li uomini sdimenticano più presto la morte del padre che la perdita del patrimonio.

(Il Principe; B 54-5; ‘Men are quicker to forget the death of a father than the loss of a patrimony', A 46.)

THE Second Tetralogy, or Henriad, manifests Machiavellism in a variety of ways. The plays in this sequence of histories present no single figure who acts out the kind of villainy that popularly distinguishes Richard III. Instead, attention switches to what might be called the Machiavellian dynamic. From the crisis precipitated by Richard II's peremptory actions in the first of these plays, this tetralogy concerns itself with the operations of power, its shifts and circumstances. As the various plots unravel and give way to one another, the dramatist observes the interplay of human ambition and the limiting force of circumstances, while, in accordance with the historical accounts he has consulted, he keeps always in mind the idea of a providential outcome.

Beginning with Richard II, Shakespeare's way of applying precepts made familiar by Machiavelli undergoes a subtle change from what we have seen in Richard III. The action of Richard II turns on the conflict between two figures who, in dramatic terms at least, are equal to one another. Neither of them resembles Richard III with his crafty, calculated asides inviting the audience to share his confidence. Such soliloquies as the play gives us come deep in its latter half when a disconsolate, defeated Richard communes with himself in our hearing. These speeches convey nothing of a mind going through its machinations, as in Richard III, for the straightforward reason that Richard, the prisoner of Pomfret, is without power and without the ambition to power.