Introduction

Large-scale distinguishing features of the larger tarsal bones between different species of hominoids may readily be discerned with the naked eye. For example the talus of gorillas is visually quite different from that of humans: characteristic differences in the detail of the body, trochlea, and head may easily be identified. Likewise the calcanei of orangutans may be differentiated unambiguously from those of humans, or indeed from other apes. A visual distinction between the smaller tarsal elements, such as cuneiform bones, in differing hominoid groups is not so obvious, but nevertheless possible.

However, many far more subtle and complex morphological features and patterns do exist, both within species as have been identified in humans, or between related species such as between hominoid groups. Such patterns of morphological variation are only identifiable with the aid of quantification and multivariate statistical techniques (e.g., Day and Wood, 1968; Lisowski et al., 1974, 1976; Steele, 1976; Rhoads and Trinkaus, 1977; Pickering, 1986; Kidd, 1995, 2001; Kidd et al., 1996; Kidd and Oxnard, 1997, 2002). Appropriate multivariate techniques, applied correctly and with prudence, provide the investigator with a far richer investigative methodology than simple univariate statistics. The choice of multivariate technique will depend largely upon the nature of the question being asked. If, as is the case in this series of studies, interest lies in differences in tarsal morphology between related groups and species, canonical variates analysis (CVA) is the most appropriate technique as it maximizes differences between those groups (Albrecht, 1980, 1992; Reyment et al., 1984).