46, 51
accessibility, 361
acute care (conditions), 42, 46, 117–118, 144–145
conclusions on effectiveness, 134–135
evidence, 119
innovations and reforms, 135–144
outcomes, 128–134
skill-mix strategies, 119–128
strengths and limitations of evidence, 134
ambiguity, 76
ambulatory care, 61, 141–144 see also acute care (conditions)
ASALEE project, 198
Assertive Outreach Teams, 205
assessing, 52
assistants, 14
Astana declaration, 6, 83, 262
Asthma Control Test (ACT), 110
attitudes, 359
Australia, 338
chronic conditions, 196, 198
education and planning, 306, 307
innovations and reforms, 138, 140
policies and financing, 324, 339
rural and remore areas, 266, 281, 282, 283
Austria, 245, 285, 333–334
autism, 176
barriers. see also implementation; change management
care at home, 246–247, 250–251
implementation, 75, 78
policies and financing, 329
SAPV, 251
Belgium, 205, 245, 246, 284, 285
British Medical Association, 331
Bulgaria, 245
Canada
chronic conditions, 196, 198
education and planning, 302, 313
policies and finance, 324, 336, 337
rural and remote areas, 281, 283
transitional care, 140, 144
Canadian Medical Education Directives for Specialists (CanMEDS), 302–304
cancers, 183 see also screenings
capacity-building, 6
Caravana cu’ medici, 282
Cardiac Care Bridge, 136, 137
cardiac clinics, 57, 58
cardiovascular diseases, 56, 91, 94, 101, 161, 172, 195
care coordinators, 197, 206–207
roles and skills, 51–53
care models, 108, 194
care plans, 124
caregivers, 53–55, 58, 124, 131 see also long-term care; workers, informal
carers, 172
Carter, R, 329, 331
case management, 275
Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, 136
change management, 345–346
evidence of institutional factors, 355–356
evidence of interventions, 355
evidence of process factors, 355
individual factors, 354, 359–361
institutional factors, 364–365
organizational factors, 350–354
overview of evidence, 346–350
process factors, 363–364
skill-mix intervention characteristics, 361–363
trends, 356
trends, organizational factors, 356–359
children, 51, 54, 276
chronic conditions, 176, 183
innovations, 90, 91
chronic diseases (conditions), 41, 42, 45, 51, 52, 54, 57, 61, 152–154
collaborative care and consultation liaison, 193
developments and trends across Europe, 197–207
interventions delivered by other professions, 175–184
multimorbidity, 164–171, 175
multiprofessional and intensive care, 193–194
nurses, 163–174
other care models, 194
overview of reviews, 154–155
pharmacist-delivered interventions, 156–162
strength and limitations of evidence, 195–196
citizens, 108 see also decision-making (decision-makers)
Cochrane reviews, 57, 73, 97
acute conditions, 125, 132
long-term care, 232, 243
rural and remote areas, 274, 276
collaboration, 10, 58–59, 80, 286, 339, 350
acute conditions, 117, 124
chronic conditions, 184, 197, 200, 203
education and planning, 301, 312
innovations, 110, 111
long-term care, 249, 250, 252, 253
collaborative care, 193, 204
Colvin, C.J., 329, 330
commitment, 110
communication, 76, 78, 81, 108, 117, 240, 354
communities, 63
community care. see acute care (conditions)
community health centres (CHCs), 287
community health workers (CHWs), 266, 267, 274, 276, 277, 283, 285
community mental health teams (CMHTs), 59, 205
community nurse case managers (CNCMs), 206, 207
community settings, 52
competency-based education, 73–74 see also education
frameworks for health professionals, 309, 314–316
Comprehensive Geriatric Assessment, 135
consultation liaison, 58, 193
consultations, 200
contexts, 61, 63, 78
policy, 330–331
continuing professional development, 305, 306–307, 314–316
coordination, care, 124, 193, 196
cordinators, care. see care coordinators
cost-effectiveness, 94, 101, 184, 276, 357
costs, 51, 56, 58, 90, 243
acute conditions, 131, 142
chronic conditions, 162, 193, 195
counselling, 48, 52, 90, 91
COVID-19, 1, 4
Curiel-Lewandrowski, C., 106
Cyprus, 199
Dalziel, K., 91
Dasanayake, A.P., 133
databases, 79
Davies, J.K., 109
decision-making (decision-makers), 59, 61, 108, 107–108, 302
dedicated prevention role, 48–51
Deichmann, R.E., 94
delegation, 9
dementia, 229, 243
Denmark, 199, 245, 361
dental hygienists, 55, 57, 128, 133, 364
dental practitioners (dentists), 13, 128, 134, 363
depression, 53, 172, 175, 176, 195, 204, 205, 231, 243
designs, study, 46
diabetes, 111 see also chronic diseases (conditions)
innovations, 94, 101
dieticians, 48, 97
diets, 48, 101
disability, 124
discharge planning, 124
disease management programmes (DMPs), 201–203
disease prevention, 83–84, 91–104, 111–112
across life cycles, 85–89
education and training professionals, 106
evidence limitations and strength, 106
innovations and reforms, 107–111
targeting screenings, 105–106
doctors, 311
drivers, contextual, 245–246, 249–250, 251
drug users, 276
Dy, S.M., 232
economies, 4
education, 2, 45, 52, 60, 62, 277–278, 294, 329–330
academization of professions, 304–305
acute conditions, 133–134
chronic conditions, 195, 196
competency-based, 301–304
implementation, 72–75, 76, 80
innovations, 90, 106
interprofessional, 299–300
links between workforce planning and skill-mix, 295–296
long-term and palliative care, 242
long-term care, 253
overview of evidence, 297
professional, 313–314
role in innovations, 297–299
effectiveness, 232, 279, 357
efficiency, 2
Elliott, L.T., 105
embarrassment, 52
England, 140, 311 see also United Kingdom (UK)
Estcourt, C, 329, 332
ESTICOM programme, 283
Estonia, 199, 334, 339
Eurobarometer, 108
Europe, 10–16
European Association for Palliative Care, 250
European Commission, 2, 7, 84
European Observatory on Health Systems and Policies, 264
European Union (EU), 6
evidence
limitations and strengths, 278
overview, 39–47
strength and limitations, 59–61, 106
transferability, 61–62
experts, 84
facilitators, 75 see also implementation
Farris, K., 324, 332
financing, 6, 62, 70, 76–77, 78, 321–322, 356
evidence and payment mechanisms, 331–332
evidence of impact of interventions, 322–331
key contributors, 338–340
overview of evidence, 322
Find & Treat services, 286
Finland
chronic conditions, 198, 199, 200
education and planning, 311
long-term care, 231
policies and financing, 337
rural and remote areas, 281
France, 198, 199, 307, 357
free movement zones, 13–14
Frenk, J., 300, 301
funding, 76, 81, 252, 338, 356 see also financing
gatekeepers, 108
general practitioners (GPs), 2, 13, 14, 48, 132, 141, 153 see also physicians
Genoff, M.C., 105
Germany, 283, 304
acute conditions, 136, 138, 140
change management, 357, 364
long-term care, 250, 251
Geronto service. see Serbia
Global Burden of Disease, 5
Global strategy on human resources for health: Workforce 20306
goals, shared, 361
Gonçalves-Bradle, D., 132
governance, 77
guidelines, 111, 355
Harris, J.M., 106
health advisors, lay, 283
health centres, 11
health professionals, international definitions, 11–12
health professions, academization of, 304–305
health promotion, 55, 83–84 see also disease prevention
across life cycles, 85–89
health systems, 117, 183–184
health workforce, 72–75 see also workforce
heart diseases, 101
Heart of Australia, 282
hierarchies, 331
home care. see long-term care
home visits, 51, 105, 124, 128, 139
hospital admissions, 162
hospital nurse care managers (HNCMs), 206, 207
hospital-at-home services, 57, 138 see also relocation of care
hospitalization, 56, 162, 194 see also acute care (conditions)
hospitalization rates, 94, 162, 194, 230, 277
Huber, D.L., 324, 329
Hudson, P.L., 240, 242
Hungary, 281
Hutchinson, J., 329, 332
hypertension, 56, 94
ICARE4EU project, 203
immunization rates, 54
implementation, 70
education and workforce planning, 72–75
evidence, 71–72
evidence and limitation, 79–80
organizational strategies, 77–79
policy and financing, 75–77
policy lessons and recommendations, 80–81
incentives, 248, 356
inequalities, health, 000
shade
information resource centres, 300
information sessions, 359
information sources, 108
innovations
decision-making, 107–108
internet, 108–109
workforce, 109–111
INTEGRATE project, 203
International Labour Organization (ILO), 5
internet, 108–109
interprofessional education (IPE), 73, 299–300
Ireland, 198, 199, 205, 311, 337
isolation, 52
Japan, 312
Joo, J.Y., 324, 329
Karam, M., 329, 330, 331, 332
Khanassov, I., 242
Kim, K., 277
knowledge, 6, 7, 52 see also caregivers; continuing professional development; innovations peers
acute conditions, 131, 134
change management, 354, 359
implementation, 77, 78
innovations, 107
long-term care, 254
KORINNA, 136
Kringos, D.S., 14
Kroezen, M., 324, 330
Latvia, 281
Laurant, M., 10
laws, 199, 324–329
learning methods, 300
legal frameworks, 76, 77, 330
legislation, 75, 80
liability, 330, 356
liaison, 10
literacy, health, 91, 108
Lithuania, 339
Loescher, L.J., 106
long-term care, 41, 42, 59, 221–223
changes and reforms, 244–248
evidence, 242–244
evidence on outcomes, 223–228
Malta, 311
Mapp, F., 329, 332
Marmot Review, 263
maternity care (health), 51, 90, 131, 274, 276
Medical Benefits Scheme and Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme, 338
Medication Adherence Report Scale (MARS), 110
medication errors, 131, 134
mental health, 52, 58, 59
chronic conditions, 193, 194, 204, 205
rural and remote areas, 266, 267, 276
mental illness, 176
mentorship programmes, 364
midwives, 13, 61, 281, 329
migration, 7
Minor Ailment Study (MINA), 143–144
mobile facilities (units), 282, 286
mobility, 7
models, 62
professional scope of, 311–312
workforce projection, 310–311
monitoring, 52, 139
mortality, 53, 131
multimorbidity, 152–155, 162–175, 195–197 see also chronic diseases (conditions)
overview of reviews, 154–155
pharmacist-delivered interventions, 156
National Health Service (NHS), 137
netCare Project, 142
Netherlands (Dutch). see also long-term care
acute conditions, 135, 140
change management, 359, 361
chronic conditions, 198, 199
education and planning, 302, 312, 313
policies and financing, 324, 332
networks, 7, 58, 194, 204, 205, 206, 252
New Medicines Service (NMS), 110
New Zealand, 198, 266, 282, 283, 337
Norway, 246, 287, 312, 357
nurses, 2, 11, 13, 14, 15, 42, 45, 48, 52 see also acute care (conditions); chronic diseases (conditions); innovations; teams
advance practice roles, 55
chronic conditions, 163
education and planning, 295, 301, 304, 306
long-term care, 245
prescribing, 331, 359
qualifications, 13
roles, 61
rural and remote areas, 281
transitional care, 135–136
nutrition, 90, 97
obesity, 90, 91, 94
opinions, 359
Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), 2, 5, 295, 312
organization, systems of, 77, 78, 79
Ottawa Charter, 83, 109
outcomes, 59–60
evidence of, 47–59
outreach (outreach activities), 51, 125, 266, 267, 275, 286 see also Belgium; mobile facilities (units); populations, vulnerable
pain (medication) management, 55, 58, 232, 240, 242
palliative care, 41, 42, 55, 59, 221–223
changes and reforms, 248–253
evidence, 243–244
evidence on outcomes, 232–239
pandemics, 1
Paracelsus Medical Private University (PMU), 253
Parkinson’s disease, 173, 231, 243
patient empowerment, 53–55
patient navigators, 105, 175, 197, 267–274, 275, 277, 285
roles, 53, 125
patient needs, 39
patient satisfaction, 52, 58, 59 see also acute care (conditions); chronic diseases (conditions)
innovations, 105
long-term care, 231, 240, 244
rural and remote areas, 275, 277
satisfaction, 57
patients, 101 see also coordination, care; teams
older, 107, 135, 136, 195, 229
stroke, 124, 128, 132
vulnerable, 53, 287
Pay for Performance, 78
pay systems, 365
payment, 62
payment mechanisms (methods), 76–77, 78, 80, 331–332, 338–340, 356
payment policies, 70
Pearce, C., 339
peer educators, 54, 175
peers, 175, 176
pharmacists, 13, 14, 15–16, 42, 45, 48, 52, 55–57, 61 see also acute care (conditions); chronic diseases (conditions); innovations; Portugal
community, 141–144
delivered interventions, 156
education and planning, 305
extended roles, 137
rural and remote areas, 274, 275, 277, 278, 281
physical activities, 48, 90, 94, 97
physicians, 14, 97, 108, 128, 134, 153
qualifications, 13
physiotherapists
acute conditions, 128, 133, 135, 138, 140
chronic conditions, 183, 197
planning
overview of evidence, 297
Poland, 199
policies, role of, 321–322
evidence of impact of interventions, 322–331
health professionals regulation, 336–338
overview of evidence, 322
primary care, 333–337
policy designs, 78
policy-makers, 64, 107, 253
political forces, 62
population groups, 45–46
populations, disadvantaged (migrant), 105, 244, 245
populations, rural and remote, 262–264, 264–266
innovations, 266–267
innovations and reforms, 279–282
populations, vulnerable, 51, 63, 262–266
innovations, 267–277
innovations and reforms, 279, 283–288
outcomes, 275–277
Portugal, 357
Poverty Reduction Strategy, 245
prescribing, nonmedical, 336–337 see also nurses
prevention, 41, 42, 48, 55, 63
professional development, 79, 240
programmes, 229
promotion, health, 41, 42, 45, 48
protocols, 355
qualifications, 252
randomized controlled trials (RCTs), 46, 125, 134
readmission rates, 94, 131
recruitment, 279–280, 287
Reeves, S., 73
regulation, 311, 329–330, 336–338
regulations (regulatory mechanisms), 62, 75, 76, 80, 306, 321
regulators, 70
reimbursement, 322, 340, 364 see also financing
relationships, 240, 250, 355, 364
relocation, care, 10, 57–58, 125–130, 132, 138–141
Remedios, C., 240, 242
research gaps, 63
residential care, 132
resources, financial, 356
respect, 78, 81, 354
respiratory diseases, 173
retention, 279–280
Roland, K.B., 105
role clarification, professional, 75–76
role development, 14–16
Romania, 282, 286
Saba, M., 91
schools, 48
scopes of practice, 14–16, 55, 80, 361
Scotland, 140, 140 see also United Kingdom (UK)
screenings, 55, 105–106, 183, 195
Segal, L., 91
Serbia, 245
service delivery models, 10, 70
Shepperd, S., 240
skill gaps, 39, 61, 222
skill sets, 62
skill-mix
conceptual framework, 16–18
definition, 9–10
methods
additional evidence, 20
data collection and analysis, 19–20
reviews, 18–19
search strategy, 19
why, 1–3
skills, 252, 295
Slovenia, 287, 334–335
smoking, 91
social care workers, 52
Spain, 199
special ambulatory palliative care (SAPV), 251
specialists, 13, 109, 125 see also physicians
stakeholders, 62, 70, 331
substance use disorders, 276
substitution, 9
Support for the health workforce planning and forecasting expert network (SEPEN), 7
support, 79, 355, 363
sustainability, 78, 81, 107, 140, 361
sustainable development goals (SDGs), 4, 5
Sweden, 199
Switzerland, 138, 141, 142, 312
task delegation, 357, 363
task reallocation (allocation), 55–59, 134, 245, 274, 350, 364
task sharing, 9, 312
task shifting, 9, 15, 39, 56 see also work, division of; task reallocation (allocation)
chronic conditions, 198
education and planning, 312
implementation, 75, 77
innovations, 97
long-term care, 248
rural and remote areas, 266, 267, 280, 281
task supplementation, 10
teams, 11, 14 see also collaboration
acute conditions, 124, 125
change management, 359
chronic conditions, 204
long-term care, 229, 232, 245, 250, 252
multiprofessional, 137–138, 184, 197
teamwork, 10, 58–59, 61, 76
change management, 346, 357, 364
education and planning, 299, 300
interprofessional, 153, 205
policies and financing, 340
technologies, 6, 70, 207, 229, 240, 267, 311
The World Health Report 2006: working together for health, 4
therapists, 125
Thomas, K., 240, 242
trade unions, 70
training, 277–278 see also education
acute conditions, 133–134
change management, 355, 364
chronic conditions, 196, 207
implementation, 76, 78
innovations, 106
long-term and palliative care, 242, 249, 253
postgraduate, 305–306, 314–316
transferability, 61–62, 243
transition coordinators, 52, 175
transitional care, 59, 119–127, 135–137
Transitional Care Bridge, 135
trends, 107–110
triage, 133, 140, 141
trust, 78, 81, 200, 354, 359
United Kingdom (UK), 357 see also acute care (conditions)
barriers, 359
chronic conditions, 196, 198, 199
education and planning, 302, 306, 311
funding, 339
nurses, 141, 336
pharmacists, 141
policies and financing, 331, 335–336
rural and remote areas, 266, 286
United Nations, 5
United States of America (USA), 285 see also acute care (conditions)
chronic conditions, 196, 198
education and planning, 302, 312, 313
policies and financing, 324, 332, 337, 338
rural and remote areas, 266, 278, 283, 286
Vedel, I., 242
Visible Link programme, 246
visits, emergency department, 131
weight reduction, 97
well-being, 5, 242
women, 4, 90, 277 see also maternity care (health)
work, division of, 128, 132–133, 200 see task reallocation (allocation)
workers, informal, 44, 45, 46–47, 61, 97, 105, 125, 183, 276
workforce, 1, 39, 109–111, 222
definition, 7–9
workforce planning, 80, 294, 309–313, 314–315
links between education and skill-mix, 295–296
workloads, 79
World Health Organization (WHO), 2, 84, 252, 253, 299, 309, 321
Wright, J., 133
You, E.C., 231

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