Skip to main content Accessibility help

We use cookies to distinguish you from other users and to provide you with a better experience on our websites. Close this message to accept cookies or find out how to manage your cookie settings.

Close cookie message
×
Hostname: page-component-8448b6f56d-42gr6 Total loading time: 0 Render date: 2024-04-16T17:42:13.844Z Has data issue: false hasContentIssue false

Chapter 6 - Alzheimer’s Disease

Published online by Cambridge University Press:  21 June 2019

By
Shrikaanth Krishnamurthy
Edited by
Rob Butler  and
Cornelius Katona
Rob Butler
Affiliation:
Waitemata DHB and North Shore Hospital, Auckland
Cornelius Katona
Affiliation:
Helen Bamber Foundation
Get access

Summary

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is an irreversible, progressive neuro-degenerative disorder of the brain that affects various aspects of cognitive functions. It manifests as a progressive impairment of day-to-day functioning, eventually leading to a breakdown of even the simplest abilities. It is the commonest cause of dementia in the world. It is a major cause of disability, dependency and carer stress among older people. It places an immense burden on society and is one of the top 10 causes of mortality worldwide [1].

Type
Chapter
Information
Seminars in Old Age Psychiatry , pp. 67 - 78
Publisher: Cambridge University Press
Print publication year: 2019

Access options

Get access to the full version of this content by using one of the access options below. (Log in options will check for institutional or personal access. Content may require purchase if you do not have access.)

References

World Health Organization (2015) The top 10 causes of death. Fact Sheet. World Health Organization. Updated January 2017, www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs310/en/.Google Scholar
Prince, M., Bryce, R., Albanese, E., et al. (2013) ‘The global prevalence of dementia: A systematic review and metaanalysis’. Alzheimers Dement 9(1): 63–75.e2. doi: 10.1016/j.jalz.2012.11.007.Google Scholar
Jorm, A. F., Jolley, D. (1998) ‘The incidence of dementia: A meta-analysis’. Neurology 51: 728–33.Google Scholar
Prince, M., Knapp, M., Guerchet, M., et al. (2014) ‘Dementia UK: Update Second Edition report’. London: King’s College London and the London School of Economics for the Alzheimer’s Society’.Google Scholar
Alzheimer’s Disease International (2016) ‘World Alzheimer Report 2015. The global impact of dementia: An analysis of prevalence, incidence, cost and trends’. London: Alzheimer’s Disease International.Google Scholar
Office for National Statistics (2016) Deaths registered in England and Wales (series DR), www.ons.gov.uk/peoplepopulationandcommunity/birthsdeathsandmarriages/deaths/bulletins/deathsregisteredinenglandandwalesseriesdr/2016.Google Scholar
Rae-Grant, A., Blume, W., Lau, C., et al. (1987) ‘The electroencephalogram in Alzheimer-type dementia: A sequential study correlating the electroencephalogram with psychometric and quantitative pathologic data’. Arch Neurol 44(1): 50–54.Google Scholar
Jeong, J. (2004) ‘EEG dynamics in patients with Alzheimer’s disease’. Clin Neurophysiol 115(7): 1490–1505.Google Scholar
Stevens, A., Kircher, T. (1998) ‘Cognitive decline unlike normal aging is associated with alterations of EEG temporo-spatial characteristics’. Eur Arch Psychiatry Clin Neurosci 248(5): 259–66.Google Scholar
Scahill, R. I., Schott, J. M., Stevens, J. M., et al. (2002) ‘Mapping the evolution of regional atrophy in Alzheimer’s disease: Unbiased analysis of fluid-registered serial MRI’. Proc Natl Acad Sci 99: 4703–7.Google Scholar
Lehericy, S., Baulac, M., Chiras, J., et al. (1994) ‘Amygdalohippocampal MR volume measurements in the early stages of Alzheimer disease’. Am J Neuroradiol 15: 929–37.Google Scholar
Chun, W., Johnson, G. V. (2007) ‘The role of tau phosphorylation and cleavage in neuronal cell death’. Front Biosci 12: 733–56.Google Scholar
Killiany, R. J., Hyman, B. T., Gomez-Isla, T., et al. (2002) ‘MRI measures of entorhinal cortex vs hippocampus in preclinical AD’. Neurology 58: 1188–96.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Braak, H., Braak, E. (1991) ‘Neuropathological staging of Alzheimer-related changes’. Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 82: 239–59.Google Scholar
Celone, K. A., Calhoun, V. D., Dickerson, B. C., et al. (2006) ‘Alterations in memory networks in mild cognitive impairment and Alzheimer’s disease: An independent component analysis’. J Neurosci 26: 10222–31.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
World Health Organization (1992) ICD-10 Classifications of Mental and Behavioural Disorder: Clinical Descriptions and Disgnostic Guidelines. Geneva: World Health Organization.Google Scholar
American Psychiatric Association (2013) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.). Arlington, VA: American Psychiatric Publishing.Google Scholar
Jack, C. R. Jr., Albert, M. S., Knopman, D. S., et al. (2011) ‘Introduction to revised criteria for the diagnosis of Alzheimer’s disease: National Institute on Aging and the Alzheimer’s Association Workgroups’. Alzheimers Dement 7(3): 257–62.Google Scholar
Waring, S. C., Rosenberg, R. N. (2008) ‘Genome-wide association studies in Alzheimer disease’. Arch Neurol 65(3): 329–34.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Turner, P. R., O’Connor, K., Tate, W. P. , Abraham, W. C. (2003) ‘Roles of amyloid precursor protein and its fragments in regulating neural activity, plasticity and memory’. Prog Neurobiol 70(1): 1–32.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Buchhave, P., Minthon, L., Zetterberg, H., et al. (2012) ‘Cerebrospinal fluid levels of β-amyloid 1–42, but not of tau, are fully changed already 5 to 10 years before the onset of Alzheimer dementia’. Arch Gen Psychiatry 69(1): 98–106.CrossRefGoogle Scholar
Bouras, C., Hof, P. R., Giannakopoulos, P., et al. (1994) ‘Regional distribution of neurofibrillary tangles and senile plaques in the cerebral cortex of elderly patients: A quantitative evaluation of a one-year autopsy population from a geriatric hospital’. Cereb Cortex 4(2): 138–50.CrossRefGoogle ScholarPubMed
Hooper, N. M. (2005) ‘Roles of proteolysis and lipid rafts in the processing of the amyloid precursor protein and prion protein’. Biochem Soc Trans 33(Pt 2): 335–38.Google Scholar
Hernández, F., Avila, J. (2007) ‘Tauopathies’. Cell Mol Life Sci 64: 2219, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00018–007-7220-x.Google Scholar
Hardy, J., Selkoe, D. J. (2002) ‘The amyloid hypothesis of Alzheimer’s disease: Progress and problems on the road to therapeutics’. Science 297: 353–6.Google Scholar
Nikolaev, A. (2009) ‘APP binds DR6 to cause axon pruning and neuron death via distinct caspases’. Nature 457(7232): 981–89. doi:10.1038/nature07767.Google Scholar
Iqbal, K., Alonso Adel, C., Chen, S., et al. (2005) ‘Tau pathology in Alzheimer disease and other tauopathies’. Biochim Biophys Acta 1739(2–3): 198–210.Google Scholar
Gannon, M., Che, P., Chen, Y., et al. (2015) ‘Noradrenergic dysfunction in Alzheimer’s disease’. Front Neurosci 9: 220. doi:10.3389/fnins.2015.00220.Google Scholar
Butzlaff, M., Ponimaskin, E. (2016) ‘The role of serotonin receptors in Alzheimer’s disease’. Opera Medica et Physiologica 2(1): 77–86.Google Scholar
Zanetti, O., Solerte, S. B., Cantoni, F. (2009) ‘Life expectancy in Alzheimer’s disease (AD)’. Arch Gerontol Geriatr 49: 237–43.Google Scholar
Burns, A., Lewis, G., Jacoby, R., Levy, R. (1991) ‘Factors affecting survival in Alzheimer’s disease’. Psychol Med 21(2): 363–70.Google Scholar

Save book to Kindle

To save this book to your Kindle, first ensure coreplatform@cambridge.org is added to your Approved Personal Document E-mail List under your Personal Document Settings on the Manage Your Content and Devices page of your Amazon account. Then enter the ‘name’ part of your Kindle email address below. Find out more about saving to your Kindle.

Note you can select to save to either the @free.kindle.com or @kindle.com variations. ‘@free.kindle.com’ emails are free but can only be saved to your device when it is connected to wi-fi. ‘@kindle.com’ emails can be delivered even when you are not connected to wi-fi, but note that service fees apply.

Find out more about the Kindle Personal Document Service.

Available formats
×

Save book to Dropbox

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Dropbox.

Available formats
×

Save book to Google Drive

To save content items to your account, please confirm that you agree to abide by our usage policies. If this is the first time you use this feature, you will be asked to authorise Cambridge Core to connect with your account. Find out more about saving content to Google Drive.

Available formats
×